常用翻译技巧总结

常用翻译技巧总结

个人认为，翻译题很重要！考研是个充实自己的过程，只要你还需要英语，就离不开翻译，所以大家应该引起足够重视。

首先个人推荐一本书，XDF唐静老师的《拆分与组合翻译法》，我听过他的课，他的方法很实用，感觉很象下面介绍的第四种方法。 翻译题里考察三方面内容：

1、专有名词（如operationalresearchexpert）、习惯用法（如dependon）及多义词的翻译

2、一般性翻译技巧：包括词义选择，词序调整，词性转换和增词法等等

3、具体句型（定从、状从、主从、宾从、表从、同位从、强调结构、并列、比较、倒装、插入、被动、否定等）

其中2、3是大考点，具体内容可在论坛下XDF的翻译笔记来看，在此不赘述。

可看出，应对翻译题的主要武器是翻译技巧，下面正式进入正题（常用方法、被动语态译法、形容词译法、举例详解）

英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练。

1增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或Therebe结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在翻译时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如：

（1）Whataboutcallinghimrightaway？

马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？（增译主语和谓语）

（2）IfonlyIcouldseetherealizationofthefourmodernizations. 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！（增译主句） Indeed，thereverseistrue

实际情况恰好相反。（增译名词）

就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。

Eventhepeopleinthefascistcountrieswerestrippedoftheirhumanrights.（增译物主代词）

（5）只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。

Whilethemagistrateswerefreetoburndownhouse，

thecommonpeoplewereforbiddentolightlamps.（增译连词）

（6）这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。

Thisisyetanothercommonpointbetweenthepeopleofourtwocountries.（增译介词）

（7）在人权领域，中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。

Inthefieldofhumanrights，

Chinaopposesthepracticeofthebigoppressingthesmallandthestrongbullyingtheweak.（增译暗含词语）

（8）三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。

ThreecobblerswiththeirwitscombinedequalZhugeLiangthemastermind.（增译注释性词语）

2.省译法：这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法，即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免

常用翻译技巧总结

个人认为，翻译题很重要！考研是个充实自己的过程，只要你还需要英语，就离不开翻译，所以大家应该引起足够重视。

首先个人推荐一本书，XDF唐静老师的《拆分与组合翻译法》，我听过他的课，他的方法很实用，感觉很象下面介绍的第四种方法。

翻译题里考察三方面内容：

1、专有名词（如operationalresearchexpert）、习惯用法（如dependon）及多义词的翻译

2、一般性翻译技巧：包括词义选择，词序调整，词性转换和增词法等等

3、具体句型（定从、状从、主从、宾从、表从、同位从、强调结构、并列、比较、倒装、插入、被动、否定等）

其中2、3是大考点，具体内容可在论坛下XDF的翻译笔记来看，在此不赘述。

可看出，应对翻译题的主要武器是翻译技巧，下面正式进入正题（常用方法、被动语态译法、形容词译法、举例详解）

英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练。 1增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或Therebe结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在翻译时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如：

（1）Whataboutcallinghimrightaway？

马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？（增译主语和谓语）

（2）IfonlyIcouldseetherealizationofthefourmodernizations.

要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！（增译主句）

Indeed，thereverseistrue

实际情况恰好相反。（增译名词）

就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。

Eventhepeopleinthefascistcountrieswerestrippedoftheirhumanrights.（增译物主代词）

（5）只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。

Whilethemagistrateswerefreetoburndownhouse，

thecommonpeoplewereforbiddentolightlamps.（增译连词）

（6）这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。

Thisisyetanothercommonpointbetweenthepeopleofourtwocountries.（增译介词）

（7）在人权领域，中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。

Inthefieldofhumanrights，

Chinaopposesthepracticeofthebigoppressingthesmallandthestrongbullyingtheweak.（增译暗含词语）

（8）三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。

ThreecobblerswiththeirwitscombinedequalZhugeLiangthemastermind.（增译注释性词语）

2.省译法：这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法，即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。又如：

YouwillbestayinginthishotelduringyourvisitinBeijing.

你在北京访问期间就住在这家饭店里。（省译物主代词）

Ihopeyouwillenjoyyourstayhere.

