英语句子的种类

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英语句子的种类 .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 句子的种类 .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 陈述句 .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

1.3 疑问句 .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

1.4 祈使句 .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3

1.5 感叹句 .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4

1.6 there be结构 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 4

1.7 否定结构 .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 5

英语句子的种类

1.1 句子的种类

句子按其用途可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句四种。如:(1)The English have a wonderful sense of humor.英国人有一种奇妙的幽默感。(陈述句)(2)Who is your favorite author?谁是你喜爱的作家?(疑问句)(3)Don’t believe all the gossip you hear.别轻信听来的一切闲言碎语。(祈使句)(4)How kind you are!您真好啊!(感叹句)

1.2 陈述句

用以陈述事实或观点的句子叫做陈述句。(declarative sentence)。陈述句一般皆用降调,句末有句号。如:(1)The earth is one of several planets revolving round the sun.地球是绕太阳旋转的几个行星之一。(2)Jackson impressed me with his force and his kindness.杰史逊以他的力气和仁慈给我留下了深刻的印象。陈述句的词序一般是主语+谓语动词,或主语+连系动词+表语。如:(3)The river flooded.河水泛滥成灾了。(4)Martha is my flancee.玛莎是我的未婚妻。但是在某些情况下,主语和谓语动词可以倒装。如:(5)There exist different opinions on this question.关于这个问题有不同的观点。(there be结构)(6)”What is the matter with you?” asked the doctor.“你哪儿不好?”医生问。(直接引语之后)

(7)From the window came sounds of music.从窗户里传来了音乐声。(8)Here comes my brother.我弟弟来啦。(9)Never in my life have I seen such a thing.我一生中从未见过这样的事。(never位于句首)(10)Should need arise, we shall communicate with the again.如有需要,我们将同你联系。(条件从句省去了从属连词)陈述句分肯定结构和否定结构。肯定结构的谓语动词不含否定词。如:(11)People have five senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch.人有五种感觉:视觉、听觉、嗅觉、味觉和触觉。(12)Hamlet revenged his dead father.哈姆莱特为他死去的父亲报了仇。变肯定结构为否定结构时,将not置于第一个助动词或情态动词之后;现在一般时和过去一般时谓语动词不含助动词,则在动词前加do (does)或did再加not。如:(13)She has not been sleeping well recently.她近来睡得不大好。(14)He dared not speak.他不敢讲。(15)We usually do not stay late.我们一般不熬夜。在非正式文体中,否定结构常用缩略式。否定缩略式有两种:一种是助动词的缩略式+not;一种是助动词+not的缩略式。后者的语气似乎较前者强。如:(16)He’s not / isn’t / going to spend his summer vocation by the seaside.他不打算去海滨度暑假。(17)We’ll not / shan’t / see him till Monday.星期一以前我们不会见到他。(18)I don’t care what she thinks.我不关心她想什么。连系动词be的否定式与助动词be相同。如:

(19)He is not / He’s not / He isn’t / here yet.他还没有到。实义动词do的否定式与普通动词相同。如:(20)-What did you do on holiday?你们假日干什么了?-We didn’t do anything.我们什么也没干。实义动词have表“吃”等义时,其否定式与普通动词相同。如:(21)She does not / doesn’t / have coffee with breakfast.她早餐不喝咖啡。Have表“有”时,有两种否定式。如: 22)We do not / don’t / have any money.我们没有钱。

23)We have not / haven’t / any money.我们没有钱和。

在当代英语中,后者常为have got所代替。如:(24)I have not / haven’t / got a headache any longer.我不再患头痛病了。陈述句可用来表命令。如:(25)You will kindly do what you are told.请你按对你所说的做。陈述句亦可用来表疑问,句末有问号,用升调。如:(26)He’s waiting in the church?他在教堂等着吗?

