新奥法施工工艺总结

新奥法即新奥地利隧道施工方法的简称, 原 文 是 New Austrian Tunnelling Method 简称 NATM , 新奥法概念是奥地利学者拉布西维兹 (L. V. RABCEW ICZ) 教授于 50 年代提出的, 它是以隧道工程经验和岩体力学的理论为基础, 将锚杆和喷射混凝土组合在一起作为主要支护手段的一种施工方法,经过一些国家的许多实践和理论研究, 于60年代取得专利权并正式命名。之后这个方法在西欧、北欧、美国和日本等许多地下工程中获得极为迅速发 展, 已成为现代隧道工程新技术标志之一。六十年代NATM 被介绍到我国, 七十年代末八十年代初得到迅速发展。至今,可以说在所有重点难点的地下工程中都离不开NATM。新奥法几乎成为在软弱破碎围岩地段修筑隧道的一种基本方法。

下面仅对新奥法施工作一简要叙述。

1.1及时性

新奥法施工采用喷锚支护为主要手段，可以最大限度地紧跟开挖作业面施工，因此可以利用开挖施工面的时空效应，以限制支护前的变形发展，阻止围岩进入松动的状态，在必要的情况下可以进行超前支护，加之喷射混凝土的早强和全面粘结性因而保证了支护的及时性和有效性。

在巷道爆破后立即施工以喷射混凝土支护能有效地制止岩层变形的发展，并控制应力降低区的伸展而减轻支护的承载，增强了岩层的稳定性。

1.2封闭性

由于喷锚支护能及时施工，而且是全面密粘的支护，因此能及时有效地防止因水和风化作用造成围岩的破坏和剥落，制止膨胀岩体的潮解和膨胀，保护原有岩体强度。

巷道开挖后，围岩由于爆破作用产生新的裂缝，加上原有地质构造上的裂缝，随时都有可能产生变形或塌落。当喷射混凝土支护以较高的速度射向岩面，很好的充填围岩的裂隙，节理和凹穴，大大提高了围岩的强度。（提高围岩的粘聚力C和内摩擦角）。同时喷锚支护起到了封闭围岩的作用，隔绝了水和空气同岩层的接触，使裂隙充填物不致软化、解体而使裂隙张开，导致围岩失去稳定。

1.3粘结性

喷锚支护同围岩能全面粘结，这种粘结作用可以产生三种作用：

① 联锁作用，即将被裂隙分割的岩块粘结在一起若围岩的某块危岩活石发生滑移坠落，则引起临近岩块的联锁反应，相继丧失稳定，从而造成较大范围的冒顶或片帮。开巷后如能及时进行喷锚支护，喷锚支护的粘结力和抗剪强度是可以抵抗围岩的局部破坏，防止个别威岩活石滑移和坠落，从而保持围岩的稳定性。 ②复和作用，即围岩与支护构成一个复合体（受力体系）共同支护围岩。喷锚支护可以提高围岩的稳定性和自身的支撑能力，同时与围岩形成了一个共同工作的力学系统，具有把岩石荷载转化为岩石承载结构的作用，从根本上改变了支架消极承担的弱点。

③增加作用。开巷后及时继进行喷锚支护，一方面将围岩表面的凹凸不平处填平，消除因岩面不评引起的应力集中现象，避免过大的应力集中所造成的围岩破坏；另一方面，使巷道周边围岩由双方向受力状态，提高了围岩的粘结力C和内摩擦角，也就是提高了围岩的强度。

1.4柔性

喷锚支护属于柔性薄性支护，能够和围岩紧粘在一起共同作用，由于喷锚支护具有一定柔性，可以和围岩共同产生变形，在围岩中形成一定范围的非弹性变形区，并能有效控制允许围岩塑性区有适度的发展，使围岩的自承能力得以充分发挥。另一方面，喷锚支护在与围岩共同变形中受到压缩，对围岩产生越来越大的支护反力，能够抑制围岩产生过大变形，防止围岩发生松动破坏。