希望您在这儿过得愉快。（省译物主代词）

中国政府历来重视环境保护工作。

TheChinesegovernmenthasalwaysattachedgreatimportancetoenvironmentalprotection. 3转换法：指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。具体的说，就是在词性方面，把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词；把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词；把形容词转换成副词和短语。在句子成分方面，把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语；把谓语变成主语、定语、表语；把定语变成状语、主语；把宾语变成主语。在句型方面，把并列句变成复合句，把复合句变成并列句，把状语从句变成定语从句。在语态方面，可以把主动语态变为被动语态。如：

我们学院受教委和市政府的双重领导。

Ourinstituteisco－

administratedbytheStatesEducationCommissionandthemunicipalgovernment.

（2）ToomuchexposuretoTVprogramswilldogreatharmtotheeyesightofchildren. 孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。

（3）由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。

Thankstotheintroductionofourreformandopeningpolicy，

ourcomprehensivenationalstrengthhasgreatlyimproved.

Imallforyouopinion.

我完全赞成你的意见。（介词转动词）

（5）ThereformandopeningpolicyissupportedbythewholeChinesepeople.

改革开放政策受到了全中国人民的拥护。（动词转名词）

（6）Inhisarticletheauthoriscriticalofmansnegligencetowardhisenvironment. 作者在文章中，对人类疏忽自身环境作了批评。（形容词转名词）

（7）InsomeoftheEuropeancountries，

thepeoplearegiventhebiggestsocialbenefitssuchasmedicalinsurance.

在有些欧洲国家里，人民享受最广泛的社会福利，如医疗保险等。（被动语态转主动语态）

（8）时间不早了，我们回去吧！

Wedonthavemuchtimeleft.Letsgoback.

（9）学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。

Allthestudentsshoulddevelopmorally，intellectuallyandphysically.

4.拆句法和合并法（和唐静老师的很想象）：这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较短、较简单的句子，通常用于英译汉；合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句，一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合，结构较松散，因此简单句较多；英语强调形合，结构较严密，因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句；而英译汉时又常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处，以及意群结束处将长句切断，译成汉语分句。这样就可以基本保留英语语序，顺译全句，顺应现代汉语长短句相替

【第一篇】

森林里住着三只蜥蜴，觉得自己的身体和周围的环境大不相同，没有安全感。其中一只说：“这里实在太不安全了，得想办法改变环境。”说完，这只蜥蜴便开始大干起来。森林之大，要使之改变弹劾容易。不久，这只蜥蜴便活活累死了。另一只蜥蜴说：“看来想要改变这个地方非我辈能力所及，不如另寻安全的地方。”说完，便爬出了这片森林。只是它还没有找到梦中的乐土，就饿死了。第三只蜥蜴，看了看四周，说：“为什么一定要改变环境，而不改变自己来适应环境呢？”说完，它便借着阳光和阴影，慢慢改变了自

己的肤色。于是它渐渐地在树干上隐没了。这只蜥蜴就变成了变色龙，从此在森林里安居繁衍。

*蜥蜴：Lizard

变色龙：Chameleon

【参考译文】

There lived three lizards in the forest. They suffered from a sense of insecurity due to their distinctiveness from the surrounding environment. One of them said, “It is really unsafe here. We’ve got to figure out a way to change the surroundings.” Then the lizard set out to work. The f

orest was too big to be easily changed. Soon the lizard died of hard labor.

Another lizard said, “It seems beyond us lizards to change this place. We might as well look for some other safe place to live in.” And then it crawled out of the forest. However, it was st

arved to death before getting to its dreamland.

The third lizard looked around and said, “Why not change myself to adapt to the surroundings, rather than the other way round?” Having said so, it gradually changed its skin color via light and shadow, and little by little it immerged on the trunk. Therefore the lizard became a cham

eleon, happily living and multiplying in the forest ever after.

