(英文版)商业计划书标准模板必备学习

美式论文、报告写作技巧

编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文（含毕业论文）等。研究生presentation 及 seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩，是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。

美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯，在启发式的教育环境下，写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生，虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强，但是表达能力由於自小培养，加上英语能力的优势，常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的利基。反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练，因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦，其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。

通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下：

(一) 篇首：

封面(Title)

序言(Preface)

谢词(Acknowledge)

提要(Summary)

目录(Tables and Appendixes)

(二) 本文：

引言(Introduction)

主体，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section) 、以及注释 (Footnotes)

(三)参考资料：

参考书目(References or Bibliography)

附录资料(Appendix)。

进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为题目。题目可以提供研究者：

一.研究的方向

二.研究的范围

三.资料搜集的范围

四.预期研究成果

通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。构思为确定写作大纲或 Proposal 的先前步骤，大纲是论文、报告的骨干， Proposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文、报告写作前的必要准备工作。好的论文或研究报告，要基于在完整、详实的资料上，而参考资料除了和教授商借之外，最主要的来源就是图书馆了，一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志，及会议性质的资料。此外现代的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料，在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资料。当一切准备就绪，即可开始着手写报告，一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告，及小报告如 Seminar 式的报告。

就算是小报告，也至少应含

(一)TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期

(二)Summary：即主要的结论

(三)Introduction：包括理论背景及内容

(四)Technical Sections：是论文的主体，为最重要的部份应再细分为几个片断。

(五)Conclusions：即扼要的结论

(六)Appendixes：复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在此项

美式报告的撰写通常要打字，两行式，行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。写报告通常需要用到电脑，如有计算数字统计图表的需求，也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS，统计分析软体如

SAS，也是不可或缺的，电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界的重要工具，文书处理更是最基本的要求，因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel便成了颇受欢迎的工具。此外在英文语法、文法上的润饰与修改，如能请老美帮忙会比较好。

论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation)，用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战，通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟，若是论文囗试则至少一小时。投影机及麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助，正式讲演前多预习几次，时间宜控制适中，上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念，需留意听众的反应，切中主题，避免太多数字的导引。

商业计划书模板---英文版

BUSINESS PLAN TEMPLATE

BUSINESS PLAN

[My Company] 123 Main Street Anytown, USA 10000

123-4567

[Your Name]

[DATE]

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................................... 1

Management ..................................................................................................................................................... 2

[Company] History ............................................................................................................................................. 6

[Product/Service] Description ............................................................................................................................ 8

Objectives........................................................................................................................................................ 10

Competitors ..................................................................................................................................................... 11

Competitive Advantages ................................................................................................................................. 12

Innovation ........................................................................................................................................................ 14

Pricing ............................................................................................................................................................. 15

Specific Markets .............................................................................................................................................. 16

Growth Strategy .............................................................................................................................................. 17

Market Size and Share .................................................................................................................................... 18

Targeting New Markets ................................................................................................................................... 19

Location ........................................................................................................................................................... 20

Manufacturing Plan ......................................................................................................................................... 21

Research & Development ............................................................................................................................... 22

Historical Financial Data ................................................................................................................................. 23

Proforma Financial Data ................................................................................................................................. 24

Proforma Balance Sheet ................................................................................................................................. 27

Cost Control .................................................................................................................................................... 28

Effects of Loan or Investment ......................................................................................................................... 29

Attachments .................................................................................................................................................... 30

Executive Summary

[My Company] was formed as a [proprietorship, partnership, corporation] in [Month, Year] in [City, State], by [John Doe] in response to the following market conditions:

[Startup, growth] opportunities exist in [Product/Service].

The need for use of efficient distribution and financial methods in these overlooked markets.

[I/We] have several customers who are willing to place large [orders,contracts] within the next three months.

Several other prospective [customers/clients] have expressed serious interest in doing business within six months.

[I/We] previously owned a company that was active in the widget markets. Over the past few years I spent much time studying ways to improve overall performance and increase profits. This plan is a result of that study.

The basic components of this plan are:

1. Competitive pricing

2. Expand the markets

3. Increased advertising

4. Lower our unit costs,

5. Thereby achieving higher profits.

1. Sign contracts

2. Increased advertising

3. Increase office staff

To this end, [I/we] need investment from private individuals and/or companies. A total of $XXX is being raised which will be used to finance working capital, plant and equipment. The company will be incorporated and common stock issued to investors. The company will be run as a [proprietorship, partnership, corporation].