1.3 疑问句

用以提问的句子叫做疑问句(interrogative sentence)。疑问句句末须用问号。疑问句有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、附加疑问句、修辞疑问句、感叹疑问句、反问句七种。1)一般疑问句(general question),需要用肯定词yes或否定词no来回答,因此也叫是非疑问句(yes – no question)。这种疑问句句末多用升调,其基本结构为:助动词+主语+谓语,也就是说将陈述句的第一个助动词或情态动词提至主语之前。陈述句如不含助动词或情态动词,则在主语前加do(does)或did,回答常用简略答语。如:(1)-Have you locked the door?你锁门了吗?-Yes, I have.是的,锁了。-No, I haven’t.不,没有锁。(2)-Can Mary play the piano?玛丽会弹钢琴吗?-Yes, she can.是的,她会。-No, she can’t.不,她不会。(3)-Do you know Jack?你认识杰克吗?-Yes, I do.是的,我认识。-No, I don’t.不,我不认识。陈述句如属主+系+表结构,则将连系动词提至主语之前。如:(4)-Is John ill?约翰生病了吗?-Yes, he is.是的,他生病了。-No, he isn’t.不,他没有生病。have表“吃”等义时,与一般动词一样,须用助动词do。如:(5)-Did you have a good time in Japan?你们在日本过得好吗?-Yes, we certainly did.是的,确实很好。have表“有”时,则有两种结构。如:(6)-Have you (got) any sisters?你有姐妹吗?-No, I haven’t.不,没有。(7)-Do you have any sisters?你有姐妹吗?-No, I haven’t.不,没有。在一般疑问句的否定结构中,not一般置于主语之后;但在非正式英语中常用缩略式,即将-n’t与句首的助动词连在一起。回答一般疑问句的否定结构,应注意yes后接肯定结构,not后接否定结构,这与汉语习惯不同。如:(8)-Have you not read this book before?你以前没读过这本书吗?-Yes, I have.不,我读过。-No, I haven’t.是的,我没读过。(9)-Didn’t you speak to him yesterday?你昨天没对他说吗?-Yes, I did.不,我说了。-No, I didn’t.是的,我没说。一般疑问句的否定结构

往往用来表示提问人的惊讶、怀疑等。如:(10)Don’t you beleve me?你不相信我?(表惊讶)(11)Are you not coming?你不来吗?(表怀疑)回答一般疑问句除用yes和not外,也可用certainly, probably, perhaps, of course, all right, with pleasure等代替yes,用never, not at all等代替no。如:(12)-Can you help me?你能帮个忙吗?-Certainly.当然。(13)-Have you been there?你到过那里吗?-Never.从来没有。有时还可以用似乎与问题无关的话来回答。如:(14)-Are you going to watch TV again?你又要看电视?-What else is there to do?还有什么事可干呢? 2)特殊疑问句(special question),是用来对句子中某一特殊部分提问的疑问句。这种疑问句句末多用降调,一般以疑问词(疑问代词和疑问副词)开始。如:

(15)Who told you that?那是谁告诉你的?(16)Which books have you lent him?你借给了他哪些书。(17)Whose beautiful antiques are these?这是谁的漂亮的古董。(18)How wide did they make the bookcase?他们把书架做成多宽?(19)When will he arrive?他什么时间到?(20)Where did you get that ladder from?你从哪儿弄到那梯子的?(21)Why did you go this way?你为什么走了这条路?(22)How did you mend it?你是怎样修补的?(23)How much did you pay?你付了多少钱?

