英文论文中“such as, for example, e.g., i.e., etc., et al. ”的用法分析

英文论文中“such as, for example, e.g., i.e., etc., et al. ”的用法分析

黄龙旺 龚汉忠

(上海交通大学学报编辑部, 20xx30,上海)

在英文论文的编辑加工中,常会遇到such as, for example, e. g. , i. e. , etc. 和et al. 的错误及混淆使用。这里,举例分析这几个词的意义,并阐述其正确用法。

1) such as。常列举同类人或事物中的几个例子。

其典型的表示式为a plural + such as + single instance( s) of the group to which the plural refers。

正确使用的是: The Arts Faculty deals only with humanities subjects such as history and literature.

混淆使用的是: The Science Faculty deals only with the measurable such as physics and seismology.

论文中常出现such as与and so on或etc. 连用, 这是不正确的。

① 如 It is noted that the features such as clean cut ratio denoted by Rc , die roll height denoted by Hdr and die roll width denoted by Wdr , and so on (有的出现etc.) , are better than the ones with the other models.

应为 It is noted that the features, such as clean cut ratio denoted by Rc , die roll height denoted by Hdr and die roll width denoted by Wdr , are better than the ones with the other models.

当使用such as时,读者已理解后面接着的会是一些不完整的列举,因此不需加上and so on或 etc. 等。

② 因为such as是对前面的复数名词部分起列举作用,若全部列举出,要改用namely,意思为“即”。文章中出现的He knows four languages, such as Chinese, English, Japanese and German,应将such as改成namely(或i. e. )及后面加逗号, 即He knows four languages, namely, Chinese, English, Japanese and German.

③ 用such as来形容复数名词( the plural)可以放在such与as中间,一般插在被列举事物与前面的名词之间。

2) for example。用来举例说明,由它引出介绍普遍概念的例子,使用范围要比such as自由。可以出现在句首、句末或有时可作为独立语,插在句中,不影响句子其他部分的语法关系。

例如, Cryptography operations, for example, decryption or signing, in a given period only involve the corresponding temporary secret key without further access to the helper.

同样for example ( e. g. )表示泛泛地举几个例子,并没有囊括所有的实例,其中就已经包含“等等”,如果再加etc. 或and so on,就画蛇添足了。

如论文中出现的这句话是不当的:Writing instructors focus on a number of complex skills that require extensive practice (e. g. , organization, clear expression, logical thinking, etc. 正确的为e. g. , organization, clear expression, and logical thinking.

3) e. g.。是拉丁文exempli gratia的缩写,意思是“举个例子,比如”,等同于“for example”,目的是用例子来说明前面的观点,用法与for example相同。

4) i. e.。源于拉丁语,是id est的简略形式。其意思就是“那就是说,换句话说”,等同于“that is, in other words”和“namely”,目的是用来进一步解释前面所说的观点。

正确的用法是Use a comma to enclose ( i. e. , both before and after) the year in a month day year sequence. 而文章中出现的这句The evaluation noted that the employee had frequently exhibited irresponsible behavior ( i. e. , coming to work late, failing to complete projects) ,应该用“e. g. ”而不是用“i. e. ”,因为插入句是对“irresponsible behavior”的列举补充。

5) etc.。是et cetera的缩写,意思是“等等”,相当于“and so on”。可用来列举事物,若要列举人,则需用et al. 或用and others。

6) et al.。是拉丁文简写。其一为et alibi (以及其他地方) ,相当于and elsewhere;其二为et alii (以及其他人) ,相当于and others。

 

第二篇:since, for, because, as, now that 表原因的用法区别

since, for, because, as, now that 表原因的用法区别

in that通常用now that,是既然的意思。

since,for,because,now that的用法和区别:

1.since(既然)语气较弱,强调已知的事实。

例:Since you can't answer the question, I'll ask someone else.

既然你回答不出这个问题,我就问别人了。

2. for(因为)的用法:

for是并列连词,表示推断的原因,或对前一分句补充说明理由。

例:It must be morning for the birds are singing.一定是清晨了,因为鸟儿在叫。

3. because (因为)的用法:

because通常表示直接的原因。because引导的从句表示直接而明确的原因和理由,表示按因果关系的推断,语气很强,用来回答why的问题, 一般位于主句之后。

例:We couldn't go out because it was too cold. 因为天气太冷,我们不能外出。

4. now that(既然)的用法:

now that同since相似,语气较弱,强调人们已知的事实。例:

Now that you are busy, let me do it for you.

既然你忙,就让我给你做吧。

5. as意为“因为、由于”,语气比because弱,所引导的从句表示的是不言而喻、显而易见的原因和理由,其从句一般放在主句前,如:As it was late , we came back soon.(由于时间很晚了,我们很快就回来。)

区别:since和now that,表示事物发展的自然结果,特别是当对方大概已经了解其原因的情况下使用,表示既成事实的原因一般位于主句之前。注意:for是并列连词,引出的原因较间接,似乎是事后所想到的补充解释的理由,只陈述一般推断的理由,不一定表示产生结果的必然原因,主要放在两个并列句之间。because通常表示直接的原因。

As to 与 As for 用法小结

在英语中表示“就??而论”“有关”或“至于”含义的词语颇多,其中 as to 和 as for 亦表此义,但二者用法不尽相同。

as to 的功能类似于 with regard to, regarding, on the matter of, concerning 等,常用于相当正式的语境中,尤其用于争论和做出决定时。可放于句首或与 wh- 疑问词引导的动词不定式和名词性从句连用(有时可省略),而 as for 无此种用法。例如:

As to the journey, we must decide about that later.

至于旅行,我们必须以后再作决定。

As to the flood, I have heard nothing.

至于那次水灾,我没听到什么。

Nobody could decide ( as to ) what to do.

谁也不能决定该做些什么。

He is very uncertain as to whether it's the right job for him.

关于他究竟是否适合做这项工作,他实在拿不准。

A question arose as to who should be the monitor.

关于谁当班长的问题出现了矛盾。

I want to find out as to whom this bicycle belongs to.

我要打听出来这辆自行车是谁的。

as to 有时用于表示 according to 的含义。例如:

They sorted the eggs as to size and color.

他们按照大小和颜色将鸡蛋进行分类。

as for 和 as to 都可用于句首,引出一个与前一个话题稍微有些不同的话题,但 as for 在语体上不如 as to 正式,并且着重话题的转换,也就是说,它所引导的是前面尚未提到过的新的事情,因此它不能用于文章的开头。另外, as for 有时表达轻蔑的语气。例如: We had a delightful weekend in the country. As for the traffic, we had no difficulty. 在乡下我们度过了一个愉快的周末。至于交通,我们没有遇到任何困难。

Much pasture land is under water; as for the grain, most of that has been ruined. 大部分的牧场都进了水,至于谷物,则大部分都被冲毁了。

You can have a bed; as for him, he'll have to sleep on the floor.

有一张床给你,至于他,就只能睡在地板上了。

As for him, I know nothing.

至于他,我一点也不了解。

As for this subject, I couldn't remember.

至于这个题目,我记不起来了。

As for you, I never want to see you here again.

至于你,我永远也不愿在此见到你。

in order to 与 so as to两个短语。它们一般都放在句中用于引导目的状语;但in order to 可以放在句首,而so as to 则一般不放在句首。

opt 加入生词本

vi.

选择, 抉择

opt to do sth.

选择做某事

They opt for more holiday instead of more pay.

他们选择了延长假期而不是增加工资。

习惯用语

opt for (从多种方案中)作出选择

opt in 决定参加

opt out (of) 决定不参加或退出

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