2新奥法理论要点及施工要点

2.1 新奥法与传统施工方法的区别：传统方法认为巷道围岩是一种荷载，应用厚壁混凝土加以支护松动围岩。而新奥法认为围岩是一种承载机构，构筑薄壁、柔性、与围岩紧贴的支护结构（以喷射混凝土、锚杆为主要手段）并使围岩与支护结构共同形成支撑环，来承受压力，并最大限度地保持围岩稳定，而不致松动破坏。

新奥法将围岩视为巷道承载构件的一部分，因此，施工时应尽可能全断面掘进，以减少巷道周边围岩应力的扰动，并采用光面爆破、微差爆破等措施。减少对围岩的震动，以保全其整体性。同时注意巷道表面尽可能平滑，避免局部应力集中。 新奥法将锚杆、喷射混凝土适当进行组合，形成比较薄的衬砌层，即用锚杆和喷射混凝土来支护围岩，使喷射层与围岩紧密结合，形成围岩-支护系统，保持两者的共同变形，故而可以最大限度地利用围岩本身的承载力。

2.2保护巷道围岩自身的承载能力

新奥法施工在巷道开挖后采取了一系列综合性措施：构筑防水层、围岩巷道排水；选择合理的断面形状尺寸；给支护留变形余量；开巷后及时做好支护、封闭围岩等，都是为保护巷道围岩的自身承载能力，使围岩的扰动影响控制在最小范围内，并加固围岩，提高围筵强度。使其与人工支护结构共同承受巷道压力。

2.3允许围岩由一定量的变形，以利于发挥围岩的固有强度。同时巷道的支护结构，也应具有预定的可缩量，以缓和巷道压力。

围岩的变形是控制在一定范围内的，必须避免围岩变形过大，从而导致围岩强度的削弱以致引起垮落、失稳。支护结构具有一定的变形量，允许巷道围岩产生一定的变形，以缓和来自巷道的巨大压力，更进一步减轻支护荷载。

2.4新奥法施工过程中量测工作的特殊性

由于岩体生成条件与地质作用的复杂性，施工条件的复杂性，以及对工程设计参数的精确要求，得要通过许多量测手段，在施工过程中对围岩动态和支护结构工作状态和支护结构工作状态进行监测。并用监测结果修改初步设计，指导施工。 量测的结果可以作为施工现场分析参数和修改设计的依据，因而能够预见事故和险情，以便及时采取措施，防患于未然提到施工的安全程度。

由上所述，新奥法的支护原则是：围岩不仅是载物体，而且是承载结构；围岩承载圈和支护体组成巷道的统一体，是一个力学体系；巷道的开挖和支护都是为保持改善与提高围岩的自身支撑能力服务。

新奥法是以喷射混凝土、锚杆支护为主要支护手段，因锚杆喷射混凝土支护能够形成柔性薄层，与围岩紧密粘结的可缩性支护结构，允许围岩又一定的协调变形，而不使支护结构承受过大的压力。

施工顺序可以概括为：开挖→一次支护→二次支护。

3.1开挖

开挖作业的内容依次包括：钻孔、装药、爆破、通风、出渣等。开挖作业与一次支护作业同时交叉进行，为保护围岩的自身支撑能力，第一次支护工作应尽快进

行。为了冲分利用围岩的自身支撑能力开挖应采用灌面爆破（控制爆破）或机械开挖，并尽量采用全断面开挖，地质条件较差时可以采用分块多次开挖。一次开挖长度应根据岩质条件和开挖方式确定。岩质条件好时，长度可大一些，岩质条件差时长度可小一些，在同等岩质条件下，分块多次开挖长度可大一些，全断面开挖长度就要小一些。一般在中硬岩中长度约为2-2.5米，在膨胀性地层中大约为0.8-1.米。

3.2第一次支护作业包括：一次喷射混凝土、打锚杆、联网、立钢拱架、复喷混凝土

在巷道开挖后，应尽快地喷一层薄层混凝土（3-5mm），为争取时间在较松散的围岩掘进中第一次支护作业是在开挖的渣堆上进行的，待把未被渣堆覆盖的开挖面的一次喷射混凝土完成后再出渣。

按一定系统布置锚杆，加固深度围岩，在围岩内形成承载拱，由喷层、锚杆及岩面承载拱构成外拱，起临时支护作用，同时又是永久支护的一部分。复喷后应达到设计厚度（一般为10-15mm）,并要求将锚杆、金属网、钢拱架等覆裹在喷射混凝土内。