(24)How long have you been waiting?你等多久了?从以上例句可以看出,特殊疑问句使用的疑问词大多以wh开头,所以也叫wh-疑问句。从以上例句还可以看出,特殊疑问句的一般结构是:疑问词+一般疑问句,但提问主语部分的疑问句除外。提问主语部分的特殊疑问句采用陈述句的词序。如:(25)Who is reading a book at the window?谁在窗户下念书?(26)What is lying on the table?桌上放的是什么?提问修饰主语的定语时亦采用这种结构。如:(27)What you book is lying on the table?桌上放的是什么书?(28)Whose childen came here yesterday?谁的孩子昨天来这里了?(29)How many students work in the laboratory?实验室里有多少学生工作?特殊疑问句一般使用完全答语,即重复全部句子成分,但名词常由代词代替。如:(30)-When did the teacher read an interesting story to the students?什么时候教师给学生读了一个有趣的故事?-He read it to them yesterday.他是昨天给他们读的。当然亦可以只回答提问部分。如:(31)-What time does the next class begin?下节课什么时间开始?-At ten.十点。提问主语部分的疑问句一般使用简略答语,即用主语及谓语部分的助动词或情态动词。如:(32)-Who is standing at the window?谁站在窗户下?-My sister is.我妹妹。(33)-Who can do it?谁能做它?-I can.我能。(34)-Who gives you English lessons?谁给你们上英语课。-Professor Smith does.史密斯教授。当然亦可只回答主语。如:(35)-What book is lying on the table?桌上放的是什么书?-A French book.一本法语书。当疑问词作为“动词+介词”短语的宾语时,介词一般置于句末。如:(36)Where did you get that suit from?你从哪儿买到那套衣服的?如动词与介词已构成短语动词,则不可拆开。如:(37)What are you looking for?你在找什么?有些句子的介词必须位于句首。如:(37)What are you looking for?你在找什么?有些句子中的介词必须位于句首。如:(38)Since when have you lived here?你从什么时候起住在这里的?(39)On what grounds do you suspect him?你凭什么怀疑他?特殊疑问句的否定结构是将not置于主语之后。如:(40)Why did you not come yesterday?为什么你昨天没来?但非正式英语中常将not的缩略式-n’t与助动词或情态动词连写。如:(41)Who doesn’t know this rule?谁不知道这条规则?以why don’t you及其缩略式why not开头的疑问句常表建议或请求。如:(42)Why don’t you give me a hand?你帮我一下好吗?(43)Why not go by train?乘火车去不好吗?特殊疑问句有一些缩略结构。如:(44)How about (或what about) going to the pictures?去看电影怎么样?(45)Why leave the door open?干吗不关门?(46)Where to go?到哪儿去?(47)What if it rains?如果下雨怎么办?还有不少简略的说法,如what else?(还有什么?)So what?(那又怎么样?)What next?(还有比这更荒唐的吗?)What then?(下一步怎么办?)What by?(谁写的?)Which way?(走哪条路?)等。有时特殊疑问句可有一个以上的疑问词。如:(48)Which present did you give to whom?你把那一件礼物给了谁啦?(49)Who said what to whom?谁跟谁说什么啦?有时特殊疑问句可采用陈述句结构。如:(50)Your name is what?你的名字是什么?复合的特殊疑问句,常用来询问对方或第三者的想法或意见。这种疑问句由一般疑问句和特殊疑问句两种结构揉合而成。在这种复合结构中,特殊疑问句成了一般疑问句结构中的宾语。如:(51)What do you think is the best film of the year?你看今年的最佳影片是什么?(52)What did you say his name was?你刚才说的他的名字是什么?

3)选择疑问句(alternative question)是提供两种或两种以上的情况,供对方选择的。选择疑问句有两种:一种类似一般疑问句的形式,一种类似特殊疑问句的形式。第一种选择疑问句由两个或两个以上的一般疑问句构成,中间用or连接,后一个疑问句常用缩略式。如:(53)Shall we go by bus or (shall we go) by train?我们乘公共汽车去还是乘火车去?

(54)Do you like tea or (do you like) coffee?你喜欢茶还是咖啡?选择疑问句的第一句用升调,第二句用降调。如:(55)Shall we go by bus or train?我们乘公共汽车去还是乘火车去?(选择疑问句)如重音在句末,则为一般疑问句。如:(56)Shall we go by bus or train?(一般疑问句)这种选择疑问句形式上与一般疑问句相似,但内容却与特殊疑问句相似,因此不用yes或no回答,而且可以对句子的名个成分提问。如:(57)-Did you spend the summer in California or in Florida?你是在加利福尼亚还是在佛罗里达度的夏天?-I spent it in Florida.我在佛罗里达度夏天。(58)-Do you speak English or French?你说英语还是法语?-I speak English.我说英语。(59)-Is he resting or working?他在休息还是在工作?-He is working.他在工作。(60)-Are you a Democrat or a Republican?你是民主党人还是共和党人?-I am a Democrat.我是民主党人。在提问主语部分时,总是在第二个主语前助动词或情态动词,并用简略回答。如:(61)-Did you speak to them, or

did the manager?是你对他们说的,还是经理对他们说的?-The manager did.是经理对他们说的。(62)-Will you go there, or will your wife?是你去那儿,还是你妻子去?-My wife will.我妻子去。第二种选择疑问句由一个特殊疑问句加两个或两个以上的选择答案(用or连接)构成。如:(63)Who do you like best, Tom or Derek?你最喜欢谁,汤姆还是德里克?

(64)Which ice cream would you lik, chocolate, vanilla or strawberry?你喜欢什么样的冰淇淋,巧克力的、香草的还是草莓的?除了上述几种选择以外,还可用由not构成的是非选择。如:(65)Do you want to buy it or not?你想买它还是不想买它?(66)Are you ready or not?你准备好还是没有准备好?下面三种说法都是对的:(67)Are you coming or not?