Financial Goals

Sales

Net Income

Earnings per

Year 1 $1,000,000 $25,000 .01 Year 2 $1,400,000 $250,000 .12 Year 3 $1,600,000 $375,000 .14

Management

[Name]

[Title]?[Experience]?Sales growth from zero to $1,000,000 in five years.?Led market in market share

- 30%.

[Experience]?Sales growth from zero to $1,000,000 in five years.?Led market in market share - 30%. Sales growth from zero to $1,000,000 in five years.?Led market in market share - 30%.

Led market in market share - 30%.

Formulated advertising budgets & campaigns.

Pioneered new distribution channels.

Established national sales force.

Established national repair & service centers.

Brought new and innovative products to the market.

Designed point-of-purchase materials.

[Education}

University of Boston

Boston, MA

B.A. - Computer Sciences

Short Biographies

President

John Q. Doe, Chief Executive Officer, and Director since February 1988 and President since January 1990. Mr. Doe was the founder and Chief Executive Officer of the original operating company known as Random Excess, Inc. He has had experience in the widget field with his own firm, John Doe Co., of Oshkosh (Wisconsin), from 1980 to 1987. This firm was sold to FatCat Widgets, Inc. in 1987. Mr. Doe has held a sales position with U S West Inc. since then. Mr. Doe graduated from the University of Colorado in 1981 with a bachelor’s degree in philosophy. Mr. Doe is employed by the Company on a full-time basis.

Chief Financial Officer

Richard Roe, CPA, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Director. Mr. Roe joined Random Excess, Inc. in December 1988 as a corporate controller and was named Chief Financial Officer in July 1989. Mr. Roe was appointed Treasurer and a Director in July 1990. He served as corporate controller of XYZ Lumber Company from August 1981 to December 1988. Mr. Roe graduated from Metropolitan State College in Denver, Colorado in 1976 with a bachelor’s degree in accounting. Since 1979 he has been licensed as a Certified Public Accountant in the State of Colorado and is a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. Mr. Roe is employed by the Company on a full-time basis.

Vice President

Joe Dokes, Secretary, Executive Vice President and Director. Mr. Dokes supervises the company’s sales and implementations to its largest corporate customers, including US West, Great West Life Insurance, etc. Mr. Dokes has served as Secretary and a Director since February 1988, Vice President of Operations from February 1988 to December 1988, President of the Company from December 1988 to January 1990 and Vice President of Contract Sales since January 1990. He has been involved since 1986 with the private company originally formed as Random Excess, Inc., where his duties included managing the purchasing and sales department. From November 1984 to May 1986 he managed the sales department at Integrated Management Systems, Inc. From June 1983 to October 1984 he was a buyer for Adams County, Colorado, School District 50. Mr. Dokes attended Oklahoma State University in 1980 and 1981 and Trinidad State College in Trinidad, Colorado in 1981 and 1982. He did not receive a degree from either university. Mr. Dokes is employed by the Company on a full-time basis.

Vice President

Sally Seaugh Vice President of Marketing. Ms. Seaugh has been the Company’s Vice President of Marketing since November 1988. From September 1986 to October 1988 she was involved in

business development and marketing for United Bank of Aurora (Colorado). From February 1980 to August 1986 she was self-employed as an independent oil and gas landman. Ms. Seaugh graduated from the University of Denver in 1974 with a bachelor’s degree in Education. She is employed by the Company on a full-time basis.

Responsibilities

John Q. Doe, Chief Executive Officer - Responsible for entire operation. Oversees management function and all other executives.

Salary - $60,000.

Richard Roe, CPA, Chief Financial Officer - Responsible for financial operations, accounts payable, accounts receivable, interaction with auditors, investor relations. Salary - $40,000

Joe Dokes, Executive Vice President - Responsible primarily for sales and sales support. Salary - $35,000

Sally Seaugh Vice President of Marketing. Responsible for marketing, human resources and training. Salary - $30,000.

Total Executive Compensation ?$165,000.

$165,000.

[This Page is for an Organization Chart, if applicable.]

[Company] History

In [Month, Year] [I/we] formed a [Product/Service] company that manufactured start-of-the-art complex widgetry. This company was located in [City, State]. [I/we] formed this company as a

[proprietorship, partnership, corporation]. Others involved in this business were: [names].

The main goal of this company was to [explain].

Financing was arranged through [home equity loans, savings, venture capital, friends and family, etc.]