完成第一次支护的时间非常重要，一般情况应在开挖后围岩自稳时间的二分之一时间内完成。目前的施工经验是松散围岩应在爆破后三小时内完成，主要由施工条件决定。

在地质条件非常差的破碎带或膨胀性地层（如风华花岗岩）中开挖巷道，为了延长围岩的自稳时间，为了给一次支护争取时间，安全的作业，需要在开挖工作面的前方围岩进行超前支护（预支护），然后再开挖。

在安装锚杆的同时，在围岩和支护中埋设仪器或测点，进行围岩位移和应力的现场测量：依据测量得到的信息来了解围岩的动态，以及支护抗力与围岩的相适应程度。

一次支护后，在围岩变形趋于稳定时，进行第二次支护和封底，即永久性的支护（或是补喷射混凝土，或是浇注混凝土内拱），起到提高安全度和整个支护承载能力增强的作用，而此支护时机可以由监测结果得到。

对于底板不稳，底鼓变形严重，必然牵动侧墙及顶部支护不稳，所以应尽快封底，形成封闭式的支护，以谋求围岩的稳定。

① 具有较长自稳时间的中等岩体；

② 弱胶结的砂和石砾以及不稳定的砾岩；

③ 强风化的岩石；

④ 刚塑性的粘土泥质灰岩和泥质灰岩；

⑤ 坚硬粘土，也有带坚硬夹层的粘土；

⑥ 微裂隙的，但很少粘土的岩体；

⑦ 在很高的初应力场条件下，坚硬的和可变坚硬的岩石；

在下述条件下应用新奥法必须与一些辅助方法相配合

① 有强烈地压显现的岩体；

② 膨胀性岩体（要与仰拱与底部锚杆相配合）；

③ 在一些松散岩体中，要与钢背板与之配合；

④ 在蠕动性岩体中，要与冻结法或预加固法等配合；

在下列场合中应用应慎重

① 大量涌水的岩体；

② 由于涌水会产生流砂现象的围岩；

③ 极为破碎，锚杆钻孔、安装都极为困难的岩体；

④ 开挖面完全不能自稳的岩体等。

5 新奥法的缺点主要有：

① 实施不仅要求有良好的施工组织和管理，也要求技术人员和量测人员都十分熟练，没有这一点就易于发生错误；作业质量都与每一个人的仔细操作有关。 ② 开挖暴露出的地质会立即改变其状态，因此要求施工地质人员要亲临现场，以便发现问题；

③ 用能控制的施工量测，往往给施工带来不便；

④ 干喷射带来的灰尘以及由于易受化学药品的损害必须加强防护，尤其是对眼睛的防护，湿喷虽然可以避免此缺点，但在同样条件下，不如干喷那样有效的支护岩体。

新奥法施工是从实际经验中总结出来的，又在不断实践经验中得以丰富其内容和进一步发展，新澳法施工在我国推广以来，经过几十年的发展，通过科研、设计、施工三结合，在修建下坑、西坪、大瑶山、军都山等铁路隧道以及中梁山、二郎山、西山坪等多座公路隧道中，应用新奥法远离及其相应的技术，取得了较大的成就。

不可否认，新奥法也存在不少缺点，不过经过工程技术人员和科技工作者的共同努力一定可以把新奥法不断完善，在我国的现代化建设进程中发挥更加重要的作用。

不可否认，新奥法也存在不少缺点，不过经过工程技术人员和科技工作者的共同努力一定可以把新奥法不断完善，在我国的现代化建设进程中发挥更加重要的作用。

 

第二篇：土木外文文献与翻译--新奥法设计原理在隧道施工中的应用及主要施工工艺

NATM tunnel design principle in the construction of major and

Construction Technology

W.Broere

I.The NATM Design Principle

1.Tunnel design and construction of two major theoretical and development process

Since the 20th century, human space on the ground floor of the growing demand, thus the underground works of the study of a rapid development. In a large number of underground engineering practice, it is generally recognized that the tunnel and underground cavern project, the core of the problem, all up in the excavation and retaining two key processes. How excavation, it will be more conducive to the stability and cavern facilitate support : For more support, Supporting how they can more effectively ensure stability and facilitate the cavern excavation. This is the tunnels and underground works two promote each other and check each other's problems.

