四、结语写法范文

结语的写法

结语部分与引言同等重要，因为给读者留下最后印象的是它。结语应总结全文，而不应当提出或转移到别的论题上去，也不能草草收场。结语部分要让读者对论文的主要精神和内容加深印象。

结语部分的作用是重申论文的论点，最基本的一点是总结你的论点。总结不是简单地重复，而是归纳正文的内容，具有较强的理论性。切记：结语部分所占的篇幅不宜过长，力求干脆利落。以下是几种常见的结语写法。

1）说明论题的意义(Statement of the subject’s significance)

讨论主体部分所论述的论题的广泛意义，给读者提供更多的理由，从而让他们更明白你的论文的价值。运用这一方法，是从一个具体、特定的范围扩展到一个更广泛的范围。必须从各种意义中挑选，不宜太泛，应注意突出重点。

下列是总结一篇写谷物近亲繁殖(inbreeding)和杂交繁殖(cross-breeding)的先驱George H．Shull的论文的结语：

... Thus, the hybrids developed and described by Shull 75 years ago have finally dominated U.S. corn production.

The adoption of hybrid corn was steady and dramatic in the Corn BMt. From 1930 through 1979 the average yields of corn in the U.S. increased from 21.9 to 95.1 bushels per acre, and the additional value to the farmer is now several billion dollars per acre.

The success of hybrid corn has also stimulated the breeding of other crops, such as sorghum hybrids, a major feed grain crop in arid parts of the world. Sorghum yields have increased 300 percent since 1930. Approximately 20 percent of the land devoted to rice production in China is planted with hybrid seed, which

is reported to yield 20 percent more than the best varieties. And many superior varieties of tomatoes, cucumbers, spinach, and other vegetables are hybrids. Today virtually all corn produced in the developed countries is from hybrid seed. From those blue bloods of the plant kingdom has come a model for feeding the world.

2）解答与建议（Solution / Recommendation）

这种方式适合评论与阐述有争议问题的论文。这种方法的要点是：总结你的论述之后，根据你的研究提供一个解决办法。为使你的方法更有说服力，必须经正文部分充分论证后提出。

... The major problem in college sports today is not commercialism- it is the explanation of athletes and the proliferation of illicit practices, which dilute educational standards.

Many universities are currently deriving substantial benefits from sports programs that depend on the labor of athletes drawn from the poorest sections of America's population. It is the responsibility of educators, civil rights leaders, and concerned citizens to see that these young people get a fair return for their labor both in terms of direct ,remuneration, and in terms of career preparation for a life outside sports.

Minimally, scholarships in revenue-producing sports should be designed to extend until graduation, rather than covering only four years of athletic eligibility, and should include guarantees of tutoring, counseling, and proper medical care. At instructions where the profits are particularly large scholarships should also provide salaries that extend beyond room, board, and tuition. The important thing is that the athlete be remunerated fairly and have the opportunity to gain skills from a university environment without undue competition from a physically and psychologically demanding full-time job. This may well require that scholarships

be extended over five or six years, including summers.

Such a proposal, I suspect, will not be easy to implement. The current amateur system, despite its moral and educational flaws, enables universities to hire their athletic labor at minimal cost. But solving the fiscal crisis of the universities on the backs of America's poor and minorities is not, in the long run, a tenable solution. With the support o[ concerned educators, parents, and civil rights leaders, and with the help from organized labor, the college athlete, truly a sleeping giant,~-will someday speak out and demand what is rightly his -- and hers -- a fair share of the revenue created by their hard work.

作者用一个句子总结全文内容：“The major problem in college sports today is not commercialism — it is the explanation of athletes and the proliferation of illicit practices, which dilute educational standards.”第二段继续分析已经提出的问题，随后提出一般性建议：“educators, civil rights leaders, and concerned citizens”负责学生田径运动员的福利。作者在第三段提出一个具体的建议，又在最后一段推测这个建议可能遭到反对，并通过淡化可能的反对意见而回到中心要点：学生田径运动员应当受到公平的待遇。

3）引用别人的话(Quotation)

根据文章的论题，引用该领域的一位名人或权威的话来结束论文，是许多人偏爱的方式。引用名人或权威的话可以增加文章的说服力。但如何引用颇有讲究，最重要的是所引用的话必须切合你的论点。

There is no doubt that machines will get smarter and smarter, even designing their own software and making new and better chips for new generations of computers ("incest is best," one industry slogan has it). More and more of their power will be :devoted to making them easier to use -- "friendly", in industry parlance -- even for those not trained in computer science. And computer

scientists expect that public ingenuity will come up with applications the most visionary researchers have not even considered. One day, a global network of smart machines will be exchanging rapid-fire bursts of information at unimaginable speeds. If they are used wisely, they could help mankind to educate its masses and crack new scientific frontiers. "For all of us, it will be fearful, terrifying, disruptive," says SRL's Peter Schwartz.

“In the end there will be those whose lives will be ' diminished. But for the vast majority, their lives will be greatly enhanced." In any event, there is no turning back: if the smart machines have not taken over, they are fast making themselves indispensable -- and in the end, that may amount to very much the same thing.