[Explain terms, rates and ability to repay.]

This venture was very successful in generating and increasing sales, but was not effective in

achieving profitability. The main reason for this was the amount of actual overhead experienced. This overhead was not initially anticipated by me at the beginning of that venture. Items including credit checking, warranty program management, extensive travel, maintaining warehouse stock and the management and expense of a national sales force were expenses not originally forecast or expected. With this level of overhead, it was mathematically impossible to achieve profitability. or:

This venture was very successful in generating and increasing sales, as well as effective in achieving profitability. This was due to the following reasons:

[Reason 1}

[Reason 2]

[Reason 3]

OR:

[My Company] was recently conceived and is still in the beginning stages. To this point the following has been accomplished:

[Now link the past to the future - why a former company will lead into this one or how your present company and history will lead into any future plans. A short paragraph should suffice.]

We are now able to adequately address the markets we have targeted. We have adjusted our staff, redirected our advertising and sales force, and have added the products necessary to meet the needs and expectations of our customers.

A team consisting of [list names and primary responsibility. (i.e John Doe - Marketing) has been formed. A prospective [customer/client] list has been drawn up. Strategy meetings are being held every Monday, Wednesday and Friday evenings. This business plan has been drawn up.

[Product/Service] Description

[My Company] intends to offer [product/service]. This [product/service] offers our customers the best possible solution as it:

We have a [copyright, service mark, trademark] or [exclusive agency, marketing rights] for this

[product/service]. This agency will last until XXX at which time it may be extended for XX years or terminated. This agency agreement is cancelable upon XX days written notice.

The [product/service] has a useful life of XX years. To distribute this product so that it remains usable for our customers, we must use the following methods of storage and transportation:

1. Overnight delivery

2. Cold storage

3. Incorporate preservatives

4. Shipment within two weeks to distributors.

5. Specially padded boxcars.

Even though the technology used to create this product is new, we expect that others will be able to substantially reproduce our patented results within XX years. To remain on the leading edge of this product, we will need to devote approximately XX% of revenues toward research and development. Also due to the fast changing nature of this industry, we will need to retrofit these machines within XX years at customer expense. Our manufacturing plan has considered this. Provides a service which is not presently available in this area. Is strengthened by a team with combined experience of XX years. Saves them time and money Provides an alternative, cost effective way for them to realize a similar goal. Offers the lowest price on the market Is the most technically advanced Offers more useful features Saves them time and money Offers our users better value per dollar spent Provides an alternative way to achieve a similar task.

[If general service to be offered is not obvious, such as carpet cleaning, sales rep, lawn care,

consulting, etc. explain what service is. Then give a detailed description of your particular service and its uniqueness.]

Short Examples:

1. Our carpet cleaning machinery is state-of-the-art.

2. Our consulting practice will address these specialized areas: [list]

3. We will only rep these specific product lines. [list]

Even though at this time our expertise is unique in the marketplace, we expect advances to be made and competitors to arise and offer similar services. We will meet this challenge by:

1. Hiring staff specialized in these new areas.

2. Increase our continuing education and training expense.

3. Adding complementary lines.

4. Make regular investments in new equipment.

Objectives

Long Term

[My Company] believes very strongly in technical, financial, business and moral excellence. To

secure a stable future for all those connected with [My Company] we have set the following long term goals:

Present market is estimated at $XXX. Our goal for market share is XX%.

We want to be considered by our peers to be the market leader in sales as evidenced by: Trade industry awards

High end of scale in financial ratios

Major market share

Technical excellence (awards, honors, etc.)

Community involvement (Rotary, United Way, etc.)

Short Term

Market share goals -

1. First Year XX%

2. Second Year XX%

3. Third Year XX%

4. Fourth Year XX%

[Decrease, Maintain] costs through acquisition of new plant and equipment. Increase productivity by investing in employee training and education.

1. Budget for complete computer training for appropriate applications.

2. Set up, Maintain] employee benefit program for continuing college education.

3. Budget for necessary seminars and/or continuing job-specific education.

4. Maintain state-of-the-art accounting system for careful tracking.

5. Monthly reports on financial status vis-a-vis the industry.

6. Aggressive recruitment of the best technical staff in the industry.

7. Support company involvement in various local and national charity events.

Competitors Name Address City, State

Strengths: ?

Location - next door to supplier factory, on major artery, close to terminal, etc. Pricing - Low cost producer, known for aggressive pricing policy. Delivery - ships overnight to anywhere in the world. Management - Everyone has an MBA from Harvard.