Tunnels and underground caverns, and focusing on the core issues with the above practice and research, in different periods, People of different theories and gradually established a system of different theories, Each system includes theory and resolve (or are studying the resolution) from the works of understanding (concept), mechanics, engineering measures to the construction methods (Technology), a series of engineering problems.

A theory of the 20th century the 1920s the traditional "load relaxation theory." Its core content is : a stable rock self-stability, no load : unstable rock may have collapsed. need shoring structure to be supported. Thus, the role of the supporting structure of the rock load is within a certain range may be due to relaxation and collapse of rock gravity. This is a traditional theory, and their representative is Taishaji and Principe's and others. It works similar to the surface issues of the thinking is still widely used to.

Another theory of the 20th century made the 1950s the modern theory of timbering or "rock for the theory." Its core content is : rock stability is clearly bearing rock to their own self-stability : unstable rock loss of stability is a process, and if this process in providing the 1

necessary help or restrictions will still be able to enter the rock steady state. This theoretical system of representative characters Labuxiweici, Miller-Feiqieer, Fenner - Daluobo and Kashitenai others. This is a more modern theory, it is already out of the ground works to consider the ideas, and underground works closer to reality, the past 50 years has been widely accepted and applied. demonstrated broad development prospects.

Can be seen from the above, the former theory more attention to the findings and the results of treatment : The latter theory is even more attention to the process and the control of the process, right from the rock for the full utilization of capacity. Given this distinction, which both theory and methods in the process, each with different performance characteristics. NATM theory is rock for the tunnel engineering practice in the representation method.

2. NATM

NATM that the new Austrian Tunneling Method short the original is in New Austrian Tunneling Method, referred to as the NATM. France said it convergence bound or some countries alleged to observe the dynamic design and construction of the basic principles.

NATM concept of filibustering Xiweici Austria scholars in the 20th century, Professor age of 50. It was based on the experience of both the tunnel and rock mechanics theory, will bolt and shotcrete combination as a major means of supporting a construction method, Austria, Sweden, Italy and other countries, many practical and theoretical study in the 1960s and patented officially named. Following this approach in Western Europe, Scandinavia, the United States and Japan and many other underground works with a very rapid development, have become modern tunnels new technologies landmark. Nearly 40 years ago, the railway sector through research, design, construction combining, in many construction of the tunnel, according to their own characteristics successfully applied a new Austrian law, made more experience, have accumulated large amounts of data, This is the application stage. However, in the road sector NATM of only 50%. Currently, the New Austrian Tunneling Method almost become weak and broken rock section of a tunnel construction method, technical and economic benefits are clear. NATM the basic points can be summarized as follows :

（1）. Rock tunnel structure is the main loading unit, the construction must fully protect the rock, it minimize the disturbance to avoid excessive damage to the intensity of rock. To 2

this end, the construction of sub-section should not block too much, excavation should be used smooth blasting, presplit blasting or mechanical tunneling.

（2）. In order to give full play to rock the carrying capacity should be allowed to control and rock deformation. While allowing deformation, which can be a rock bearing ring; The other hand, have to limit it, Rock is not so lax and excessive loss or greatly reduced carrying capacity. During construction should be used with rock close to, the timely building puzzle keeps strengthening Flexible support structure, such as bolting and shotcreting supporting. This adjustment will be adopted supporting structural strength, Stiffness and its participation in the work of the time (including the closure of time) to control the deformation of the rock mass.

（3）. In order to improve the support structure, the mechanical properties, the construction should be closed as soon as possible, and to become a closed cylindrical structure. In addition, the tunnel shape with a round should, as far as possible, to avoid the corner of the stress concentration.

（4）. Construction right through the rock and supporting the dynamic observation, measurement, and reasonable arrangements for the construction procedures, changes in the design and construction management of the day-to-day.

（5）. To lay waterproof layer, or is subject to bolt corrosion, deterioration of rock properties, rheological, swelling caused by the follow-up to load, use composite lining.