(68)Are you coming or aren’t you (coming)?(重读第一个coming)(69)Are you or aren’t you coming?(重读are) 4)附加疑问句(tag question)是附陈述句之后,对陈述句所说的事实或观点提出疑问。这种疑问句由助动词或情态动词加主语(常与陈述句的主语相同)构成,前有逗号,后有问号。附加疑问句的结构实际上是一种简略的一般疑问句,所以其答语一般须用yes或no。附加疑问句常常是反意的,所以也叫反意疑问句。陈述句如是肯定结构,其后的附加疑问句用否定结构;反之,陈述句如是否定结构,其后的附加疑问句则用肯定结构。附加疑问句的主语须用代词。如:

(70)-Your sister hasn’t returned from San Francisco yet, has she?你妹妹还没从旧金山回来,是吗?-Yes, she has.不,她回来了。-No she hasn’t.是的,她还没回来。(71)-We were late, weren’t we?我们晚,不是吗?-Yes, we were.是的,我们晚了。-No, we weren’t.不,我们没有晚。(72)-Mickey can’t speak Russian, can he?米基不会说俄语,对吗?-Yes, he can.不,他会说。-No, he can’t.是的,他不会说。如陈述句无be或助动词或情态动词,附加疑问句则用助动词do (does)或did。如:(73)-John likes tea, doesn’t he?约翰喜欢喝茶,不是吗?-Yes, he does.是的,他喜欢喝。-No, he doesn’t.不,他不喜欢。(74)-She told you, didn’t she?她告诉你了,不是吗?-Yes, she did.是的,她告诉了。-No, she didn’t.不,她没有告诉。在正式文体中,否定附加疑问句不用缩略式,not应置于主语之后。如:(75)She knows you, does she not?她认识你,不是吗?陈述句中的hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom亦表否定,故其的一的附加疑问句应用肯定结构。如:(76)You hardly know her, do you?你几乎不认识她,对吗?(77)He seldom goes out, does he?他很少外出,对吗?附加疑问句因音调不同,其含义亦有所不同。陈述句总是用降调,而附加疑问句既可升调亦可用降调。用升调时希望对方对陈述句内容的真实性作出自己的判断,而说话人不带任何倾向性。如:(78)He likes his j?b, d?esn’t he?你喜欢他的工作,不是吗?(79)He doesn’t like his j?b, d?es he?他不喜欢他的工作,是吗?用降调时则希望对方对陈述句的内容加以证实,说话人有明显的倾向性,即支持陈述句的内容。如:(80)He likes his j?b, d?esn’t he?他喜欢他的工作,不是吗?(希望对方回答:Yes, he does)(81)He doesn’t like his j?b, d?es he?他不喜欢他的工作,是吗?(希望对方回答:No, he doesn’t)否定陈述句后接肯定附加疑问句时,有时表示请求或询问。如:(82)You couldn’t give me a lift, could you?你可以让我搭你的车吧?(请求)(83)I’m not on the wrong train, am I?我没有坐错火车吗,我坐错了吗?(询问)还有一种附加疑问句并不表反意,陈述句与其后的附加疑问句可以都是肯定结构。这种附加疑问句用升调,常表示一种回忆或推断,有时带有惊讶、愤怒、讥讽等感情色彩。如:(84)You’ve had an accident, have you?你遭到一次事故,是吧?(重复已说过的话)(85)Your car is outside, is it?你的汽车停在外面,是吧?(表推断)(86)So he likes his job does he?那么他喜欢他的工作,是吗?(表惊讶)(87)Oh, you’ve had another accident, have you?噢,你又出事故啦,是吗?(表惊讶)(88)So that’s your game, is it?原来那就是你的把戏,是吗?(表讥讽)附加疑问句有时可用eh? right? am I right? don’t you think? isn’t that so?等。如:(89)She didn’t pass the exam, eh?她没有通过考试,呃?(90)They forgot to attend the lecture, am I right?他们忘记去了那一次课了,对不对?说话人有时可用附加疑问句和对方对话,表示同意、惊讶等。如:(91)-Their daughter is very clever.他们的女儿很聪明。-(Yes,) isn’t she?可不是。(用降调,表同意)(92)-They’re moving to Now York.他们要迁到纽约去。-Are they?是吗?(用升调,表惊讶) 5)修辞疑问句(rhetorical question)是为了取得一种修辞上的效果而提出的,它实际上相当于陈述句,不需要回答,但肯定结构表否定,否定结构表肯定。这种疑问句如属一般疑问句,用升调;如属特殊疑问句,则用降调。如:(93)What more do you want?你还想要什么呢?(意即你不应再想要什么了,应知足了)(94)Is it important?这事对你有关紧要吗?(意即对你无关紧要,何必问呢?)