Weaknesses ?

Service - takes more than 3 months to receive spare parts. Dedication - If it’s sunny, they’re on the golf course or ski slope. Machinery - Slowly approaching obsolescence unless replaced within six months. Overhead - Spend lavishly on corporate dining room, limousines and champagne.

Competitive Advantages

The distinctive competitive advantages which [My Company] brings to this market are:

Experience in this market. [I/we] have XXX years of hands-on experience in this industry.

Sophistication in finance and distribution. This results in my being the low cost supplier in these price sensitive markets.

The philosophy of [My Company] is to price not just according to our costs, but also according to what the market will pay.

Our targeted minimum gross profit margin for a category must be XX%.

By pricing to the market, [I/we] will achieve higher sales and therefore increase my buying power. As the amounts of my purchases increase, my per unit costs of shipping decrease and [I/we] will achieve higher discount levels from my suppliers. Through these economies of scale, many items currently on the market can be sold with lower prices, yet a higher net profit.

Product pricing will include a range of quantity discounts as well as an early payment discount. Rather than being strictly regional, [I/we] will expand into the national market.

To control foreign exchange risks, [I/we] will monitor the markets and hedge accordingly. [I/we] will also use overseas bank accounts.

With those companies with which [I/we] have established a relationship or are known to be financially secure, [I/we] will work on a pre-pay basis. This allows me greater discounts.

A level and policy of Capitalization that will allow me to fully address the respective markets with comprehensive marketing and customer service plans.

By keeping my overhead low, [I/we] will be able to funnel my profits back into operations thus avoiding high debt ratios or lost sales opportunities.

A quarterly direct mail campaign directed at both current customers and prospective new customers consisting of an informative newsletter.

A toll-free national 800 number will be used for customer orders and inquiries.

[I/we] will print complete four-color catalogs on a yearly basis. Price lists will be updated as needed.

[I/we] intend to be aggressive in trade magazine advertising.

Consideration will also be given to attending trade shows around the country.

With this level of capitalization, should an unexpected downturn occur, [I/we] will be able to continue operations on a positive scale.

Innovation. [I/we] have a history of innovative ideas.

[List your most meaningful ideas and any new ideas you have for the future.]

The distinctive competitive advantages which [My Company] brings to this market are:

Experience in this market. [I/we] have XX years of hands on experience in this industry.

Sophistication in management and finance. We are able to run an efficient and lean structure, yet still provide quality service to our clients and customers.

Because of the nature of this industry, we will be able to rent office space in more moderately priced buildings.

As a unique service company, we will be able to keep our margins high, allowing us to provide internal financing for growth possibilities.

A level and policy of Capitalization that will allow [me/us] to fully address the respective markets with comprehensive marketing and customer service plans.

By keeping my overhead low, [I/we] will be able to funnel my profits back into operations thus avoiding high debt ratios or lost sales opportunities.

Our initial marketing campaign will allow us to book a sufficient amount of business so that we can implement our telephone customer service support program.

Innovation

[I/we] have a history of innovative ideas.

[List your most meaningful ideas and any new ideas you have for the future.]?Summary

Summary

Through [my,our] leadership, [I,we] will be able to reduce overhead as a percentage of sales thereby increasing the amount of profit to be retained in the business. Because of our pricing policy, more people will purchase our merchandise thus increasing the size of the market and we will be increasing our market share. What [My Company] proposes to use are just good solid business sense, economies of scale, and the use of efficient financial techniques. This will allow us the following options:

Through [my,our] leadership, [I,we] will be able to reduce overhead as a percentage of sales thereby ncreasing the amount of profit to be retained in the business. What [My Company] proposes to use are just good solid business sense, economies of scale, and the use of efficient financial techniques. This will allow us the following options:

? increase customer service increase advertising expenditures increase profits increase selection of services offered increase service increase advertising reduce prices increase profits increase selection

This plan will give us tremendous flexibility to use any of these options or a mix of them to effectively attack our target markets and meet our long term goals. This combination of experience,

sophistication, capitalization and innovation will assist [My Company] as it strives to reach its sales, profit and return objectives.

Pricing

Before [I/we] set the price for my complex widgets, [I/we] determined on a unit basis what my costs were going to be. [I/we] then determined what the market price was for the normal widget. At this price it was determined that for all but the lowest sales projections, this product would turn a profit at this price. However, since our complex widgets offer additional features, we felt that we could price it approximately 50% above simple widgets.

