特种部队与特种作战讲义

一、特种部队， 从真正意义上讲其实是近代的产物。战争的形态虽然随着科技与武器的进步而不断进步，但战争的实质却仍然没有改变。与常规部队不同的是，特种部队的成员可以忍受比一般部队更艰苦的训练，完成一般部队无法完成的任务。世界第一支现代意义上的特种部队是由英国组建的，成立于二战期间，成为“哥曼德”。其总兵力虽然不多，但装备先进，训练有素，成为后来世界各国特种部队建设效仿的楷模。

二、特种部队与特种作战的主要特点

虽然特种战作战这种作战行动的出现，远远早于特种部队，而且一些临时组建的作战部队也能执行特种作战任务，但是自世界上第一支现代特种部队在第二次世界大战中产生后，特种作战这种特殊的作战行动就成为了其最主要的作战形式，甚至是唯一的作战形式。因此无论是特种部队还是其所遂行的特种作战行动，就 必然具有了一些完全不同于传统部队和传统作战的突出的特点。 １、特种部队的主要特点

特种部队通常担负其他部队难以完成的与战略、战役胜败悠关的任务，主要用于打击敌指挥机关、通信控制中心、兵器弹药库、经济和工业中心、能源和后方基地等目标。近年来，由于国际形势的变化，特种部队更多地被用于反恐怖、打击走私、辑毒和维护国内治安等非战争行动。而且，世界各国在普遍减少军队员额的情况下，不断加强特种部队的建设。目前，尽管各国特种部队

在规模、使用上有所不同，但是从各国特种部队的编制、人员、装备和训练等方面的情况分析来看，各国特种部队普遍具有编制 灵活、人员精干、装备优良、训练严格等一些共性的特点。

一是编制灵活。为确保特种部队在危险环境下完成任务，就必须使其具备多种作战能力。各国特种部队一般都编有侦察、突击、反恐怖、破坏、民事、心理、通信等专业分队。此外，还可得到海、空军专业分队的支援配合。作战行动中，通常采用委托式指挥方式，即由受领任务的特遣队指挥官负责组成执行任务的特遣（分）队，并具体实施作战指挥。这就要求其编制具有可灵活编组的特点。各国特种部队的编制一般为大队（群）或团（营），下辖中队、小队或连、排（组）。大队（群）或团（营）编制员额一般为1200－1500人，中队、小队或连、排（组）编制只有数十人。而组（又称战斗编组）为最小的作战编制，一般为2－15人。如美陆军特种作战群为1400人，辖54个中队，每个中队仅12人。印度国家安全卫队的每个特遣分队由4个小组组成，每个小组5人。而美军第75别动营下辖50多个小组。美军在入侵格林纳达时，曾以11人的战斗小组袭击总统府。英军在攻占马岛的战斗中，以3～6人或10－14人的战斗编组偷袭阿军重要目标。由此可见，组是特种部队中最基本的作战单位。在实施特种作战时，通常以组或由组编成的特遣队遂行任务。鉴于特种部队专业繁杂，作战中又需各军、兵种相互配合，因此特种部队在编成时，常常根据选定目标数量、性质、攻击手段、地理条件等，

