相关解释：

学年论文

我们先来讲一下学年论文。学年论文就是高等院校要求学生每学年完成的一篇学术论文，这是一种初级形态的学术论文。其目的在于指导学生初步学会对一学年所学专业知识进行科学研究。每学年写一篇，逐步培养学生的科研能力，为将来写毕业论文打基础。撰写学年论文要在导师的指导下进行。

在一些学校，各个专业执行的情况不同。这个是学位条例规定要这么做的，教育部规定先要写学年论文，逐步逐步积累经验以后，在毕业的时候撰写毕业论文就不会成为一件太难的事了。但是有很多学校没有把学年论文当作是一个培养学生研究能力的一个途径或者是工具。那么，临近毕业的时候，学生还不知道毕业论文该怎么写。当然还是有相当一部分高等院校，特别是重点院校是很注重学年论文的撰写的，因为只有训练学年论文的写作才能顺理成章的过渡到毕业论文的写作。每一门课的授课到最后的考试，从某种意义上来说实际上就是在训练一学期或一学年论文的写作。因为任课老师都是从自己的课程的角度出发给大家考一点知识题，再考一个论述题。那么对于论述题，应该说有经验的老师是可以很好的利用论述题来训练学生写论文的。有一部分学校这样做了，但还有部分学校没有将其提到日程上来。还是由各个老师具体要求，让学生当一次作业来做的，没有强调学术性。

北京师范大学的原来的中文系，现在的文学院要求学生从大学二年级开始训练写学年论文，在“五四”或者“七一”、“一二九”等特殊的日子进行论文竞赛，对学生进行论文写作训练。那么在每学年，每一位任课老师都有责任去训练学生撰写学年论文，为将来毕业论文打基础。那么这是一个概念和相关的状况。

毕业论文

下面要讲的是毕业论文。什么叫毕业论文？毕业论文就是高等院校应届毕业生独立完成的一篇总结性的学术论文。这里有这样几点需要大家注意：一是应届毕业生；二是独立完成，当然是在老师的指导下；三是总结性的，所谓总结性的就是说，将来在选题的时候，比如中文系，你可能会选语言方面的，也可能会选文学方面的。语言方面，你可能更喜欢古代汉语，或者更喜欢现代汉语，或者更喜欢应用语言学。文学方面，你可能喜欢古典文学，或者喜欢现代文学，或者是当代文学、外国文学。外国文学，你可能喜欢东欧的或者西欧的，或者喜欢日本的等。总起来说专业分的比较强。为什么说是总结性的呢？尽管你选择的选题可能是你所学的四年来最感兴趣的的题目，但要真正写出一篇象样的、合格的毕业论文，需要调动各种基础知识。所以我们可以通过毕业论文来检查一下你四年或三年半学习的基础知识、基本理论和技能都处在一个什么水平上。因此，从这个意义上来说毕业论文具有总结性。 那么说它是论文，就意味着它不同于平时的读后感之类，自己有什么感性的认识记下来。毕业论文具有学术性，所谓的学术性就是说当你提出自己的一个观点的时候即立论的时候，你

必须有自己充分的理据加以证实，使得你的立论能够站住脚。不光能够站住脚，而且我们要求你的理论要对社会或者说对你的学科要有一定的贡献。

为什么要在毕业之前要求学生一定要写一篇毕业论文呢？主要是要让学生总结一下在校四年来的学习成果。学校方面通过考察学生的毕业论文，检查学生在综合运用所学知识解决实际问题的能力怎么样。一个是综合运用所学知识，一个是解决实际问题的能力，这是两个要点。所以一定不要小看毕业论文，选个题，写一写就行了。真正动手开始写了以后，就会感觉到自己通过这篇论文的写作梳理了一下自己所学的知识，这是一个很好的锻炼。只要是认真去撰写论文的同学，他最后的体会就是如果我没有写这篇论文就可能不知道自己的知识掌握了多少，有的时候是通过背诵参加闭卷考试的。但是这篇论文是开放的，它不用你去背诵。主要看你的选题能力怎么样，是不是能够结合社会实践，能够选一个社会需要的论题。这就看你的社会敏锐性怎么样了。这也是一种考察，从选题上来讲，这就是一种能力的考察，这篇论文写出来有没有价值，有什么样的价值，价值的深刻性、新颖性怎么样等等。