To test this price, we called a database of 50 large users of simple widgets. We first questioned them about the desirability of our extra features and then asked them directly if this price would be

acceptable if such a product were available. We found that 75% of those polled would be interested in this product. Of this 75%, we received 10 firm orders representing approximately 30% of this group. OR:

We have determined that the market price is $ XX per unit. This will equal a margin of XX%. OR:

Our unit cost has been figured at $XX. We need a margin of XX% to pay our overhead and earn a sufficient profit. Therefore, our selling price will be $XX.

Before [I/we] set the price for our [service], [I/we] forecast what our fixed monthly costs were going to be. [I/we] then determined what the market rate for comparable services were. At this rate it was determined that for all but the lowest billing projections, this [Service] would turn a profit at this rate.

[Optional, if applicable]

However, since our service is unique and demands a higher level of expertise, we felt that we should bill above other comparable rates.

Specific Markets

Market #1

General History

The first widget was introduced into the market in 1036. Widgets remained much as the original thproduction until well into the 20 century when computer modeling showed that there could be some enhancements made to the basic widget. The market for widgets has been generally steady with market growth closely following the typical population growth. At this time there are approximately 1,500 companies worldwide making comparable simple widgets.

Lawn care companies have enjoyed a period of steady growth over the past twenty years. This

demand is due to many factors, not the least of which is the advance of lawn care technology. In our proposed marketing area, there are 25 lawn care services.

Entry Strategy

Our widget has been designed by the latest in computer aided design. We are able to manufacture our complex widgets on computer driven assembly lines using the latest in robotics manufacturing. This gives us a tremendous price advantage.

We intend to market our complex widget through all the normal channels available to simple widgets. These include retail, wholesale, and OEM. To penetrate this market efficiently and swiftly, we intend to initially use commission sales representatives strategically located throughout the USA. We also will start a national advertising campaign targeting the end user in various national publications and on national TV commercials.

Our sales representatives will be chosen based on their own experience in the marketplace. It is our intention to hire the best and the brightest among those currently available. Our marketing tests included many of the reps we initially would like to hire.

Over the past few years, we have noticed an increase in demand for full lawn care services - not just grass cutting and snow removal. Our computerized office allows us to track our clients needs and schedule house calls on one hours notice.

We intend to attack this market very aggressively through the use of:

1. A pool of 10 telemarketers.

2. House-to-house visits to neighbors of present clients.

3. Advertisements in upscale magazines.

4. Radio advertisements on weekends.

5. Sales calls on real estate management companies.

As we are offering a unique service, informing the public of our capabilities is of utmost importance.

Growth Strategy

After having successfully introduced the complex widget into the American market, our expansion will be in two separate areas: increasing sales in the USA and entering various foreign markets.

After we have reached our first year sales goals, we intend to offer our sales reps the opportunity to sell our products exclusively by joining our company. We expect that a small percentage will desire to remain independent and these will have to be replaced with our own sales force. We intend to

develop further sales reps from within by hiring and training them in our own sales methods. We will increase national advertising and begin targeting smaller accounts and specialty outlets. Additionally, we will conduct in house seminars for various OEM’s demonstrating how the inclusion of complex widgetry into their own products will increase the value of their products.

After having successfully completed this entry phase into this market in the geographical are we have chosen, we will then expand our market by doing the following:

1. Expand telemarketing pool to 20.

2. Increase number of direct sales reps.

3. Expand into neighboring cities.

Market Size and Share

The American market for [product/service] is estimated at $8 Billion annual sales based on data furnished by XYZ Survey. We estimate that we can achieve XX% market share within XX years. Marketing data for other markets is in the process of collection.

Other Markets

Use the same format for additional markets.

Targeting New Markets

To continue our growth, we will be using the following methods to expand our markets and to increase our new areas of doing business:

? Customer contact - find out their needs Look for complementary products Trade shows World Trade Center “Network” U.S. Government trade leads State Government trade leads On-line computer prospecting and qualification (DIALOG, D&B, etc.) Market surveys Research & development

Location

RETAIL EXAMPLE:

This business will be operated at 123 Any Street. This location is desirable because:

1. The traffic flow has been rated at high.

2. The rent is below market

3. The building has the necessary facilities to operate this business.

4. The location is convenient for our customers.

We are renting this building on a XX year lease. We will have renovations costing $XXX based upon three estimates. The building is zoned R-3, commercial use.

