课堂总结

Summary

The internal structure of categories includes prototypes, attributes, family resemblances and gestalt. The robin, parrot and ostrich are different kinds of birds and they belong to the same category, because they have something in common. For examples, they have feathers, two legs, two wings and a beak and that they lay eggs. Collecting both the shared and the distinctive properties seems to provide a feasible way of describing the internal structure of categories.

Attributes are regarded as obligatory or not is suggested by Aristotle. He contrasted the essence of things with the accidence. The notion of essence gave rise to what has been called the categorical view or classical view. According to this view, a category is defined by a limited set of necessary and sufficient conditions. These conditions are conceived as clear-cut, discrete features. In the case of the category bird, this means that a creature is only a bird if it has two wings and two legs, a beak, feathers and lays eggs. If, on the other hand, a creature has all these essential features, this is also sufficient for classifying it as a bird.

The next part is about an example of good birds and bad birds. Intermediate and bad examples of the category bird differ from these prototypical examples in two ways: either they deviate to a moderate degree with regard to one or more attributes or some attributes are missing altogether.

Family resemblances mean a network of overlapping similarities. In other words, each item has at least one, and probably several, elements in common with one or more other items, but on, or few, elements are common to all items. What is decisive is that family resemblances can explain why attributes contribute to the internal structure of the category even if they are not common to all category members, if they are not essential features according to the classical view.

Looking at both sides of the coin we can summarize the attribute structure of prototype categories as follows: Prototypical members of cognitive categories have the largest number of attributes in common with other members of the category and the smallest number of attributes which also occur with members of neighboring

categories. This means that in terms of attributes, prototypical members are maximally distinct from the prototypical members of other categories. Bad examples share only a small number of attributes with other members of their category, but have several attributes which belong to other categories as well, which is of course, just another way of saying that category boundaries are fuzzy.

The next part is about attributes and dimensions. Dimensions can be divided into width and height dimensions, context dimension, material dimension, handle dimension and so on. Then we come to internal category structure and gestalt. When we meet some new things, we must perceive it as whole, not different parts. The idea of perceived whole comes close to the notion of gestalt as advocated by gestalt psychologists. The most important of gestalt principles are: principle of proximity, principle of similarity, principle of closure and principle of continuation. The first means individual elements with a small distance between them will be perceived as being somehow related to each other. The second is individual elements that aqre similar tend to be perceived as one common segment. The third is perceptual organization tends to be anchored in closed figures. The fourth is elements will be perceived as wholes if they only have few interruptions.

The next part is cognitive status of categories, prototypes, attributes and gestalt. There are two hypothesizes: classical model of categorization and the experiential prototype hypothesis of categorization. The first is too strong. The second means that categories are not homogeneous, but have a prototype, good and bad members, and have fuzzy boundaries. The motto of Gestalt theory: The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

External structure contains context and culture model. When we viewed in terms of attributes, context seems to have a two fold effect: first, the context can change the weight of attributes that seem to be relevant for a certain category; second, the context can emphasize attributes that are not prominent and even introduce new attributes which would not be mentioned at all in non-contextualized attribute-listing experiments. For cognitive linguistics the notion of context should be considered a mental phenomenon and situation should be defined as the interaction between

objects in the real world. Cognitive model: all the experienced and stored cognitive representations/contexts for a certain field by an individual.Cultural models can be seen as cognitive models that are shared by people belonging to a social group or subgroup.

 

第二篇:课堂总结

学习《马克思主义基本原理概论》的个人小结

本学期选修了老师的《马克思主义基本原理概论》,不像以往的公选课,听了几次就不想再听。老师您以您活泼机动、不照本选科的教学方式,使我在课堂上比较放松,能够积极联系实际,融课堂思考于生活。能够在课堂上有所学,在人生观上有所升华。下边先具体地谈谈我对老师您教学的个人评价,以及我在这门课程中的收获和体会。

我喜欢哲学,很崇拜黑格尔,不仅崇拜他的人格魅力,还崇拜他在哲学上的造诣,特别是他有关辩证法的论述。有这样一个可瞻仰的偶像,使我觉得,学习哲学很有必要,所以自己也看过些哲学书。但因为太过艰涩,大多中途放弃了,对马基课,本来没报能学到什么的信心。不仅因为马基难学,还因为这是一门公共课。