当你选出了一个题目，要真正形成一篇论文是不那么简单的。有的学生说毕业论文我突击一下就可以完成了，一般情况来说毕业论文需要将近一学期的时间来写。从我们的经验来看，在四年级的上学期，我们已经把学生分给各个导师，由导师与所辅导的学生进行沟通。学生选择了论题就由导师研究，看合适不合适，合适了就让学生动笔写提纲。提纲被导师认可了，就再动笔撰写。从时间上讲有将近一学期的时间。当然也有一些学校，可能就是突击一下，让学生在最后一两个月完成。那么这样的论文到底是一种什么样的水平我们可以做一下比较。当然我们并不是说时间长了就一定好，时间短了就一定不好。但是话说回来，我们说写论文需要搜集大量的资料去思考。有没有充分的时间对论文的质量还是有影响的。这是我要讲的毕业论文，主要是学校能够通过毕业论文来考察一下学生综合运用知识的能力和解决实际问题的能力。考试的时候回答一个大题，那还不能叫科学研究。那是你面对着一门课看你学得怎么样。有经验的老师必定会出一道论述题，那就是面对着所教授的那门课通过这一道论述题来考察一下学生解决问题的能力怎么样。因此，毕业论文对学生来讲是非同小可的。 毕业论文要根据学生所学的专业和培养的要求，在指导老师的指导下选定一个论题。有的学生说我不知道怎么去选择题目。那么我说今天我讲完课了，你就应该知道怎么去选题。应该选择什么样的题目来做论文题目。那么当你自己没有把握的时候要跟导师沟通。为什么要有导师呢？有导师的目的就是要在这个大题目中进一步培养学生的科研能力。毕业论文的完成也就是得到了导师的认可。导师根据自己的经验认为你这篇论文完成了，也就是定稿了。定稿了以后，导师要邀请若干个老师组成论文答辩小组，然后让学生围绕着自己的这篇论文进行答辩，也就是说答辩小组的各个老师看了你的论文以后，从论文中提出相关问题，你面对着各位评委提出的问题应该作出实事求是的回答。一个是书面的撰写论文，一个是论文完成以后的论文答辩，这两个过程结合起来，最后答辩小组对学生的论文给予一个成绩。那么这个过程结束以后，我们就说这个毕业论文完成了。毕业论文现在分为三个等级，一个是本科生的毕业论文，一个是研究生的毕业论文，一个是博士生的毕业论文。那么这三个层次的毕业论文的要求是不一样的。

 

第二篇：策论文与议论文的区别

策论文与议论文的区别

议论文和策论文的最大区别，在于策论文的主体在于提出解决问题的对策和应对措施，而议

论文则的重点则在论证，包括要提出论点、论证观点、论证对策等。

例如：20xx年中央国家机关公务员考试申论第三题的答题要求是：“请以‘命脉’为题，写一篇关于

土地问题的文章。”由于没有限定写作文体，考生既可以把这一题写成策论文，也可以把这一题写成议论文。

策论文和议论文的提纲可分别如下：

策论文结构

一、提出土地自古以来就是农民的命脉的观点，指出当前我国土地面临的问题和严峻形势（前言部分）

二、提出当前保护土地资源（命脉）的具体对策（主体部分）

1．?????????????..

2. ??????????????

3. ??????????????

4. ??????????????

5. ??????????????

三、总结全文，简述保护土地资源（命脉）的意义（结尾部分）

议论文结构

一、提出土地自古以来就是农民的命脉的观点，指出当前我国土地面临的问题和严峻形势（前言部分）

二、当前保护土地资源（命脉）的意义和作用(主体部分)

1．??

2. ??

3. ??

4. ??