OTHER SAMPLE:

This business will be operated at 123 Any Street. This location is desirable because:

1. The building is structurally compatible for our use.

2. The rent is below market

3. The building has the necessary facilities to operate this business.

4. The location is convenient for our freight companies, suppliers, clients and employees.

5. Possibility of expansion in the area.

We are renting this building on a XX year lease. We will have renovations costing $XXX based upon three estimates. The building is zoned R-3, commercial use.

Manufacturing Plan

SAMPLE:

We will be using a conventional assembly line method of construction of our complex widgets. Our main supplier of component parts will be DEF Manufacturing of Fort Lee, NJ. In the event that they are not able to ship according to our specifications our secondary supplier will be MNO Amalgamated located in Charlotte, NC. These parts will be shipped to us by motor freight.

The actual machinery used in the production line will be manufactured by A&M Machine Tools of Arlington, Texas. They also will be doing maintenance under a service contract. This design of machine and assembly will allows us to produce 24 hours a day as the entire assembly process is fully automated with state-of- the-art robotics of American manufacture.

With robotics our labor costs and therefore our production costs will be the lowest in the industry. To maintain our advantage we have established lines of communication with all of our potential

machinery suppliers. Most importantly we have an ongoing relationship with several universities and are actively participating in various studies and experiments relating to production methods.

These machines also incorporate quality checking by lasers. All products must come within XX% of specifications. Also, at regular intervals we will be using human inspection of products and machines. We do not anticipate generating any toxic materials at this time for these products. However, we will be closely monitoring all production to determine if any hazardous materials are being generated. We have contracted with an environmental engineering company to advise us on any possible problems as well as solutions including legal disposal of all hazardous wastes.

We anticipate the following outlays for this capital equipment:

A&M Machines $XXX Service Contract $XXX

Research & Development

SAMPLE:

We have already spent a considerable amount of time in researching and developing our complex widgets. We have a very simple laboratory equipped with the basic research equipment we need. We have thus far been able to discover lighter materials and several cost cutting manufacturing methods. The largest achievement to date is the discovery of a water based lubricant that does not disintegrate in rainstorms. We have called this lubricant “H2Ocus-Pocus”.

Presently our research is being supervised by our Technical Director, John Q. Public. He will

continue in this capacity. Having been the researcher involved with all our activities to this point, he is well qualified to continue our research efforts.

Our next research project will center around using this new lubricant in our manufacturing processes and testing of a new material that has come to our attention.

To this point, our research has paid for itself as we have been keying on bringing this new product to market. However, now that we are becoming more experimental in our research efforts such a continued success ratio can not be maintained.

We have been investigating several potential government (both state and federal) funding sources. Our present program of joint research with the local university has b=proven very beneficial.

Historical Financial Data

See “Attachments”

[This discussion should include all facts pertaining to your financial statements.]

SAMPLE:

Income Statement

[Discuss both positive and negative aspects of your income statements. This is no time for trying to hide the facts.]

Balance Sheet

[Discuss both positive and negative aspects of your balance sheets. This is no time for trying to hide the facts.]

Asset Worksheet

[Discuss both positive and negative aspects of your assets. This is no time for trying to hide the facts.]

Ratio Analysis

Financial ratios are included for your convenience.

Financial Standards

We have also included financial standards as compiled by Dun & Bradstreet and Robert Morris Associates.

Proforma Financial Data

See “Attachments”

Proforma Cash Flow Analysis

SAMPLE:

Assumptions:

Cash Receipts:

Rent:

Utilities: Percentages as indicated. Building rental at $12/square foot. Water, gas, sewer, trash, electric Telephone: Local, long distance and cellular Salaries: Executives.

Payroll:

Withholding:

Inventory:

Freight-In:

Office Supplies:

Postage:

Advertising:

Professionals:

Commissions: Figured at 10%.

Insurance:

Travel & Entertainment:

Research: [Explanation]

Miscellaneous:

State Taxes:

Terms to customers: 2/10, n/30 (only to qualified accounts).

Terms from suppliers: Suppliers offers 3% cash discount.

XX% XX% Federal Taxes Trade, magazine, direct mail, etc. Hourly, non executive Figured at XX %.