(95)What do I care?关我什么事?(意即我才不在乎呢)(96)Who doesn’t know?谁不知道?(意即谁都知道)(97)Haven’t you got anything better to do?你难道没有更值得的事可做吗?(意即当然有) 6)感叹疑问句(exclamatory question)的形式虽是疑问句,实际是表感叹。肯定与否定结构皆可用。句末用感叹句。如:(98)Am I hungry!我当然饿!(99)Hasn’t she grown!她成长得多快!(但如说Has she not grown?则是一般疑问句,问她长大了吗?亦可用肯定结构说Has she grown!但每个词皆重读,其意=She has grown!) 7)反问句(echo question)要求对方肯定或解释所说过的话。这种疑问句往往重复对方的话,或提出特殊疑问,句末用升调。如:(100)-I’m going to town.我要进城去。-To town?进城?-Yes.是的。(101)-Have you borrowed my pen?你借我的钢笔了吗?-(Have I) borrowed your pen?借你的钢笔。(102)-It cost five dollars.它的价是五美元。-How much did it cost?它的价是多少?-Five dollars.五美元。(103)-Take a look at this.你看看这个吧。-Take a look at what?看什么呀?

1.4 祈使句

用以表示请求、命令、劝告、建议等的句子叫做祈使句(imperative sentence)。祈使句的结构与陈述句一样,但主语常省略。祈使句一般没有时态的变化,也不能与情态动词连用。祈使句的主语常为第二人称you。谓语用动词原形,否定结构用don’t加动词原形。句子末尾用句号或感叹号,通常用降调。如:(1)Put those things back in their places.把那些东西放回原处。(2)Look out! there’s a car coming.当心!有车来了。(3)Don’t touch me!不要碰我!(4)Sit up straight, children! Don’t lean over the table.坐直,孩子们!别靠在桌子上。祈使句后面可用附加疑问句,以加强语气。如:(5)Fetch me a chair, won’t you?请给我拿把椅子来,好吗?(附加疑问句为否定结构,祈使句为肯定结构,用升调)(6)Come here, will you?请这边来。(附加疑问句与祈使句均为肯定结构,用降调)祈使句表请求时应加please。如:(7)Come in, please.请进来。祈使句可用被动式,但多属否定结构。如:(8)Don’t be decdived by his look.不要被他的外貌所欺骗。(否定结构)用get代替be时,则可有肯定结构。如:(9)Get washed.洗一洗吧。(10)Get dressed.穿好衣服吧。祈使句偶尔也用进行式和完成式。如:(11)Be listening to this station at the same time tomorrow night.请于明晚同一时间收听本台的广播。(12)Start the book and have finished it before you go to bed.开始读这本书吧,要在睡觉前把它读完。祈使句如需要强调对方时,亦可表出主语you。如:(13)You be quiet!你安静!用否定结构时,don’t一般置于句首即主语之前。如:(14)Don’t you open the door.你不要开门。祈使句亦可用第三人称作主语。如:(15)Somebody open the door.来个人把门打开。(16)Parents with children go to the front.带孩子的家长到前面去。(17)Men in the front row take one step forward.前排的士兵向前一步走。用第三人称的带主语的祈使句否定结构与第二人称的带主语的祈使句否定结构一样。don’t须置于主语之前。如:(18)Don’t anyone open the door.谁也别开门。用第三人称的祈使句还可加谓语动词let。如:(19)Let him be here by ten o’clock.让他十点前到这里来。(20)Let no one think that a teacher’s life is easy.不要让人认为教师生活是轻松的。这种祈使句的否定结构亦须加don’t。如:(21)Don’t let the baby fall.别让婴孩掉下来。let也常用于第一人称,let me表单数,let us (let’s)表复数。如:(22)Let me try.让我试试。(23)Let us have something iced to drink.让我们喝点冷饮。在口语中,let’s有时也可表单数。如:(24)Let’s give you a hand.让我帮帮你。这种用let的祈使句的否定结构一般由let及人称代词加not构成。如:(25)Let us not talk of that matter.让我们别谈那件事吧。(26)Let us not say anything about it.关于那件事,让我们什么也别说。在非正式英语中,常用don’t构成否定结构。如:(27)Don’t let’s say anything about it.(英国英语)(28)Let’s don’t say anything about it.(美国英语)在肯定祈使句之前可用助动词do以加强语气,但这种结构只用于第一人称祈使句和第二人称无主语的祈使句。如:(29)Do be quiet a moment.一定要安静一会儿。(30)Do let me do.一定让我去吧。祈使句除用谓语动词表示外,还可用名词、形容词、副词等表示。如:(31)Help!救人哟!(32)Patience!要有耐心!(33)Quickly!快!(34)Hands up!举起手来!