三、总结全文，简述土地资源（命脉）的措施（结尾部分）

议论文的评分标准和写作要求

议论文的评分标准与策论文的评分标准相同，其评分标准见第六章的相关表格。。如果以50分为满分，

一般分为基础等级（45分）和发展等级（5分）给分，申论文章写作的评分标准如下表： 从这些评分标准可以看出，议论文写作要求有如下几个方面：

1．标题要立意深刻，简洁明了

撰写议论文的第一个工作就是要拟定一个既简单又让人留下深刻印象的题目，题目的设定必须要反映

文章的主要内容，有较高的立意和深刻的意涵。

2．观点要鲜明具体，新颖深刻

一方面，议论文的中心观点及各个分观点要明确具体，切忌出现那种让人摸不着头脑、模棱两可的观点；另一方面，议论文的观点必须有新意，新颖深刻，要避免出现那些过时、陈旧的观点。

3．论据要翔实典型，有针对性，有说服力

为了论证议论文的中心观点及各个分观点，文章中必须展示一些针对性强、有说服力的佐证材料—论据。论据的展现必须是典型而且翔实的，必须是能够解释和说明某一方面的观点和问题的，要避免采用那些个别的、极端的、难有说服力的证据。

4．论证要论证深刻，逻辑性强

议论文中用论据论证观点的过程必须合理而深刻，论证的推理过程必须符合一定的逻辑性，必须能够为大多数人所接受，切忌出现论证逻辑不清、思维混乱的情况。

5．结构要完整严谨，层次清晰

论文的结构就是文章的谋篇布局。考生在考试中撰写的论文，无论是有否明确的要求，都应该按照文章的完整结构撰写，即必须有题目、开头、主体、结尾，同时文章段落的层次必须清晰，要考虑中心观点与分观点之间、整体与部分之间、部分与部分之间的内在逻辑联系，要精心安排好各部分、各要素在整个结构中的位置。

6．语句要通畅，词汇要丰富

这是文字功夫上的要求，要求考生撰写的语句必须符合文章的要求，流利通顺。在使用语言方面，必须在用语规范的基础上，采用较为丰富多彩的词汇，切忌犯用语上的千篇一律。

7．文面要整洁，字迹要端正，无错别字，标点准确

这是对考生卷面上的要求。为了达到上述要求，考生要事先多做仿真练习，练习在规定时间内写出工整美观文字的能力，同时在练习中还要注意尽量减少出现错别字，避免犯标点符号上的错误。

8．字数要符合要求

申论考试都会有比较严格的字数限制，多于或少于规定字数的10%，都会被扣分。

 

第三篇：英国文学论文——傲慢与偏见

Book Report on Pride and Prejudice

Abstract: Jane Austen (1775-1817), whose novels are highly prized not only for light irony, humor, and depiction of contemporary English country life, but also for their underlying serious qualities. Pride and Prejudice has shaped Elizabeth, an intelligent, quick-witted, sensible and brave female image.

Key words: summary; Elizabeth; character; writing style

Pride and Prejudice is one of the most popular novels of Jane Austen, whose works of romantic fiction have earned her a place as one of the most widely read and most beloved writers in English literature. And no doubt her Pride and Prejudice is a shining pearl be cherished forever.

The novel is about the Bennet family and set in 18th century England. The Bennet family consists of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet and their five unmarried daughters. At that time, we know that a poor woman must marry a wealthy husband to have luxurious lives. That’s why Mrs. Bennet is so excited about the coming of Mr. Bingley, a wealthy young gentleman. To help all her daughters get married is the most important thing of her life.

Elizabeth is the second daughter in the Bennet family, and Mr. Darcy is unpopular because of his extremely aloof and proud attitude and is generally thought to be very disagreeable. This two is the main part of the novel. However, Darcy finds he has been attracted not only by Elizabeth’s physical beauty, but also by her sharp intelligence and witty observations gradually. He proposes marriage to her but is refused. Later Elizabeth finds how foolish she was when she knew the truth about

everything Darcy did for her family. The series of events which they both experience give them the opportunities to understand one another and the time to reconcile their feelings for each other, for the pride and prejudice. Finally, they are together.