尽量以最少的人员灵活组成适合完成特殊任务的特遣队。这种 “小而精、功能全”的编组方式有利于完成各种复杂的特殊任务。

二是人员精干。各国的特种部队对其成员的素质要求非常高。在征召特种部队成员时要在思想动机、心理素质、文化程度、身体条件方面对应征人员进行严格考核。曾经服过兵役的官兵在录取时可以优先考虑。录取后，还须经过1～2年的特种训练并经考核合格后方可在特种部队服役。如美军特种部队成员的基本条件是：①在陆、海、空军服役3年以上，且体格健壮并取得空降合格证书的；②必须出于“爱国主义动机”；③具有高中或大学毕业文化程度，有一定的外语基础；④必须敢于冒险、不怕牺牲、勇于承担责任。一经录取，这些人还将在特种部队学院进行正规、严格的培训，时间为半年至1年。美军特种部队学院实行定期淘汰制，淘汰率最高达77％，平均合格率仅为50％。以色列特种部队的应征者首先要接受严格的体检、心理测试和背景调查。在入伍后的一周内，部队还要对其入伍动机、个人爱好、有何特长等进行考查。新兵能够通过这一阶段考核的比例为10－20％。此后，这些通过初步考核的人将接受20－24个月的基础训练和特种训练，最后再经考试合格后方可在特种部队服役。印军特种部队要求应征者必须信守“职责、荣誉、国家“的格言；勇于献身，具有主动性和创造性；有强健的体魄。同时要求有 12年制高中毕业文凭。

三是装备优良。特种部队由于所担负任务的特殊性，其武器装备

从普通的轻武器到高级电子通信设备、武装直升机、导弹巡逻艇甚至潜艇应有尽有。轻型武器主要有各式手枪和机枪、狙击步枪、微声冲锋枪、眩目手榴弹、反坦克枪榴弹、轻型迫击炮、定向地雷。重型武器包括装甲战斗车、攻击直升机、运输直升机、各种战斗和运输舰船以及潜艇，如以色列特种部队就拥有可搭载2架直升机的导弹巡逻艇，巴基斯坦特种部队则装备有可载7～8人的微型潜艇。美国正在研制可载12人的小型潜艇。此外，特种部队的装备还包括各种特种专用装备和高级电子设备，如滑雪、登山和潜水装具，地（水）面定位导航设备、卫星通信设备、夜视与红外侦察设备、遥控侦察飞机等。这些先进的武器装备价格昂贵，如，美国海军特种部队“海豹”突击队全部装备总价值就达1000万美元。近年来，各国特种部队在更多地采用陆、海、空三军通用的轻便、灵活、性能更好的装备的同时，还在积极研制专用和新概念武器，即那些可能改变传统的特种作战方式的专用和非致命性武器。美国防部已授权成立一个专门机构，研究非致命性武器所需的相关技术，包括激光、微波、声波、电磁脉冲、化学复合物和电脑病毒等。运用这些技术制造出的武器可用于从控制示威、游行到完成各种规模的军事任务。可能用于实战的非致命性武器有激光致盲武器、波束武器、失能性战剂、全息投影等。目前，美军成立不久的特种作战研究与发展中心每年投资10亿美元用于反恐怖专用武器装备的研制。其他国家也正在投 入更多的资金以便更新和改善其特种部队的装备。

四是训练严格。为了能够完成特殊而复杂的任务并具有多种作战能力，各国特种部队训练主要有以下内容：1、高强度体能训练。执行特种作战任务常常要付出超常的体力，并承受极度的精神压力。因此，特种部队要求其成员有强健的体魄、坚强的毅力和良好的心理素质，即要求做到：思维敏捷、反应迅速，能承受长时间的紧张状态，能适应气候、气温的急剧变化。体能训练的内容主要为军事体育项目和特殊的心理训练项目。如美军特种部队的体能训练分三个阶段：一是基础训练，内容为田径、球类、游泳、体操、越障。二是技能技巧训练，内容有拳击，摔跤，刺杀，登山、滑雪、武装泅渡；三是冒险训练，如攀登、跳伞、滑翔、飞车、悬崖跳水等。印军特种部队的体能训练内容包括8公里越野、200米沼泽地冲刺、武装泅渡、实弹感受训练等。2.一专多能训练。特种部队专业分工多，所担负的任务种类繁杂，因此要求其成员要掌握多种专业技能。例如，美陆军特种部队要求成员掌握的专业技能就达五、六十种，主要有领导艺术，心理战，熟练掌握可能任务区的语言，了解他国文化及风俗民情，熟练操作和维修本国及各国的现行武器装备，能驾驶各型军用车辆及坦克和直升机，水下战斗，通联，在丛林、雪地、沙漠和核、生、化条件下的生存与作战的技能，以及卫生救护专业等。3、各种作战类型的适应性训练。即按照可能的作战行动类型有针对性地进行全面训练。如美军特种部队作战类型分为六种：非常规战、特种侦察、直接行动、反恐怖行动、内卫和辅助支援行动。训练