公共课的特点大家也知道,就同学表现来说,基本上是平时应付出勤率,来了也听的昏昏欲睡或者老师讲老师的我们做我们的,考前在临时抱佛脚,通宵达旦的看各种复习资料,考完了全部忘精光,至于书呢?可能从来就没有,即使有了也没有自己的看过甚至翻过。根本不会在这些科目上有真正的提高,更不用说思想上和认识上的提高啦。

就上课内容来说,公共课多有政治课的成分,都是“中国特色”的。说有“中国特色”,一方面,是因为比较死板和教条,没有实质性的深入,不能开发学生思维,较多是灌输型教育,而条条框框中的实质和真理,貌似和老师的教学无关。另一方面来说,从我们小学开始几乎就没有中断过这方面的教育,爱党爱国,为伟大的共产主义事业而奋斗,无私的为人民奉献。然而现实的一切,却让我们对一切感到怀疑和不解。就教学方式来说,公共课多是教条的,很多方面不从实践出发的,不结合实际的。要么照本宣科,要么空谈理论。而对比现实生活中存在的实践来说,课本上的内容和现实生活并没有多少结合。根本就没法激发学生的学习兴趣和学习的,带来的反而是一种应付。

而作为学生,特别是一个大学生。我对这个的物质世界,对一个社会之间的各种关系和社会的本质,充满了无比的好奇和向往。而以往的这些课程是不能够满足我的要求和愿望的,更不可能启发我学习的热情的。对此我感到了无比的困惑和迷茫。

但在老师您的课堂上就没感到这些, 从一开始,您就不是在讲所谓的课本重点和考试重点。先从马克思主义过时了没有,什么是马克思主义以及为什么要学习马克思主义讲起。我当时心里就对应从哪里入手学习马克思主义有了个大概的框架。我想我要先从了解马克思开始,从他的传记开始。老师您讲了很多自己的看法,我当时一下子就感觉,“哦,这个课堂是可交流的、可讨论的。”在这个课堂总,我们能在讨论交流中真正学到东西,而不是灌输和照本宣科。后来依然是脱离课本的讲,讲人的生存发展的实践性、矛盾性、否定性、现实性、历史性。这些对我们探索自己、探索自己的日常实践是很有帮助的。所以每一次上完马基课我都会主动的区翻阅相关的书籍,以弥补自己的不足,更好的去感受老师上课所讲的知识和一种主义的伟大。

忍不住要说的是,我觉得老师的学生自主教学和学生课题研究非常有特色,非常有成效。在这两个板块我的收获也很大。一方面是激起了自己的兴趣,调动了我学习的积极性和主动性,我突然发现我对学习知识的框架和方向有了感觉,这算我对哲学学习有了启蒙吧,另一方面是在看同学们的自主教学及我们组自主教学的时候,将理论与实践联系,对哲学有了更深的理解和认识。我觉得,能给学生做启蒙并引领学生深入是一件非常重要和不容易的事,对学生来说,是件非常美妙的事。就像是逐步攀爬楼梯,走向楼顶的光明。同时能,觉得更重要的一点就是,在学生课题研究的过程中,来自不同院系的学生,大家怀着相同的目的,聚在一起不分彼此的讨论。这是很难得的,因为在现今很多大学生宁愿在网上和虚拟的朋友聊天,也不同宿舍的兄弟说话,这是很悲哀的一件事情。而这样的交流,让我们彼此记住他人,增加了我们不同人群之间的了解。

对一个学生来说,觉得一个课堂是可交流可讨论,并且对该课程有了兴趣是很重要的。有了这些前提,上课当然是轻松、自在的,这样的课程对于学生来说那么将是一种享受,于此同时也就学到了知识。没有像大多公共课,疲惫地应付老师、应付点名、应付考试,以至于产生厌烦的感觉。

老师的马基课,让那些本来已经“死”在我这个理科生心目中的公式化的哲学文字,苏醒了,对哲学的认识,我不敢说我上了一个层次。但我敢说我对哲学有了更清楚的理解,常常边听课边联系现实生活中的困惑,我觉得,我们