（6）. Lining in principle, and the early rock deformation Supporting the basic stability of the conditions under construction. rock and supporting structure into a whole, thereby improving the support system of security.

NATM above the basic elements can be briefly summarized as : "less disturbance, early spray anchor, ground measurements, closed tight."

3．With a spring to understand the principle NATM

（1）. Cavern brink of a point A in the original excavation ago with stress (stress self-respect and tectonic stress) in a state of equilibrium. As an elastic stiffness of the spring K, P0 under compression in a state of equilibrium.

（2）. Cavern excavation, A point in attacking lose face constraints, the original stress state to be adjusted, if the intensity of rock big enough, After less stress adjustments may 3

cavern in a stable condition (without support). But most of the geological conditions of the poor, that is, after the stress cavern adjustments, such as weak protection, we could have convergence deformation, even instability (landslides), must be provided to support power PE, in order to prevent landslides instability. Equivalent to the Spring of deformation u, in the role of PE is now in the midst of a state of equilibrium.

（3）. By the mechanical balance equation, we can see in the spring P0 role in a state of equilibrium; Spring in the event of deformation u, PE in the role they will be in equilibrium, assuming spring elasticity of K, were : P0=PE+Ku

Discussion :

(1) When u = 0, that is not allowed P0=PE rock deformation, is a rigid support, not economic;

(2) when u ↑, PE ↓; When u ↓, PE ↑. That is, rock deformation occurred, the release of some of the load (unloading), we should allow some extent rock deformation, to give full play to rock the capacity for self. Is an economic support measures, the rock self-stability P=P0-PE=Ku;

(3) When u=umax, landslides, have relaxation load and unsafe.

4. Points

（1）. Rock cavern excavation is affected by that part of rock (soil) body, the rock is a trinity : have a load bearing structure, building materials.

（2）. Tunnel construction is in the rock stress is of special architectural environment, which can not be equated with the construction on the ground.

（3）. Tunnel structure rock + = bracing system.

II. The new Austrian highway construction in the basic method

NATM one of the characteristics is the scene monitoring, measurement information to guide construction, through the tunnel construction measure receipts and excavation of the geological observation for prediction and feedback. And in accordance with the established benchmark for measuring the tunnel construction, excavation section steps and sequences, Supporting the initial parameters for reasonable adjustments to guarantee the safety of construction, a tunnel rock stability, the quality of the project and supporting structure of the 4

economy and so on. The author of commitments (Chengde) Chek (Chifeng) East Maojingba Tunnel NATM basic construction method for investigation concluded, synthesis of a new highway tunnel Natm the selection of different types and the basic characteristics of the construction methods and tips.

1. A tunnel construction method of choice tunnel construction method of choice, mainly based on the engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions Construction, rock type, buried deep tunnel, the tunnel section size and length lining types, Construction should be the premise of safety and engineering quality at the core, and with the use of the tunnel function, the level of construction technology, Construction machinery and equipment, time requirements and economic feasibility of factors to consider in selection.

When choosing the method for tunnel construction on the surrounding environment negatively affected, should also be a tunnel, the environmental conditions as the method to choose one of the factors, taking into rock changes the method and the applicability of the possibility of change. Tunnel project to avoid mistakes and unnecessary increase investment in public works. NATM new construction, we should also consider the entire process of construction of auxiliary operations and changes in the surrounding rock to measure control methods and the tunnel through special geological lots of construction means for a reasonable choice.

2. New Austrian Tunneling Method program New Austrian Tunneling Method used all methods can be divided into sections, Division level and the three major types of excavation method and some changes in the program.

(1) Full-face method. That whole section excavation method is based on the design of an excavation face excavation molding. Excavation order is its full face excavation, steel bracing, pouring concrete lining. Often choose to IV-VI Class Rock Hard Rock Tunnel, which can be used blasting deep hole.

Excavation whole section of the law is a larger space operations, introducing supporting large mechanized operations, improving the speed and process small, less interference and facilitate the construction organization and management. Excavation is due to shortcomings in the larger, lower relative stability of rock, and with each cycle of the relatively large workload, it requires the construction units should have a strong excavation, transport and slag out and 5

support capability, Maojingba VI : Class V rock used in the full-face excavation to achieve the desired results.