内容为与作战类型有关的计划、战术、技术与程序、侦察、游击战、颠覆、作战效果评估与核查等。以色列特种部队则针对各种可能发生的情况和战斗制定出行动预案，并要求部队按照行动预案进行演练。印军特种部队经常进行山地游击战、敌后侦察、反恐怖、反劫机行动演练。近年来，各国特种部队普遍加强了联合作战训练。由于特种作战常常由陆、海、空军共同实施、相互支援，因此，特种部队的指挥官及成员都应掌握联合作战的知识。美军强调，在未来战场上，联合作战已成为主要作战样式，特种部队作为联合作战部队的一部分，必须加强联合作战训练才能发挥其特殊作用。美特种部队每年至少进行2次联合作战演练，并定期与陆、海、空军正规部队举行联合演习。4.模拟训练。一是普遍采用先进的训练模拟器材。主要有：用于进行复杂技术装备操作训练的技术模拟器材，如坦克、直升机模拟驾驶仪；场地或室内使用的对抗模拟器材，如美军的多用途激光交战模拟器和计算机交战模拟设备等。二是设臵逼真的实战环境，即在实地使用假设敌和实物进行训练。例如，以色列和印度的特种部队在机场的民用客机上进行反劫机实战演练，机内有扮装的乘客和劫机恐怖分子。美军特种部队则按照任务的需要组织受训人员到深山、沙漠、港口等特殊场地与扮装的“游击队”或“恐怖分子”进行 非正规战和反恐怖行动训练。此外，美国和以色列还尽可能让其特种部队参加实战锻炼，以提高实战能力。

 

第二篇：特种部队图片资料

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ROM or accompanying materials (if applicable), and ceasing all use of the Image(s) for any purpose. Such

termination may not effect payment obligations.

JUPITERIMAGES may, in its sole discretion: (i) monitor, as frequently as JUPITERIMAGES determines, anything you download from our Web sites, (ii) limit downloads to a fixed amount of downloads per 24 hour period so as to insure the best possible service to all subscribers to our Web sites, (iii) track any abuse of your username and password, (iv) suspend or terminate your account, without notice, if JUPITERIMAGES believes there is a violation of this Agreement, the website terms and/or any abuse of your username and password.

Upon termination of this Agreement, you agree to (i) destroy all copies and archives of the Image(s), (ii) cease using the Image(s) for any purpose, and (iii) confirm to JUPITERIMAGES in writing that you have complied with these requirements. Please see Section 13(A) below for other terms also applicable to Subscription terminations. ??

4. WARRANTY AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITY

A.JUPITERIMAGES represent and warrants that:

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?it has the right to enter into this Agreement and to grant the rights hereunder; the Image(s) or other Storage Media (if applicable) will be free from defects in materials and workmanship under normal use for a period of 30 days from the date of license; and

the Image(s) as provided hereunder, and used as permitted herein, will not infringe any copyright,

trademark, moral right, right of privacy or any other intellectual property right of any third party.

B.DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY. EXCEPT AS PROVIDED IN SECTION 4(A) ABOVE, THE IMAGE(S), STORAGE MEDIA AND