【第二篇】

美国人认为，向人借钱的是聪明人，借钱给人的是傻瓜。美国政府、企业、普通百姓都以此为准则，使资源丰富的美国成为欠债最多的国家。美国人用明天的钱，使今天楼市一落千丈、通胀加剧。无论是美国政府还是企业和个人，总认为美利坚是世界最富裕的国家，可以为所欲为地借钱、用钱。然而，靠借钱过日子的国家，总不是一个健康的国家。“不用花一分钱可以成为豪宅业主”，终于引发了波及全球的金融危机；靠印钞票来掠取他国资产，会使自己的威信彻底丧失。不负责任的“向人借钱的聪明人”，反被聪明

所误，这已成为威胁美国安全的因素之一。

【参考译文】

The Americans believe that borrowing money form others is smart, while lending money to others is foolish. The U.S. government, companies and common people all regard this as a guideline, which renders this resourceful nation the most indebted one in the world. With tomorrow’s money, the Americans have undermined today’s housing market and aggravated the inflation. The U.S. government, companies and common people always consider the United States as the wealthiest nation in the world, so that they can borrow and spend as much as they want. However, a nation depending upon borrowing is in no way a healthy nation. One can become the owner of a luxury house without spending a cent, and finally a global financial crisis was brought about. It costs a nation its entire credit to plunder property from other nations by paper-currency printing.

A smart guy who borrows irresponsibly is too clever to be wise, and this has become one of th

e facts threatening the U.S. national security.

作者：远兮远兮 提交日期：2009-5-14 16:40:00 访问：

2273 回复：6

人事部三级笔译（CATTI）2007.11英译汉真题

One of the biggest decisions Andy Blevins has ever made, and one of the few he now regrets, never seemed like much of a decision at all. It just felt like the natural thing to do.

安迪布莱文思曾做过的最大的、同时也是他现在极少为之后悔的决定之一，看起来一点也不像个决定。倒像是自然而然做的事。

In the summer of 1995, he was moving boxes of soup cans, paper towels and dog food across the floor of a supermarket warehouse, one of the biggest buildings here in southwest Virginia. The heat was brutal. The job had sounded impossible when he arrived fresh off his first year of college, looking to make some summer money, still a skinny teenager with sandy blond hair and a narrow, freckled face.

19xx年夏天，他在一家超市的仓库上班，把汤罐头、纸巾和狗粮箱子在地板上搬来搬去，这家超市是弗吉尼亚西南部最大的建筑物之一。天气酷热。他刚到这开始第一个学年时，希望在暑期挣点外快，这份工作在那时显得不可思议。当时他还是个瘦得皮包骨的十几岁的小伙子，有着沙质金发和瘦削的布满雀斑的脸。

But hard work done well was something he understood, even if he was the first college boy in his family. Soon he was making bonuses on top of his $6.75 an hour, more money than either of his parents made. His girlfriend was around, and so were his hometown buddies. Andy acted more outgoing with them, more relaxed. People in Chilhowie noticed that. 但是，他明白应该把坚苦的工作干好，即使他是他家族的第一个大学生。很快，他挣的钱高达6.75美元一小时，比他父母挣得都多。他有女友和同乡作伴。安迪待他们更友好宽容。芝尔豪伊镇的人注意到了。

It was just about the perfect summer. So the thought crossed his mind: maybe it did not have to end. Maybe he would take a break from college and keep working. He had been getting C’s and D’s, and college never felt like home, anyway.

这只是个完美的夏天。于是一丝念头闪过他的脑海，兴许这一切不必结束，兴许他可以暂时休学继续工作。他的学业成绩得了一些C和D，无论如何，大学从来不像家里。

"I enjoyed working hard, getting the job done, getting a paycheck," Mr. Blevins recalled. "I just knew I didn’t want to quit."

“我喜欢努力干活，完成工作，挣一份薪水，”布莱文思回忆说。“我只知道我不想离开。”

So he quit college instead, and with that, Andy Blevins joined one of the largest and fastest-growing groups of young adults in America. He became a college dropout, though nongraduate may be the more precise term. 于是他反而退了学，随之加入了美国最大和成长最快的年轻人群体之一。他成了辍学生，尽管未毕业也许是更准确的定义。

Many people like him plan to return to get their degrees, even if few actually do. Almost one in three Americans in their mid-20’s now fall

into this group, up from one in five in the late 1960’s, when the Census Bureau began keeping such data. Most come from poor and working-class families.