Full-face excavation face, drilling and blasting construction more efficient use of deep focus to accelerate the excavation blasting speed, and the rock blasting vibration frequency less conducive to a stable transfer rocks. The drawback is every deep hole blasting vibration larger. Therefore require careful drilling and blasting design and strict control of blasting operations.

Full-face excavation method is the main process : the use of mobile carts (or platforms), the first full-face a bored, and installed a line, and then drilling platform car outside 50m back to a safe place and then detonate, Blasting to make a shape out after drilling Jardine car again moved to the excavation face in place, began a cycle of drilling and blasting operations, Anchor sprayed simultaneously supporting or after the first arch wall lining.

(2) step method. Step method of design is generally divided into sections on the half-section and the lower half section two excavation molding. Excavation order is its first half excavation arch bolt jet concrete bracing, arch lining, the central part of the second half of excavation, sidewall of excavation, concrete wall jet bolt support and lining. The more applicable to the II, III and soft joint development of the surrounding rock, which were used Tim change program.

Long-step method : The next stage distance away, on the general level above 50m ahead, Construction can be assigned to the Department of next larger machine with parallel operations, when mechanical deficiencies can be used interchangeably. When the case of a short tunnel, the upper section will be all dug later, and then dug under the section, the construction of which less interference, single process can work.

Short step method : on the stage length 5-50m apply to Ⅱ, Ⅲ rock can be shortened Invert closing time, Supporting improve early stress conditions, but larger construction interference, in the event of Soft Rock need to consider carefully, Auxiliary shall be applied measures to stabilize the excavation excavation face, in order to ensure the safety of construction.

Ultrashort step method : The only step ahead 3-5m, section closed faster. The method used for the high level of mechanization of various rock section, in the event of the siege soft 6

rock when required careful consideration. Auxiliary shall be applied measures to stabilize the construction excavation face to ensure the safety of construction.

Excavation level of character is the first step to using light excavation drilling machine drill a hole, rather than through large drilling platform car. Two step method of excavation operations with sufficient space and a faster rate of construction. Level is conducive to the stability of excavation face. Especially Excavation in the upper, lower operational safety. Three step method of excavation is the next shortcomings of operations interfere with each other. It should be noted at the bottom of the upper operational stability, level of excavation will increase the number of country rock.

(3) Segment excavation method. Excavation Law Division can be divided into five changes in the program : Excavation Division level, from top to bottom hole lead, heading advance on the excavation, single (double) and lateral pit method. Excavation will be conducted Section Division excavation by the Ministry of shape, and to advance some of excavation, it may be called derivative ahead excavation pit method.

Law Division level : general application or soil collapse easily lots of soft rock, with its advantages - stage method, height can be lengthened, the two-lane tunnel for a hole-fold, cycling Road Tunnel - hole 2 times; rather than single (double) PENDANTS Heading a high degree of mechanization, can accelerate the progress of the projects.

The next heading advance excavation method (that is guided pit wall first arch) : This Act applies to Ⅱ, Ⅲ rock. in the soft ground tunneling, to be adopted next general guide advance excavation pit wall first arch Act. Its advantages are : Heading advance excavation, the use of proven geological conditions in advance to facilitate change in the method. Face to facilitate started procedures applicable to the labor arrangements for the use of small machinery and construction. The drawbacks : The next section will guide small, slow construction and construction processes more, construction and management difficult.

Unilateral-arm pit Law : rock instability, the tunnel span larger, ground subsidence is difficult to control when using this method. Its characteristics are : a positive step and arms Heading Act advantages.

Bilateral arm Heading law : in large-span shallow tunnels, surface subsidence require strict, especially poor rock used. Advantages of this method are : Construction of safe, reliable, but slow construction, high cost.

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III.The main tunnel construction technology

1. Cave construction

（1） excavation slope around

Lofting total station measurements, the use of excavators from top to bottom, paragraph by paragraph excavation, not the amount of excavation or the end of next overlapping excavation, remove pits with the above may slump topsoil, shrubs and rock slopes, rock strata of slope excavation needs blasting, Discussion should focus mainly loose blasting. Also partial artificial finishing, when excavation and inspection slope of slope, if sliding and cracking phenomenon and slowing down due slope.