ACCOMPANYING MATERIALS (IF APPLICABLE) ARE PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. JUPITERIMAGES MAKES NO WARRANTIES FOR ANY IMAGES THAT HAVE BEEN MODIFIED OR ALTERED BY YOU AND YOU SHALL BE SOLELY RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY CLAIMS RELATING TO OR ARISING OUT OF YOUR MODIFICATION AND USE OF THE IMAGES. JUPITERIMAGES GRANTS NO RIGHTS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE USE OF NAMES, TRADEMARKS, LOGO TYPES, COPYRIGHTED DESIGNS OR WORKS OF ART OR ARCHITECTURE DEPICTED IN ANY IMAGE, AND THE USER MUST SATISFY ITSELF THAT ALL NECESSARY RIGHTS, CONSENTS, OR PERMISSIONS AS MAY BE REQUIRED ARE OBTAINED. JUPITERIMAGES DOES NOT WARRANT THAT THE IMAGE(S), WEB SITES OR OTHER MATERIALS, WILL MEET YOUR REQUIREMENTS OR THAT USE WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED OR ERROR FREE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY, PERFORMANCE AND USE OF THE IMAGE(S) IS SOLELY WITH YOU. YOU UNDERSTAND THAT YOU SHOULD SEEK COMPETENT COUNSEL BEFORE USING IMAGES ON OR IN CONNECTION WITH ANY GOODS OR SERVICES OR FOR ANY OTHER COMMERCIAL PURPOSES. JUPITERIMAGES SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU OR TO ANY OTHER ENTITY FOR ANY GENERAL, PUNITIVE, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, OR LOST PROFITS OR ANY OTHER DAMAGES, COSTS OR LOSSES ARISING OUT OF YOUR USE OF THE IMAGE(S), JUPITERIMAGES’ BREACH OF THIS AGREEMENT OR OTHERWISE, EVEN IF JUPITERIMAGES HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES, COSTS OR LOSSES. IN NO EVENT, SHALL JUPITERIMAGES’ TOTAL AGGREGATE LIABILITY TO YOU, OR

TO ANY THIRD PARTY CLAIMING THROUGH YOU, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH YOUR USE OF OR

INABILITY TO USE THE IMAGE(S) (WHETHER IN CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE) EXCEED TEN (10) TIMES THE

MONETARY AMOUNT ACTUALLY RECEIVED BY JUPITERIMAGES FOR YOUR USE OF THE APPLICABLE IMAGE(S).

C.You represent, warrant and covenant that:

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?You are at least eighteen years of age and have the full right and authority to enter into this License on behalf of you and/or your company, employer or principal; You do not reside in any country to which export of US products are prohibited or restricted and you may not ship, transfer or export any of the Images into any country or use any of the Images in any manner prohibited by any laws, restrictions or regulations; You will not use the Image(s) in any way that is not permitted by this License; Your use of the Image(s) will not violate any applicable law or regulation of any country, state, or other governmental entity; The information that you provide to JUPITERIMAGES is accurate and true, including, without limitation, all credit card or other payment information and you shall update such information as necessary; You are solely responsible for determining whether your use of any Image(s) requires the consent of any other party or the license of any additional rights. If you are unsure whether additional rights are needed for your use of the Images, you are responsible for consulting with competent legal counsel; and

If you are acting as an agent, you must inform your client/principal of the terms of this License.

5. LIMITATION OF REMEDIES

A.Replacement or Refund:

JUPITERIMAGES’ entire liability and your exclusive remedy, with respect to any claims arising out of this Agreement,

except as set out in Section 6 below, shall be at JUPITERIMAGES’ sole discretion, either: (i) replacement of

Image(s); or (ii) refund of any fee paid for the specific Image(s). Any claims must be brought within twelve (12)

months of the date that you discovered such claim, or reasonably should have discovered such claim, or shall be

waived. See Section 11 for other refund terms that may apply.