每个人都是哲学的实践高手,只是从来不曾将实践联系理论从而促进实践。老师您的课,激起了我更多的学习哲学的欲望,我产生了一种将学习哲学当作终生爱好的欲望。

听有的同学说他是实用主义,不信哲学,我也曾经为此迷惑过。如果正如我们所想的那样所,哲学的境界是“没任何实用的目的,只为探索本源”,那么,我们学习哲学到底有什么意义呢?后来通过学习,我才逐渐明白,学习哲学,是影响我们的人生观、价值观、影响我们认识事物、作用于事物的方式,自然会影响我们的发展、我们的理想定位。其实就是意识指导实践。学习哲学,使人更豁达,人生观更开阔,用更科学的方法来认识事物、更深刻更本质地认识事物,深远地影响我们的精神世界和认识、解决事物的方法。学习哲学,可以使我们在思考问题的能力上,有鸟瞰众生的实力,外在气质上,成为超脱世俗的仙子,面对人生的态度上,洒脱豁达以及有无可抵挡的亲和力。

谈了我对老师您教学的看法和我的学习体会和收获,下面再说下我在学习过程中的表现。

抱着必定无聊的信念,却越来越发现这课有意思,值得思考,于是不管有什么重要考试在即,都没有逃过老师您的课。我还记得上老师您的第一节课的时候,我没有注意老师您上课的方式,一直用我以往对待公共课的态度,上课无所谓,自己干自己的事情。下课找要拷老师课件,以后不再听讲,好去做自己的事情。可是后来老师您的独特的方式让我有所转变,我上课开始认认真真的思考,认认真真的去做笔记。老师您上课是时候,我也想过要主动的区回答问题,可我是一个理科生,对马克思主义基本原理概论没有什么基础,就算是高中学的也早就还给了老师。所以每一次老师叫人起来回答问题的时候,我最怕点到自己。我怕我什么都说不出来,自己给自己丢丑。每一次,我都把头低得低低的,不敢看周围的人,直到有人回答了这个问题。可是后来随着了解的增加,和对哲学兴趣的提高,我发觉我愿意主动的回答老师的问题。

在课题研究的过程中,我开始主动的去完成自己的任务。为此我查阅了大量的资料,主动去找文科的学长了解相关的知识和理论,请他帮忙分析我所做的问卷有什么不足,希望他帮忙改进。而在小组讨论的过程中,我发现之前同学或者朋友告诉我的有错:很多人都告诉我,在大学里没有真正的同学关系,

大家之间都只有利益关系,大家之间是毫无关系的。但通过这一次合作,我发现这是一个错误的观点。在大学里面,大家在志同道合的情况下,是可以抛开各种利益关系,齐心合作的,大学里面是有真正的友谊和超友谊存在的。而且,这种合作,更是让人怀念的。在大学里面,为了增进大家的理解和合作,这样的课题是需要存在的。

老师布置了课堂总结、个人课堂随想、课文课后习题的解答三个作业。我想这是必要的,课堂总结让我明白通过这个课堂我学到了什么,需要什么;个人随想,让我更加的能够了解什么事哲学,什么事个人思想;而课后习题的解答,帮助我理解课堂内容,起到承上启下的作用。这三者相互补充,让我更进一步走入哲学的殿堂,了解什么是哲学,什么事人生观、价值观。有助帮助我树立远大的志向,并为之奋斗。

另外我想给老师的教学提一个小小的建议:一、多放一点关于实事的视频,并为我们用相关的理论做分析,帮助我们了解这个社会中存在的各种关系;二、再给我们多一些的时间去讨论和自主学习,老师在其中进行引导,做到教与学的充分互动;三,再多一些课堂研究,让学生学会自主的学习和研究,并在这个过程中充分享受合作的快乐;分组的时候,尽量让不同学院的人在一个组,这样有助于加强我们的交流能力和沟通能力。四、希望老师多设计一些有关社会实际的课题,帮助我们学会理论联系实际。

在这里再一次对老师表示感谢!

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