（2）.Cheng Tung-supporting

Yang Brush Singapore Singapore after the completion of timely inspection plate slope gradient, the gradient to pass the inspection, the system set up to fight time anchor, and the exposed bolt heads, hanging metal based network expansion and bolt welding into first overall. Linked network immediately after the completion of shotcrete and repeatedly jet until it reaches the thickness of the design so far.

（3）.as of gutter construction

Yang slope away from the groove 5 meters excavation ditch interception, interception gutter mainly mechanical excavation, artificial finishing, after dressing, 7.5# immediately masonry made of mortar and stones, and the floor surface with mortar.

2. Auxiliary construction

（1）A long pipe roof

Sets arch construction : construction Lofting, template installation, assembling reinforcement, the guidance of lofting 127 installation guide, concrete pouring.

Pipe specifications : Heat Nazarbayev Seamless Steel Tube ￠ 108 mm and a thickness of 6 mm, length of 3 m, 6 m;

N pipe from : Central to the distance 50 cm;

N Inclination : Elevation 1 ° (the actual construction works by 2 °), the direction parallel with the Central Line;

N pipe construction error : Radial not more than 20 cm;

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N tunnel longitudinal joints within the same section with more than 50% adjacent pipe joints staggered at least a meter.

A. pipe roof construction method

Lofting accurate measurement personnel, marking the centerline and the vault out of its hole elevation, soil excavation reserved as a core pipe roof construction work platform Excavation footage of 2.5 meters, after the end of excavation, artificial symmetrical on both sides of excavation (Commodities H) platform, level width of 1.5 meters, 2.0 meters high, as construction sets and pipe arch shed facilities drilling platform. Pipe-roof design position should be and it should be a good hole steel tube, grouting after playing non-porous tube steel, non-porous tube can be used as pipe inspection, Grouting quality inspection, drill vertical direction must be accurately controlled to guarantee the opening hole to the right, End each drilling a hole is a pipe jacking, drilling should always use dipcompass drilling pipe measuring the deflection, found that the deflection over design requirements in a timely fashion. Pipe joints using screw connection, screw length 15 cm, to stagger the pipe joints, odd-numbered as the first section of the introduction of three-meter steel pipes and even numbered the first section of pipe using 6 meters, After each have adopted six-meter-long steel pipe.

B. pipe roof construction machinery

N drilling machinery : XY-28-300 equipped with electric drill, drilling and pipe jacking long shelf;

N grouting machine : BW-250/50-injection pump two Taiwan;

N using cement-water glass slurry. Mud and water volume ratio 1:0.5; water glass slurry concentration of water-cement ratio 1:1 silicate 35 Baume; The efficacy silicate modulus pressure grouting pressure early pressure 2.0MPA 0.5~1.0MPA; end.

（2）. a small catheter

A. small catheter used ahead diameter of 42 mm and a thickness of 3.5 mm thermal Nazarbayev seamless steel tubes, steel pipe was front-tip, Welding on the tail ￠ 6 stiffening brace and the wall around the drilling hole grouting 8 mm, but the tail of a meter without grouting holes and Advance Construction of a small catheter, the tubes and the lining of the centerline parallel to 10 ° -30 ° Chalu into the rock arch. penstocks to 20-50 cm spacing. Each was over a steel tubes, should be closed immediately shotcrete excavation face and then 9

grouting. After grouting, erecting steel Arch, Supporting the early completion of every (2-3 meters, and the paper attempts to be) another one for steel tubes, Advance small catheter general lap length of 1.0 meters.

B. Grouting parameters

N water slurry and water glass volume : 1:0.5;

N slurry water-cement ratio 1:1

N 35 Baume concentration of sodium silicate; The efficacy silicate modulus

N grouting pressure 0.5~1.0MPA; if necessary, set up only orifice Pulp Cypriots.

（3）. bolting ahead : The Chalu must be greater than 14 degrees, grouting satiated and lap length is not less than 1 meter.

3.Correcting construction

Embedded parts used by the Design Dimensions plank make shape design, installation in contrast snoop plate car, and position accuracy (error ± 50CM), the firm shall not be fixed, you must be in possession of the wire through the middle wear.