引用别人的话结尾，存在着潜在的问题，那就是可能给人留下这样的印象——有人能更雄辩有力地论证你所论证的观点。所以引言的语言水平最好与你的论文的语言水平相当，以免使你的语言显得相形见绌。

4）设问(Questions)

提出问题不仅是实用的开篇方法，也是结束论文的实用方法。但是，开篇提出问题与以提问结尾的功能不同。开篇提出的问题；是打算在接下来的部分予以解答。但结尾时提出的问题，是留给读者自己去思考。

How do we surmount the reaction that threatens to destroy the very gains we thought we had already won in the first stage of the women's movement? How do we surmount our own reaction, which shadows our feminism and our femininity (we blush even to use that word now)? How do we transcend the polarization between women and women and between women and men to achieve the new human wholeness that is the promise of feminism, and get on with solving the concrete, practical, everyday problems of living, working and loving as equal persons? This is the personal and political business of the second stage.

你也可以在结尾时提出问题，并根据你在前文提供的资料予以解答。提出并解答问题，旨在让读者赞同或不赞同你的应答。这一手法同样要求读者做出积极的反应。下面是一篇题为“Would an Intelligent Computer Have the‘Right of Life’?” 的文章的简短结尾：

So the answer to the question "Would an intelligent computer have the 'right of life'?" is probably that it would, but only if it could discover reasons and conditions under which it would give up its life if called upon so -- which would make computer intelligent as precious a thing as human intelligence.

 

第二篇：总结的写法及范文

总结的写法及范文

(一)总结的标题

总结的标题有种种形式，最常见的是由单位名称、时间、主要内容、文种组成，如《××市财政局19xx年工作总结》、《××厂20xx年上半年工作总结》。

有的总结标题中不出现单位名称，如《创先争优活动总结》、《19xx年教学工作总结》。 有的总结标题只是内容的概括，并不标明“总结”字样，但一看内容就知道是总结，如《一年来的谈判及前途》《周恩来选集》上卷，人民出版社19xx年版，第251页。《走活三步棋，选好一把手》《先锋》19xx年第5期。等。

还有的总结采用双标题。正标题点明文章的主旨或重心，副标题具体说明文章的内容和文种，如《构建农民进入市场的新机制——运城麦棉产区发展农村经济的实践与总结》、《加强 医德修养树立医疗新风——南方医院惠侨科精神文明建设的经验》。

(二)总结的正文

和其他应用文体一样，总结的正文也分为开头、主体、结尾三部分，各部分均有其特定的内容。

1．开头

总结的开头主要用来概述基本情况。包括单位名称、工作性质、主要任务、时代背景、指导思想，以及总结目的、主要内容提示等。作为开头部分，要注意简明扼要，文字不可过多。

2．主体

这是总结的主要部分，内容包括成绩和做法、经验和教训、今后打算等方面。这部分篇幅大、内容多，要特别注意层次分明、条理清楚。

主体部分常见的结构形态有三种。

第一，纵式结构。就是按照事物或实践活动的过程安排内容。写作时，把总结所包括的时间划分为几个阶段，按时间顺序分别叙述每个阶段的成绩、做法、经验、体会。这种写法的好 处是事物发展或社会活动的全过程清楚明白。

第二，横式结构。按事实性质和规律的不同分门别类地依次展开内容，使各层之间呈现相互并列的态势。这种写法的优点是各层次的内容鲜明集中。

第三，纵横式结构。安排内容时，即考虑到时间的先后顺序，体现事物的发展过程，又注意内容的逻辑联系，从几个方面总结出经验教训。这种写法，多数是先采用纵式结构，写事物 发展的各个阶段的情况或问题，然后用横式结构总结经验或教训。

主体部分的外部形式，有贯通式、小标题式、序数式三种情况。

贯通式适用于篇幅短小、内容单纯的总结。它像一篇短文，全文之中不用外部标志来显示层次。

小标题式将主体部分分为若干层次，每层加一个概括核心内容的小标题，重心突出，条理清楚。

序数式也将主体分为若干层次，各层用“一、二、三……”的序号排列，层次一目了然。

3．结尾

结尾是正文的收束，应在总结经验教训的基础上，提出今后的方向、任务和措施，表明决心、展望前景。这段内容要与开头相照应，篇幅不应过长。有些总结在主体部分已将这些内容 表达过了，就不必再写结尾。

(三)总结写作的注意事项

1．要坚持实事求是原则

实事求是、一切从实际出发，这是总结写作的基本原则，但在总结写作实践中，违反这一原则的情况却屡见不鲜。有人认为“三分工作七分吹”，在总结中夸大成绩，隐瞒缺点，报喜不报忧。这种弄虚作假、浮夸邀功的坏作风，对单位、对国家、对事业、对个人都没有任何益处，必须坚决防止。

2．要注意共性、把握个性

总结很容易写得千篇一律、缺乏个性。当然，总结不是文学作品，无需刻意追求个性特色，但千部一腔的文章是不会有独到价值的，因而也是不受人欢迎的。要写出个性，总结就要有独到的发现。

3．要详略得当，突出重点

有人写总结总想把一切成绩都写进去，不肯舍弃所有的正面材料，结果文章写得臃肿拖沓，没有重点，不能给人留下深刻印象。总结的选材不能求全贪多、主次不分，要根据实际情况和总结的目的，把那些既能显示本单位、本地区特点，又有一定普遍性的材料作为重点选用，写得详细、具体。而一般性的材料则要略写或舍弃。