很多像他那样的人计划重新取得学位，即使实际上很少人那么做。20岁左右的美国人几乎有三分之一成为这个群体中的一员，高于20世纪60年代的五分之一，那时人口调查局开始保存这一数据。其中大部分人出生于穷人和工薪阶层家庭。

That gap had grown over recent years. "We need to recognize that the most serious domestic problem in the United States today is the widening gap between the children of the rich and the children of the poor," Lawrence H. Summers, the president of Harvard, said last year when announcing that Harvard would give full scholarships to all its

lowest-income students. "And education is the most powerful weapon we have to address that problem."

最近几年这种差距已扩大。“我们必须意识到，美国今天最严重的国内问题是日益分化的贫富孩子之间的差距，”哈佛校长劳伦斯.H夏默尔在宣称哈佛应给所有收入最低的学生颁发全额奖学金时说。“教训是解决这一问题的最强有力的武器。”

Andy Blevins says that he too knows the importance of a degree. Ten years after trading college for the warehouse, Mr. Blevins, 29, spends his days at the same supermarket company. He has worked his way up to produce buyer, earning $35,000 a year with health benefits and a 401(k) plan. He is on a path typical for someone who attended college without getting a four-year degree. Men in their early 40’s in this category made an average of $42,000 in 2000. Those with a four-year degree made $65,000. 安迪布莱文思说他也知道学位的重要性。在拿大学生涯换仓库工作的十年后，已29岁的布莱文思先生，仍在同一家超市工作。他干到了产品采购，年薪35000美元，有健康保险和一份401（k）计划。他走的路，是那些进入大学却未取得4年学位的人走的一条典型的路。20xx年，40多岁的此类人平均年薪为42000万美元。而那些取得了4年学位的人年薪则为65000美元。

Mr. Blevins says he has many reasons to be happy. He lives with his wife, Karla, and their year-old son, Lucas, in a small blue-and-yellow house in the middle of a stunningly picturesque Appalachian valley. 布莱文思先生说他有很多理由高兴。他同他的妻子卡拉及周岁的儿子卢卡斯，住在风景如画的阿巴拉契亚山谷中部的一座蓝黄相间的小房子里。

"Looking back, I wish I had gotten that degree," Mr. Blevins said in his soft-spoken lilt. "Four years seemed like a thousand years then. But I wish I would have just put in my four years."

“回想起来，我希望我已经取得了那个学位，”布莱文思先生轻快地说。“那时4年似乎像1000年。但是我希望自己只是投入了4年。”

Why so many low-income students fall from the college ranks is a question without a simple answer. Many high schools do a poor job of preparing teenagers for college. Tuition bills scare some students from even applying and leave others with years of debt. To Mr. Blevins, like

many other students of limited means, every week of going to classes seemed like another week of losing money .

为什么如此多的低收入学生辍学，这是一个没有简单答案的问题。许多高中在将青少年送进大学的准备工作上没做好。学费吓得学生甚至不敢申请，或让其他入学的人欠下多年的债。布莱文思先生，像其他门路有限的学生一样，每周去上课，就像每周在赔钱。

"The system makes a false promise to students," said John T. Casteen III, the president of the University of Virginia, himself the son of a Virginia shipyard worker.

“教育体制给了学生们一个虚假的承诺，”弗吉尼亚大学校长约翰.T.卡斯廷三世说，他本人是一个弗吉尼亚船厂工人的儿子。

常用翻译技巧总结

Europe Pushes to Get Fuel From Fields

欧洲竞相从农田获取燃料

ARDEA, Italy — The previous growing season, this lush coastal field near Rome was filled with rows of delicate durum wheat, used to make high-quality pasta. Today it overflows with rapeseed, a tall, gnarled weedlike plant bursting with coarse yellow flowers that has become a new manna for European farmers: rapeseed can be turned into biofuel.

阿尔代亚，意大利——上个生长季节，罗马近郊植物葱茏的靠海农田，遍布成排的纤细的硬质小麦，过去用于制作高品质意粉。今天，这里却长满了油菜花，一种高高的、多节的类似杂草的、盛开野黄花的植物。它已经成为上帝赐给欧洲农民的一种新的作物：因为油菜籽能被转变为生物燃料。

Motivated by generous subsidies to develop alternative energy sources — and a measure of concern about the future of the planet — Europe’s farmers are beginning to grow crops that can be turned into fuels meant to produce fewer emissions than gas or oil. They are chasing their counterparts in the Americas who have been raising crops for biofuel for more than five years.