1.5 感叹句

用以表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情的句子叫做感叹句。感叹句句末常感叹号,亦可用句号,一般用降调。感叹句的构成方法有三种。1)陈述句、疑问句只要改变原来的音调(即变为降调)即可构成感叹句。如:(1)The house is on fire!房子着火啦!(2)Mother, aunt is coming!妈妈,姑妈来啦!(3)Have you ever seen such a thing?!你曾见过这种事吗?!

(4)Would you believe it! The servant’s broken another dish.你信吗,仆人又打碎了一只盘子!(5)Stop probing!不要盘 根问底了! 2)将感叹词what或how及它所修饰的词置于句首,即可构成感叹句。how后接形容词和副词,what后接名词,主谓词序不倒装。如:(6)How blue the sky is!天空多蓝呀!(7)How clever he is!他多聪明呀!(8)How quickly you walk!你走得多快呀!(9)How well you look!你气色多好呀!(10)What a foolish mistake I have made!我犯了一个多么愚蠢的错误呀!how修饰动词时动词不提前。如:(12)How she sings!她唱得多好呀!(13)How he snores!他的鼾声真大呀!在感叹句中,what a用来修饰单形可数名词,what则用来修饰复形可数名词和不可数名词。如:(14)What a tall boy he is!他是一个多高的男孩子啊!(15)What foolish mistakes you have made!你犯了多么愚蠢的错误啊!(16)What cold water you have brought me!你给我拿来的水多凉啊!有的不可数名词也可用what a。如:(17)What a mess we’re in!我们这儿多乱啊!要注意区分强调的是形容词还是名词。强调形容词时用how,强调名词时用what。如:(18)What a fine building that is!那是一幢多么漂亮的建筑物啊!(19)How empty and pdeantic a thinker he is!他是一个多么空虚而迂腐的思想家! 3)单词或短语均可构成感叹句(省去其它句子成分)。如:(20)Fire!着火啦!(21)Good heavens!天哪!(22)Listen! The cuckoo, Jon!听啊!是布谷鸟,乔恩!(23)The scent of lime flowers!菩提花真香啊!(24)What a hot day!多么炎热的一天啊!(25)How wonderful!多妙啊!

1.6 there be结构

there be结构在英语里是一种常见的句子结构。它以引词there开始,后常接动词be的各种形式,再后才是主语,主语之后又常有表时间和地点的状语。它像是一种倒装句,但它已变成为一种自然的词序。这种结构中的there本身无词义,常弱读作/??/,其后的动词be具有“存在”之义,所以是一实义动词。如:(1)There is a telephone in that room.那间屋子里有一部电话。(2)There are many apple trees in the garden.花园里有许多苹果树。(3)There was a symphony concert last night.昨晚有一场交响音乐会。there be结构中的主语一般皆指不确定的事物。如:(4)There is a lamp on the