6. INDEMNIFICATION

You agree to indemnify and hold JUPITERIMAGES, its affiliates, parents, subsidiaries, employees, directors, officers, successors, assigns, distributors and anyone else associated with JUPITERIMAGES, harmless from, and against, any and all claims, liabilities, costs, damages, or expenses, (including attorneys’ fees) asserted against JUPITERIMAGES arising out of your use of the Images or in connection with any breach of any of the terms of this Agreement. Provided that the Image(s) are used only in accordance with this Agreement and you are not otherwise in breach of this Agreement, JUPITERIMAGES shall defend, indemnify and hold you harmless from all damages (excluding punitive damages), liabilities and expenses (including reasonable attorney’s fees and authorized costs), arising out of or in connection with any actual or threatened lawsuit, legal proceeding or claim alleging that JUPITERIMAGES is in breach of its warranties set out in Section 4 above. The foregoing states JUPITERIMAGES’ entire indemnification obligation under this Agreement and your sole and exclusive remedy for any actual breach of JUPITERIMAGES’ representations and warranties set forth herein. JUPITERIMAGES shall have no obligation under this Section 6 unless you promptly provide JUPITERIMAGES with written notice of such claim. JUPITERIMAGES shall have no liability or duty to indemnify if the claims, liabilities, costs, damages, or expenses result from: (i) the modification or alteration of the Images by anyone other than JUPITERIMAGES or (ii) the combination of the Images with any other text or graphic material, whether in printed or electronic format, to the extent that such any claims would not have arisen had such modification or combination not been made. At the indemnifying party’s option, the indemnifying party may assume the handling, settlement or defense of any claim or litigation and the indemnified party shall reasonably cooperate in the defense thereof. The indemnified party shall have the right to participate in the litigation, at its own expense, through counsel selected by the indemnified party. The indemnifying party will not be liable for legal fees or other costs incurred prior to the indemnified party giving notice of the claim for which indemnity is sought.

7. GENERAL

A.Enforceability: If any provision of this Agreement is held to be not enforceable, such provision shall be reformed only

to the extent to make it enforceable, consistent with the parties’ intent.

B.Taxes and other: You agree to pay and be solely responsible for any and all sales taxes, use taxes, value added

taxes and duties imposed by any jurisdiction as a result of the license granted to you, or your use of the Image(s),

pursuant to this Agreement.

C.Waiver. No action of JUPITERIMAGES, other than an express written, signed waiver may be construed as a waiver of

any part of this Agreement, and no employee of JUPITERIMAGES is authorized to make an oral waiver. In the event

that JUPITERIMAGES waives a specific part of the Agreement, it does not mean that JUPITERIMAGES waives any

other part.

8. JURISDICTION

This Agreement, its validity and effect, shall be solely interpreted, and governed by, the laws of the State of Connecticut, United States. Any claims shall be brought solely in the Federal District Court of the District of Connecticut and you expressly consent to the exclusive jurisdiction of the federal courts of the State of Connecticut, United States. You consent to the service

of any required notice or process upon you by registered mail or overnight courier to the address provided to JUPITERIMAGES with your registration, as you may update from time to time, with proof of delivery.

9. LEGAL FEES

You agree to reimburse JUPITERIMAGES for its legal fees, costs and disbursements if JUPITERIMAGES is successful in enforcing any of its rights under this Agreement including, without limitation, in connection with any action to collect payment.

10. ASSIGNABILITY

You may not assign or transfer to anyone else the rights granted to you in this Agreement, without our prior written consent. JUPITERIMAGES may assign or transfer this Agreement freely.

11. CANCELLATION

If you wish to cancel the rights granted in this License and your invoice, the following apply:

A.If you licensed single Images or purchased CD(s) (opened or unopened), you may receive a full refund if you submit

a completed and signed refund affidavit (located at http://jupiterimages.com/en/company/refund_aff), and return

any CD’s, within fourteen (14) days of your invoice date. After fourteen (14) days, no cancellations will be accepted,

no refunds made and you will be responsible for and must pay the full amount of the invoice.

B.If you purchased a Subscription, you may receive a full refund within three (3) days of your invoice date, provided

that you have not downloaded more than five (5) images. After three (3) days, or download of more than five (5)

Images, no cancellations will be accepted, no refunds made and you will be responsible for and must pay the full

amount of the invoice. By requesting a refund, you hereby represent and warrant that: (i) you have deleted or

destroyed all downloaded Images, (ii) that you have not, and will not use any Images from the subscription, and (iii)

that a breach of the foregoing shall require you to immediately repay the entire subscription fee plus damages to

JUPITERIMAGES.