在丰厚补贴的驱动下，人们正在开发各种可替代能源——这是对地球未来一定程度的关注——欧洲农民正开始种植可转换为燃料的作物，这意味着比汽油或石油产生更少的排放物。他们正在追随美国同伴，后者种植用于生物燃料的作物已超过5年。

“This is a much-needed boost to our economy, our farms,” said Marcello Pini, 50, a farmer, standing in front of the rapeseed he planted for the first time. “Of course, we hope it helps the environment, too.” “这对我们的经济和农田，是一种急需的激励，”50岁的农民马赛罗.皮尼，站在他第一次种植的油菜籽田前面说，“当然，我们也希望这有助于环境。” In March, the European Commission, disappointed by the slow growth of the biofuels industry, approved a directive that included a “binding

target” requiring member countries to use 10 percent biofuel for

transport by 2020 — the most ambitious and specific goal in the world. 3月，对生物燃料产业成长缓慢感到失望的欧洲委员会，批准了一条包括“约束力目标”的指令，要求成员国到20xx年时，生物燃料占运输用燃料的10％——这是世界上最雄心勃勃和具体的目标。

Most European countries are far from achieving the target, and are introducing incentives and subsidies to bolster production.

大部分欧洲国家还远远未实现这一目标，正引入激励和补贴，以提高产量。 As a result, bioenergy crops have replaced food as the most profitable crop in several European countries. In this part of Italy, for example, the government guarantees the purchase of biofuel crops at 22 euros for 100 kilograms, or $13.42 for 100 pounds — nearly twice the 11 to 12 euros for 100 kilograms of wheat on the open market in 2006. Better still, farmers can plant biofuel crops on “set aside” fields, land that Europe’s agriculture policy would otherwise require be left fallow. 结果，生物能源作物已取代粮食，成为几个欧洲国家最有利可图的作物。例如，意大利在这方面，政府保证以每100公斤22欧元或13.42美元的价格购买生物燃料作物——这几乎是20xx年公开市场上每100公斤小麦11或12欧元价格的两倍。更好的是，农民可以在“搁置”地上种植生物燃料作物，欧洲的农业政策曾要求这些地休耕。

But an expert panel convened by the United Nations Food and

Agriculture Organization pointed out that the biofuels boom produces benefits as well as trade-offs and risks — including higher and wildly fluctuating food prices. In some markets, grain prices have nearly doubled. 但是，联合国粮农组织召集的专家组指出，生物燃料热潮有利有弊，需要权衡——包括跌宕起伏的粮食价格波动。在一些市场，谷物价格已几乎翻番。 “At a time when agricultural prices are low, in comes biofuel and improves the lot of farmers and injects life into rural areas,” said Gustavo Best, an expert at the Food and Agriculture Organization in Rome. “But as the scale grows and the demand for biofuel crops seems to be infinite, we’re seeing some negative effects and we need to hold up a yellow light.”

“一旦农产品价格降低，生物燃料就会进入，改善农民的命运，并给农村地区注入活力，”位于罗马的粮农组织专家古斯塔罗.贝斯特说。“但随着规模增长，对生物燃料作物的需求似乎无穷无尽，我们看到一些负面影响，需要举起黄灯。”

Josette Sheeran, the new head of the United Nations World Food program, which fed nearly 90 million people in 2006, said that biofuels created new problems. “An increase in grain prices impacts us because we are a major procurer of grain for food,” she said. “So biofuels are both a challenge and an opportunity.”

联合国世界粮食计划在20xx年养活了近9000万人，其新领导人乔塞特希兰说生物燃料制造了新问题。“粮食价格的增长对我们造成了冲击，因为我们是粮食的主要生产者，”她说。“因此，生物燃料挑战与机遇并存。”

In Europe, the rapid conversion of fields that once grew wheat or barley to biofuel crops like rapeseed is already leading to shortages of the ingredients for making pasta and brewing beer, suppliers say. That could translate into higher prices in supermarkets.

供应商说，在欧洲，成熟后的小麦或大麦改为像油菜籽那样的生物燃料作物，已经引起了制作意粉和酿造啤酒所需的配料短缺。这转化为了超级市场里更高的价格。

“New and increasing demand for bioenergy production has put high pressure on the whole world grain market,” said Claudia Conti, a

spokesman for Barilla, one of the largest Italian pasta makers. “Not only German beer producers, but Mexican tortilla makers have see the cost of their main raw material growing quickly to historical highs.”