table.桌上有一盏灯。(5)There are some lamps on the table.桌上有几盏灯。(6)There is some cheese and some butter on the plate.盘子里有一些奶酪和一些黄油。there is常用于单形名词。如后接一系列事物而第一个事物的名称为单形可数名词时,仍应用there is。如:(7)There is a textbook, a dictionary and some notebooks no the desk.桌子上有一本教科书、一本字典和几本笔记。但there is之后有时也可后接复形可数名词,这是由于说话人说出there is之后才想到后接的复形可数名词所致。如:(8)There’s some things I can’t resist.有些事物我是不能抗拒的。(正式说法应为there are)(9)There’s hundreds I can’t resist.有些事物我是不能抗拒的。(正式说法应为there are)(9)There’s hundreds of people on the waiting list.登记排队的人有好几百。(正式说法应为there are)有时there be结构还可以在句末加副词here或there。如:(10)There’s a screwdriver here.这里有一把螺丝刀。(11)There are many children there.那里有许多小孩。there be结构可以用各种一般时态。如:(12)There are very many English books in the library.图书馆里有很多英文书。(13)There was a meeting at the club yesterday.昨天俱乐部有一个会。(14)There will be a good wheat crop this year.今年小麦将有一个好收成。它还可有完成时态。如:(15)There hasn’t been any rain for some days.几天来一直未下雨。there be结构还可以用情态动词。如:(16)There may be another downpour tonight.今晚可能又有大雨。(17)There must be something wrong.一定出什么毛病了。(18)There used to be a cinema here before the war.这里战前曾有一座电影院。there be结构还可以用被动式,这时be即变成了助动词。如:(19)There are now published millions of books every year in China.现在中国每年出版成百万册书。(20)On the following day, there was held a splendid banquet.第二天大摆盛宴。there be结构还可以用疑问式,将be移至there之前。回答用yes或no,后接简略答语。如:(21)-Is there a telephone in your room?你房间里有电话吗?-Yes, there is.是的,有。-No, there isn’t.不,没有。(22)-Will there be a meeting tonight?今晚有会吗?-Yes, there will.是的,有。-No, there won’t.不,没有。(23)-Have there been any letters from Jack lately?近日杰克有信来吗?-Yes, there have.是的,有。-No, there haven’t.不,没有。there be结构的否定式有两种构成方法。一种是将否定副词not加在be之后构成。如:(24)There isn’t a telephone in the room.房间里没有电话。(25)There aren’t any chairs in the room.房间里没有椅子。(26)There wasn’t any water in the bottle.瓶子里没有水。(27)There won’t be a meeting tonight.今晚没有会。(28)There hasn’t been any rain for ten days.近十天一直没有雨。另一种是在主语前加不定代词no。如:(29)There is no smoking here.这里不许抽烟。(30)There are no books I want.没有我需要的书。there be结构中的主语也可以是代词。如:(31)There’s but we two.只有我们两个人。(口语中常用宾格us,but亦应代之以only)(32)Let’s see, there’s you and me.让我想一想,有你、我?? there be结构除可用be外,还可用其它动词。如:(33)There came a scent of lime-blossom.飘来了一阵菩提树的花香。(34)Once upon a time there lived a king in China.从前中国有一个国王。(35)There appears to be a mistake.似乎有一个错误。there be结构的主语之后可接不定式或从句。如:(36)There’s plenty of housework to do.有许多家务要做。(37)There was no one for us to talk to.我们没有一个可说话的人。(38)There’s some people I’d like you to meet.有几个人我希望你见见面。there be结构与实义动词have不同,前者表“存在”,后者表“所有”。试比较:(39)There are several oak trees in the garden.花园里有好几株橡树。(主语是oak trees)(40)They have several oak trees in the garden.他们在花园里有好几株橡树。(主语是they)there be结构与表“存在”的主系表结构也不一样,前者表“在什么地方有什么东西”,后者表“什么东西在什么地方”,着重点是“地方”。试比较:(41)There is a lamp on the table.桌上有一盏灯。(42)The lamp is on the table.灯在桌上。句首的there如重读,则非引词,而是副词。如:(43)Thére is the book I want.那儿就是我所要的书。(there是副词,有词义)

1.7 否定结构

英语和任何语言一样,也有肯定结构与否定结构之分。肯定结构较易理解,但否定结构较为复杂。英语里的否定结构多用否定词not以及never, no, none, nothing等来表示。关于否定结构的基本用法,已在本书有关章节讲过,这里我们只讲否定结构的种类以及一些习惯用法。否定结构主要有下列几类:1)一般否定。一般否定结构中的not是用以否定全句(亦即否定全句的中心谓语动词)的意义。如:(1)This is not a book.这不是书。(否定全句This is a book.)

(2)He won’t come.他不会来。(否定全句He will come.)(3)Don’t you go?你不去吗?(否定全句Do you go?) 2)部分否定。部分否定中的not不是用以否定全句,而是用以否定句中的某一部分。如:(4)He is my nephew, not my son.他是我的侄儿,不是我的儿子。(否定my son)(5)I told him not to go out.我叫他不要出去。(否定to go out)(6)Not knowing, I cannot say.我不知道,所以说不上。(not否定knowing, I cannot say则是一个一般否定句) 3)转移否定。转移否定结构往往貌似一般否定结构(not的位置与一般否定结构中的not完全相同),实际上却是一种部分否定结构。如:(7)I don’t think he will come.我想他不会来。(not不是否定think,而是否定he will come)(8)I can’t seem to get to sleep at nights.我最近夜里简直睡不着。(=I seem not to be able to get to sleep at nights. not所否定的不是seem,而是to get to sleep at nights)(9)All that glitters is not gold.发光的不都是金子。(not否定的不是is,而是all)有时则是not由一部分转移到另一部分。如:(10)Every morning he went out early to fish, but he had made a rule not to cast his net more than four times.他每天早上出去捕鱼,但他规定撒网不超过4次。(not所否定的不是to cast his net而是more than four times)