You are solely responsible for all shipping and handling fees with regard to a cancellation. All cancellations are final.

See Termination Section 3 above for other applicable terms.

12. ENTIRE CONTRACT

YOU ACKNOWLEDGE THAT YOU HAVE READ THIS AGREEMENT, UNDERSTAND IT, AND AGREE TO BE BOUND BY ITS TERMS AND CONDITIONS. YOU FURTHER AGREE THAT IT IS THE COMPLETE AND EXCLUSIVE STATEMENT OF THE AGREEMENT BETWEEN YOU AND JUPITERIMAGES, WHICH SUPERSEDES ANY PROPOSAL OR PRIOR AGREEMENT, ORAL OR WRITTEN, AND ANY OTHER COMMUNICATION BETWEEN YOU AND JUPITERIMAGES RELATING TO THE SUBJECT OF THIS AGREEMENT, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY PURCHASE ORDER TERMS (EVEN IF SUCH TERMS ARE SUBSEQUENT TO THE DATE OF THIS AGREEMENT). FAQ'S, OTHER EXPLANATIONS, AND TEXT IN JUPITERIMAGES’ WEB SITES ARE FOR YOUR INFORMATION ONLY AND ARE NOT, AND SHALL NOT BE CONSTRUED AS, PART OF THIS AGREEMENT UNLESS SPECIFIED OTHERWISE IN THIS AGREEMENT.

13. ADDITIONAL TERMS ADDENDUM

In addition to terms 1-12 above, the following terms also apply if you obtain certain other services, or certain other Image(s), from JUPITERIMAGES and form a material part of your License Agreement:

A.SUBSCRIPTIONS If you are purchasing a subscription plan to any of JUPITERIMAGES’ Web sites, the following also

applies and is added to the Agreement as follows: The following is added to Section 4(C): "(VIII) You will hold all

passwords for any subscription in the strictest of confidence. You may not share or disclose any password to any

other user or third party other than as specifically provided for herein. If you breach any provision of this section, we

shall be entitled to (i) terminate this Agreement immediately, (ii) retain all payments paid pursuant to this

Agreement and, (iii) seek any legal or equitable remedies." The following is added to Section 1(C)(I): (b) This

License Agreement, and your right to use the Image(s) shall immediately, and automatically, terminate upon the

termination of the term of your subscription provided, however, that after your subscription term you may continue

to use any Image(s) incorporated into a product or service during the subscription term in the same product or

service in accordance with the terms of this Agreement. The following is added to Section 1(F): (XIII) Stockpile,

download, or otherwise store Images not used during the subscription term for future use.

B.If you are licensing Images from clipart.com, the following also applies and is added to the Agreement as follows:

The following is added to Section 1(F): "(XIV) Resell the Image(s) for use in mobile devices, including but not limited

to mobile telephones, handheld game consoles, and PDAs. Such usage is subject to additional licensing fees. Please

contact bizdev@jupiterimages.com for information on reseller licenses. (XV) Download more than five hundred (500)

Images per day.

C.If you are licensing Images from ablestock.com, comstock1700K.com, flashfoundry.com, liquidlibrary.com,

photoobjects.net, and/or photos.com, the following also applies and is added to the Agreement as follows: The

following is added to Section 1(F): "(XIV) Download more than fifty (50) Images per day."

D.If you are licensing Images from animationfactory.com, the following also applies and is added to the Agreement as

follows: The following is added to Section 1(F): "(XIV) Download more than five hundred (500) Images per day."

E.THIRD PARTY CONTENT If you are licensing Images from Jupiterimages’ third party suppliers, special license terms

from the third party suppliers may apply. Please see the individual Web site or Storage Media for details of any special license terms.