“对生物能源产品新的和不断增长的需求，已给整个世界粮食市场施加了高压，”意大利最大的意粉制造商之一、百得阿姨的发言人克劳迪亚科蒂说。“不仅德国的啤酒制造商，而且墨西哥的玉米饼生产者，都已注意到他们主要的原材料成本增长迅速，已达历史最高水平。”

Some experts are more worried about the potential impact to low-income consumers. In the developing world, the shift to more lucrative biofuel crops destined for richer countries could create serious hunger and damage the environment if wild land is converted to biofuel cultivation, the agriculture panel concluded.

一些专家更担心其对低收入消费者的潜在冲击。农业小组断定，在发展中国家，如果荒地转为种植生物燃料作物，这种以富国为目的、向更多高利润生物燃料作物转变的做法，可能造成严重的饥饿，并损害环境。

But officials at the European Commission say they are pursuing a measured course that will prevent some of the price and supply problems seen in American markets.

但欧洲委员会的官员说，他们正在寻求一种审慎的进程，它将避免在美国市场上看见的一些价格和供应问题。

In a recent speech, Mariann Fischer Boel, the European agriculture and rural development commissioner, said that the 10 percent target was “not a shot in the dark,” but was carefully chosen to encourage a level of growth for the biofuel industry that would not produce undue hardship for Europe’s poor.

欧洲农业和农村发展委员会的马里兰.菲舍尔.波伊尔，在最近一次演讲中说，10％目标并非“误打误撞，”但是小心选择一个增长水平以促进生物燃料产业，并不会给欧洲的穷人产生过度困难。

She calculated that this approach would push up world raw material prices for cereal by 3 percent to 6 percent by 2020, while prices for oilseed might rise 5 percent to 18 percent. But food prices on the shelves would barely change, she said.

她估计20xx年前，这种做法将把世界谷物原材料价格提高3％至6％，而含油种子的价格可能增长5％到18％。但她说货架上的食品价格几乎不变。

Yet even as the European program begins to harvest biofuels in greater

volume, homegrown production is still far short of what is needed to reach the 10 percent goal: Europe’s farmers produced an estimated 2.9 billion liters, or 768 million gallons, of biofuel in 2004, far shy of the 3.4 billion gallons generated in the United States in the period. In 2005, biofuel accounted for around 1 percent of Europe’s fuel, according to European statistics, with almost all of that in Germany and Sweden. The biofuel share in Italy was 0.51 percent, and in Britain, 0.18 percent. 然而即使欧洲的计划已开始大量收获生物燃料，本地产量仍然远远低于需要的10％目标：20xx年欧洲农民预计生产了29亿升或7.68亿加仑生物燃料，远低于美国同期生产的34亿加仑。根据欧洲的统计数据，20xx年，生物燃料已占到欧洲燃料的1％，德国和瑞典几乎全采用了。意大利的生物燃料份额为0.51％，英国的是0.18％。

That could pose a threat to European markets as foreign producers like Brazil or developing countries like Indonesia and Malaysia try to ship their biofuels to markets where demand, subsidies and tax breaks are the greatest.

巴西那样的外国生产商或印度尼西亚及马来西亚那样的发展中国家，试图将他们的生物燃料用船运输到那些需求、补贴和减税最大的市场，这可能对欧洲市场造成了威胁。

Ms. Fischer Boel recently acknowledged that Europe would have to import at least a third of what it would need to reach its 10 percent biofuels target. Politicians fear that could hamper development of a local industry, while perversely generating tons of new emissions as “green” fuel is shipped thousands of kilometers across the Atlantic, instead of coming from the farm next door.

菲舍尔.波伊尔女士最近承认，为达到10％目标，欧洲将不得不至少进口所需生物燃料的1/3。政治家担心其将妨碍本地产业的发展，而持续产生新排放物的“绿色”燃料跨越大西洋不远千里地运来，却不是来自隔壁的农场。

Such imports could make biofuel far less green in other ways as well — for example if Southeast Asian rainforest is destroyed for cropland. 这样的进口可能使生物燃料在其他方面也远远达不到环保——例如，如果东南亚的雨林毁于生物燃料作物的耕作。

Brazil, a country with a perfect climate for sugar cane and vast amounts of land, started with subsidies years ago to encourage the farming of sugarcane for biofuels, partly to take up “excess capacity” in its flagging agricultural sector.