Sales Forecast

SAMPLE:

Sales have been forecast at the following growth rates:

Year 2 Year 3

Product 1: XX% XX%

Product 2: XX% XX%

Cash Flow Variables:

SAMPLE:

We project that we will be able to generate sufficient capital from operations to meet our initial needs after the infusion of $200,000. However, our projections are in industries that have never been fully addressed and are based upon present real buying conditions and our own experience. Should sales not be up to projections, adjustments will be made in ordering and long term commitments decreased or postponed.

Income Statement

Assumptions:

Returns, discounts: We are offering a range of quantity

discounts,plus an early payment discount to

those extended credit. Average is estimated

to be 5%.

Cost of goods sold:

Expenses: Totaled from Cash Flow Analysis spreadsheets.

Freight: Paid by customers.

Risks & Variables:

SAMPLE:

We have considered seasonal trends and have forecasted accordingly. [I/We] believe the forecasts are conservative.

Proforma Balance Sheet

Cost Control

SAMPLE:

Our books will initially be maintained manually. [My Company] seeks at a future point to use a computerized accounting package to monitor our financial performance. This information will be compiled at the end of each month for preparation of financial statements. Each month these

statements will be reviewed against our proformas and appropriate action taken to adjust costs or our budget. If we find that we are continually over budget, our first step will be to reevaluate our markup on products and then to recheck our costs to make certain that we are obtaining the best possible prices.

Ratio Analysis

Financial ratios are included for your convenience.

Financial Standards

We have also included financial standards as compiled by Dun

& Bradstreet and Robert Morris Associates.

Breakeven Point

Taken from BPMBREAK.WK1 spreadsheet.

SAMPLE:

The following chart shows our breakeven point:

Profit Revenue Fixed Costs Variable Costs

$0 $20,000.00 $3,900.00 $16,100.00

It is intended that [My Company] will be profitable in the XXX

Quarter, 199X.

Effects of Loan or Investment

SAMPLE:

The money invested in [My Company] will be used for the following purposes:

These outlays will enable us to operate at a level that will allow us to meet our conservative sales goals for the first year. This will also allow us to outright purchase these items rather than finance or lease them.

Purchase of DEF Machine, Model # 333058 including installation - ($150,000) Working capital - ($50,000) Leasehold improvements - (est. $15,000) Laboratory equipment - Beakers, test tubes, petrie dishes - ($1,500) Startup costs - legal fees, filing fees Inventory -raw materials - ($25,000) Delivery trucks (GMC Model 80, $10,995) Computer equipment - 15 Austin 486/33 Winstations - ($40,425)

Attachments

英语作文常用谚语、俗语

1、A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth. 说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。

2、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 一知半解，自欺欺人。

3、All rivers run into sea. 海纳百川。

4、All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。

5、All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。

6、A bad beginning makes a bad ending. 不善始者不善终。

7、Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。

8、A faithful friend is hard to find. 知音难觅。

9、A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。

10、A friend is easier lost than found. 得朋友难，失朋友易。

11、A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半。

12、A good beginning makes a good ending. 善始者善终。

13、A good book is a good friend. 好书如挚友。

14、A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。

15、A mother's love never changes. 母爱永恒。

16、An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 一天一苹果，不用请医生。

17、A single flower does not make a spring. 一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。

18、A year's plan starts with spring. 一年之计在于春。

19、A young idler, an old beggar. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

20、Better late than never. 不怕慢，单怕站。

21、By reading we enrich the mind.读书使人充实，

22、Care and diligence bring luck. 谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇。

23、Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success. 自信是走向成功的第一步。

24、Custom is a second nature. 习惯是后天养成的。 31

25、Custom makes all things easy. 有个好习惯，事事皆不难。

26、Doing is better than saying. 与其挂在嘴上，不如落实在行动上。

27、Do nothing by halves. 凡事不可半途而废。

28、Don't put off till tomorrow what should be done today. 今日事，今日毕。

29、Don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. 不要自找麻烦。

30、Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起身体好。

31、Easier said than done. 说得容易，做得难。

32、Easy come, easy go. 来也匆匆，去也匆匆。

33、Eat to live, but not live to eat. 人吃饭是为了活着，但活着不是为了吃饭。

34、Every man has his faults. 金无足赤，人无完人。

35、Every man is the architect of his own fortune. 自己的命运自己掌握。

36、Every minute counts. 分秒必争。

37、Each coin has two sides.