Throughout the book, I love Elizabeth most. She is outstanding and totally different from other women around her. She dares to speak as well as act. In addition, no flattering to the rich. She is like a red rose, beautiful with throne. Actually she is the main heroine in the novel. Sensible, intelligent, humorous, has sharp mind and her own mind. From the beginning of the novel, we know that Mr. Bennet adores his Elizabeth more, because “she has something more of quickness than her sisters”. Though she is young and having been confined in the rural society, Elizabeth always has deep insight and watch things from her knowledge, which makes her distinctive. Also we cannot neglect her conversations are full of wit and humor. Her language is very concise and penetrating, especially in her dialogues with Darcy. It’s interesting to read their talks, which is like a “battle” but in a wit and intelligent way. Here is a description:

"Oh!" said she, "I heard you before; but I could not immediately determine what to say in reply. You wanted me, I know, to say "Yes," that you might

have the pleasure of despising my taste; but I always delight in

overthrowing those kind of schemes, and cheating a person of their

premeditated contempt. I have therefore made up my mind to tell you that I

do not want to dance a reel at all -- and now despise me if you dare."

This passage perfectly demonstrates Elizabeth is quick-witted and sensible. Her

sense and skillful words come from her ability to use knowledge as well as her self-confidence. It is the inner beauty of Elizabeth that has attracted Darcy rather than her appearance.

She is definitely brave and believes in love, she want to find a man she really loves. It is a precious character of Elizabeth I appreciate. She is determined and strong-minded, and she will do anything she thinks right rather than do everything according to social norms. She shows her mock towards some social rules. When Mr. Collins tells Elizabeth he wants to marry her so that she can take possession of her father’s legacies, and it’s good for both sides. Without hesitating, Elizabeth refuses him immediately. It’s beyond imagination at that time, especially under the pressure of her mother and the family house. I think the strongest rebellion Elizabeth has made against the social custom is that she marries Darcy despite that her family background is inferior to Darcy’s. Elizabeth and Darcy’s marriage is not admitted by the social norms. When Catherine comes to Elizabeth’s home to blame her for the engagement with her nephew Darcy, she is brave enough to negotiate with her. In the hierarchical society, she does not feel inferior. Instead, she is confidant and brilliant. We know in Jane Austen’s society, obedience is supposed to be the most important virtue of a woman. In a male-dominating society, women are supposed to behave like Jane in Pride and Prejudice, who is gentle, mild, pleasing and obedient. Women are imprisoned and constrained by the dominant ideologies of womanhood, and they are restrained in expressing their passion or telling the feelings about their experience. Men do not want women to have independent characters, because once women

become spirit-independent and powerful, they will threat the social structure in which men are masters of everything.

Jane Austen’s capability of writing subtle discrimination and her shrewd perceptiveness are showed in Pride and Prejudice; she is able to convey such a complex message using a simple and witty style. The e first sentence of the novel: "It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife." In this statement, Austen has declared that the main subject of the novel will be courtship and marriage, and then she has established the humorous tone of the novel by taking a simple subject and she has told the reader that in the novel, either a husband in search of a wife, or a woman in pursuit of a husband. And the sentence also defines Austen's book as a piece of literature that connects itself to the 18th century period. Pride and Prejudice is 18th century because of the emphasis on man in his social environment rather than in his individual conditions. The use of satire and wit is a common form of 18th century literature, also make it belongs to18th century.

Jane Austen’s writing is from the experience of her own life, so she can describe a picture of life of her time vividly with her forceful insight and gentle wit. She is skillful in the interesting plot and quick-witted language of the novel, she also presents her attitude toward the society which seriously discriminates against women. Her attitude is ironic and critical. Elizabeth represents her to revolt against the tradition and convention, so we must aware that Jane Austen is one of the challengers of the male dominant tradition in the awakening of feminist

consciousness.

Works Cited:

Edward Corpland & Juliet Mcmaster, The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen, 上海：Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 20xx.

Susan M. Shaw and Janet Lee, Women’s Voices, Feminist Visions, California: Mayfield Publishing Company, 20xx.