巴西拥有适于甘蔗生长的完美气候和大量耕地，数年前就开始发放补贴以鼓励用于生物燃料的甘蔗的耕作，在其标志性的农业部门部分地产生了“产能过剩”。

The auto industry jumped in, too. In 2003, Brazilian automakers started producing flex-fuel cars that could run on biofuels, including locally produced ethanol. Today, 70 percent of new cars in the country are flex-fuel models, and Brazil is one of the largest growers of cane for ethanol.

汽车工业也牵涉进来。20xx年，巴西的汽车制造商开始生产能用生物燃料驱动的弹性燃料汽车，包括本地生产的酒精。今天，该国70％的新汽车属弹性燃料车型，巴西是最大的酒精用甘蔗的生产国之一。

Analysts are unsure if the Brazilian achievement can be replicated in Europe — or anywhere else. Sugar takes far less energy to convert to biofuel than almost any product.

分析家并不确定巴西的成就是否能在欧洲或其他任何地方复制。糖转换为生物燃料所需的能源比其他任何产品都少。

Yet after a series of alarming reports on climate change, the political urgency to move faster is clearly growing.

然而在一系列令人震惊的关于气候变化的报告后，更快行动起来的政治紧迫感明显增加了。

With an armload of incentives, the Italian government hopes that 70,000 hectares, or 173,000 acres, of land will be planted with biofuel crops in 2007, and 240,000 hectares in 2010, up from zero in 2006. 意大利政府希望从20xx年的零公顷起，20xx年会增加到7万公顷或17万3千英亩土地用于种植生物燃料作物，20xx年升至24万公顷，

Mr. Pini, the farmer, has converted about 25 percent of his land, or 18 hectares, including his “set aside” land, to Europe’s

fastest-growing biofuel crop, rapeseed. He still has 50 hectares in grain and 7 in olives.

农民皮尼先生，已经把他25％、或18公顷的土地，转为欧洲增长最快的生物燃料作物，包括他的“搁置的”土地。他仍然有50公顷地种谷物和7公顷地种橄榄。

He has discovered other advantages as well. In Italy’s finicky food culture, food crops have to look good and be high quality to sell— a drought or undue heat can mean an off year. Crops for fuel, in contrast, can be ugly or stunted.

他也发现了其他益处。在意大利过分讲究的饮食文化中，粮食作物要卖，必须卖相好，质量高——干旱或酷热意味着一年绝收。相比之下燃料作物可以其貌不扬或发育矮小。

“You need fewer seeds and it’s much easier to grow,” he said. “你需要更少的种子，它更容易生长，”他说。

常用翻译技巧总结

常用翻译技巧总结

常用翻译技巧总结

Mr. Pini, the farmer, has converted about 25 percent of his land, or 18 hectares, including his “set aside” land, to Europe’s

fastest-growing biofuel crop, rapeseed. He still has 50 hectares in grain and 7 in olives.

农民皮尼先生，已经把他25％、或18公顷的土地，转为欧洲增长最快的生物燃料作物，包括他的“搁置的”土地。他仍然有50公顷地种谷物和7公顷地种橄榄。

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这句话感觉有点别扭。我来试着改改：

农民皮尼先生，已把他近四分之一的土地（约 18 公顷，其中包括他“特别留置的”土地）改种欧洲生长得最快的生物燃料作物——油菜籽。此外，他还有 50 公顷土地用来种谷物和 7 公顷用来种橄榄。

FYI only

常用翻译技巧总结

culture, food crops have to look good and be high quality to sell— a drought or undue heat can mean an off year. Crops for fuel, in contrast, can be ugly or stunted.

他也发现了其他益处。在意大利过分讲究的饮食文化中，粮食作物要卖，必须卖相好，质量高——干旱或酷热意味着一年绝收。相比之下燃料作物可以其貌不扬或发育矮小。

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off year 小年，指那一年收成欠佳。

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