38、Fact speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。

39、Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。

40、God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助。

41、Health is better than wealth. 健康胜过财富。

42、Honesty is the best policy. 做人诚信为本。

43、Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst. 抱最好的愿望，做最坏的打算。

44、It is never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。

45、Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量

46、Like mother, like daughter. 有其母必有其女。

47、No pain， no gain.（不劳无获。）

48、You never know till you have tried. 不尝试，不知晓。。

49、An idle youth, a needy age.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

50、Diligence is the mother of success.勤奋是成功之母。

51、Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy,

早

睡

早

起

，

使

人

健

康

、

富

裕

和

聪

颖

。

52、Experience is the best teacher.经验是最好的教师。

53、Nothing in the world is difficult if you set

世

上

无

难

事

，

只

怕

有

心

人

。

54、Where there's a will, there's a way. 有志者事竟成。

55、Practice makes perfect ．（熟能生巧。）

56、Pride goes before a fall．（骄傲必败。）

Superstar and I

It’s common that many students are crazy about those singers and actors. However, liyundi, a pianist, is the superstar in my heart. He is a man of few words and he even looks like the greatest pianist—Chopin. When listening to his music , I can get rid of everything noisy around. What’s more, I can feel his strong love for music. Rome wasn’t built in one day. He achieved the great

success through huge effort. I can learn from him that we should never give up to realize our dreams.

Superstar and I

Her name first appeared as a joke then like a wonder. She is Susan Boyle, the superstar in my heart. Although she’s not beautiful, her voice and spirit moved all the audience, including me. The song ’I dreamed a dream’ that she sang touched everyone’s heart who had a dream and wanted to realize it. She taught me how to go on my dreams as well as never to give up. She is like a sunshine that gives me hope. Where there is a will, there is a way.

英语作文常用谚语、俗语

1、A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth. 说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。

2、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 一知半解，自欺欺人。

3、All rivers run into sea. 海纳百川。

4、All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。

5、All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。

6、A bad beginning makes a bad ending. 不善始者不善终。

7、Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。

8、A faithful friend is hard to find. 知音难觅。

9、A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。

10、A friend is easier lost than found. 得朋友难，失朋友易。

11、A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半。

12、A good beginning makes a good ending. 善始者善终。

13、A good book is a good friend. 好书如挚友。

14、A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。

15、A mother's love never changes. 母爱永恒。

16、An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 一天一苹果，不用请医生。

17、A single flower does not make a spring. 一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。

18、A year's plan starts with spring. 一年之计在于春。 36

19、A young idler, an old beggar. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

20、Better late than never. 不怕慢，单怕站。

21、By reading we enrich the mind.读书使人充实，

22、Care and diligence bring luck. 谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇。

23、Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success. 自信是走向成功的第一步。

24、Custom is a second nature. 习惯是后天养成的。

25、Custom makes all things easy. 有个好习惯，事事皆不难。

26、Doing is better than saying. 与其挂在嘴上，不如落实在行动上。

27、Do nothing by halves. 凡事不可半途而废。

28、Don't put off till tomorrow what should be done today. 今日事，今日毕。

29、Don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. 不要自找麻烦。

30、Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起身体好。

31、Easier said than done. 说得容易，做得难。

32、Easy come, easy go. 来也匆匆，去也匆匆。

33、Eat to live, but not live to eat. 人吃饭是为了活着，但活着不是为了吃饭。

34、Every man has his faults. 金无足赤，人无完人。

35、Every man is the architect of his own fortune. 自己的命运自己掌握。

36、Every minute counts. 分秒必争。

37、Each coin has two sides.

38、Fact speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。

39、Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。

40、God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助。

41、Health is better than wealth. 健康胜过财富。

42、Honesty is the best policy. 做人诚信为本。

43、Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst. 抱最好的愿望，做最坏的打算。

44、It is never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。

45、Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量

46、Like mother, like daughter. 有其母必有其女。

47、No pain， no gain.（不劳无获。）

48、You never know till you have tried. 不尝试，不知晓。。

49、An idle youth, a needy age.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

50、Diligence is the mother of success.勤奋是成功之母。

51、Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy,

早

睡

早

起

，

使

人

健

康

、

富

裕

和

聪

颖

。

52、Experience is the best teacher.经验是最好的教师。

53、Nothing in the world is difficult if you set

世

上

无

难

事

，

只

怕

有

心

人

。

54、Where there's a will, there's a way. 有志者事竟成。

55、Practice makes perfect ．（熟能生巧。）

56、Pride goes before a fall．（骄傲必败。）

Superstar and I

success through huge effort. I can learn from him that we should never give up to realize our dreams.

Superstar and I

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