4)双重否定。这里所谈的双重否定乃指用一个以上的否定词来强调否定的语气,常用在通俗的口语中。如:(11)He don’t know nothing.他啥也不知道。(用两个否定词not和nothing强调否定)(12)Nobody don’t know we’re here.没有谁知道我们在这儿。(用两个否定词nobody和not强调否定)(13)She said Dr. Kaplan didn’t want him to have no more treatments.她说卡普兰大夫不想再给他治疗了。(用not和no强调否定)(14)I never got no sleep in those days.那些日子我怎么也睡不着。(用never和no强调否定)(15)There was not a single nook, no hiding place ,no nothing.没有一个角落,没有藏身之地,什么也没有。(用no和nothing强调否定) 5)接续否定。接续否定乃指在同一句中的一否定词之后接续用否定词(即否定词在句中重复出现)以加强否定。如:(16)I cannot go, no farther.我不能走了,不能再走了。(用no表接续否定)(17)One man cannot lift it, no, nor half a dozen.这东西一个人是举不起的,不,六个人也不行。(用no和nor表接续否定)(18)None of them can swim, not one.他们都不会游泳,没有一个会游泳。(用not表接续否定)(19)I shall give the details to no one, not even to you.个中细节我不会告诉任何人,就连你也不例外。(用not表接续否定,not常和even连用)(20)I wouldn’t let you touch me, not if I was starving.我就是要饿死也不会让你碰我。(用not表接续否定,not常和if连用) 6)转换否定。在英语中,常可见到一些形式上肯定而意义上则表否定或是形式上否定而意义上则表肯定的句子。前者如:(21)I should worry.我才不放在心上哩。(22)You are telling me.不用你说,我早知道了。(亦可译作“还用你说!”)(23)Catch me doing that again!我决不会再犯了!(24)He is the last man I want to me.他是我最不愿见的人。(25)It is a wise father that knows his own child.无论怎样聪明的父亲也未必了解自己的孩子。后者如:(26)I couldn’t agree more.我极赞成。(27)He was fluent in several languages, not the least of which was Spanish.他精通好几国语言,尤其是西班牙语。(28)Which family doesn’t have problems?家家有一本难念的经。(29)Isn’t he stupid?他多傻啊!

(30)You can’t be too careful.你越小心越好。 7)省略否定。否定结构可以用省略结构形式。如:(31)-Will he die?他会死吗?-I hope not.我希望不会。(=I hope he will not die)(32)-Can you come?你能来吗?-I’m afraid not.恐怕不能。(=I’m afraid I cannot come)(33)They’d be bound to know if it was all right or not.他们一定会知道它是否没有问题。(or not = or it was not all right)此外还有不少常见的表示否定的习惯说法。如:(34)We can’t not go.我们不能不去。(否定词的连用)(35)He uttered not a word.他一言不发。(not = not a single)(36)They are not nearly enough.它们根本不够。(not nearly = not at all)(37)Not that I know of.就我所知,不是那一回事。(not that = not as far as)(38)She ignored the common forms of behaviour. Not that she was rude.她不理会一般行为准则。这倒不是说她粗鲁无礼。(not that = I do not say that)(39)I’ll be damned if it is true.绝对没有这回事!(I’ll be demned(或hanged)if… 用于通俗口语中,表示强烈的否定)(40)He sells books, toys and what not.他出售书籍、玩具等等。(and what not意谓“等等”)(41)Last night not a few members were present.昨晚有不少会员出席。(not a few = a fairly large number of)(42)He drank not a little of the wine.那酒他喝了不少。(drank not a little = drank a lot)(43)The taxi is not five yards away.那辆出租汽车离这儿不到5码。(not = less than)(44)Rome was not built in one day.罗马非一日建成。(not = more than)(45)Not so bad.很好。(= Very good)最后,必须指出,否定词除上述not, never, no, none, nothing等外,还有表示近似否定的seldom, scarcely, hardly, little, few等。如:(46)I seldom see him.我很少见到他。(47)I can scarcely hear him.我几乎听不见他说的话。(48)I can hardly believe it.我简直不能相信。(49)We had little rain last year.去年我们没有多少雨。(50)He is a man of few words.他是一个寡言少语的人。

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