4. Leveling Construction

Installation templates, at the request of both sides leveling layer calibration position to install template. Side-channel steel templates used [10#, top elevation with a corresponding length of the road elevation unanimously to allow deviation ± 2mm. adjusted using the standard measurement to determine elevation. Every template fixed a certain distance from the outside to ensure that no displacement, the joints template close comfort, not from a slit, crooked and formation, and the bottom connector templates are not allowed to leak plasma. Concrete before reperfusion, the bottom surface of concrete must be clean. When the concrete arrived at the construction site directly installed backward mode of the road bed, and using artificial Huabu uniform. Concrete paver should be considered after the earthquake destroyed the settlement. Unrealistically high can be 10% higher, Lan is the surface elevation and design line. Concrete earthquake destroyed at or anywhere near the corner with plug-Lan Lan pound for pound order; Flat-Lan pound for pound crisscross comprehensive Lan, Inside each location is no longer the time for concrete sinks, no longer emitted large bubbles, and the surface of cement mortar later. normally no less than 15 seconds, also should not be too long; 10

Then Chun-pound beam along the longitudinal Lan-pound trailer, With redundant Chun-pound concrete beams were dragged shift Trim, Dixian Department should keep leveling Lan facts. Finally, the diameter 75~100mm rolling seamless steel pipe for further leveling. Just do prohibited in the surface spraying water, and threw cement.

5. Water, cable duct construction

Install groove wall reinforcement of location accuracy, the line must be linked to the construction. Install groove wall purity, the purity requirements of accurate location, a vertical line. Dyadic greatest degree of not more than 3 mm, and template-Ditch The top-pronged, pass the inspection before the concrete reperfusion, on the side of the original wall must pick hair, and embedded parts to the location accurately. Template using stereotypes purity.

6.Gate Construction

Cleared the site for construction layout. By design size requirement dug-wall basis. M7.5# masonry made of mortar and stones.

Template installation, location accuracy requirements purity, a vertical line, and timely inspection template slope. Concrete pouring 15 # Riprap concrete, concrete strength to be more than 70% for Myeongdong vault backfill.

Myungdong vault backfill should hierarchical compaction said. The typical thickness of less than 0.3M, both backfill surface height difference of not more than 0.5M. restored to the vault after the pack to design hierarchical compaction high, the use of machines rolling, Ramming must manually filled to vault over 1.0M before mechanical compaction . 7 .Construction safety and environmental control

Entrance to wear helmets to prevent crashes, in which the speed limit 5KM, lighting must be a 10-meter lights reckless goods stored material must be standardized and distributed under special guard.

Spoil venues must be smooth drainage, and must be masonry retaining wall to prevent flooding, debris flow forming.

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8. The construction process has to tackle the problems

Construction of two liner after water seepage treatment :

Small cracks with acrylic, water or slurry coating of epoxy resin and other caulking, a good effect; On the larger cracks, available on the 10th of cement mortar or cement mortar expansion caulking more appropriate and effective;

Large cracks (crack width greater than 5MM), (if leakage of water, available along the cutting machine cutting a wide cracks around 2~4CM small groove depth approximately 10CM above the water, Cutting a 5 × 5CM Cube holes room, then insert a pipe 4 × 4CM MF7 plastic Blind groove, Cutting together into good pressure tank, the introduction of vertical water drains, Finally, cement and water Glass closed mixed mortar cutting groove) without seepage, it is appropriate epoxy mortar, or grouting, Reinforced concrete and other reinforced jet.

IV. Example projects

NATM is from the introduction of the bolt and shotcrete a category of "active" support the new technology to promote the use began. Soon, the Chinese engineer on the tunnel not only in substance but also in terms of acceptance of the new Austrian law. To be held in China in the tunnel and underground engineering academic meeting, the new Austrian capital has become a hot topic.

Engineers of the new Austrian law relishes is justified : the use of new Austrian law, has been successful in soft rock and difficult conditions of the construction of various types of underground works.

Built on loose sand gravel stratum of Beijing Subway allowed back of the tunnel is a typical example. The tunnel is located in the main street-256, 358m long, the largest excavation section 9m high, 14.5m wide coverage stratigraphic top of the tunnel only minimum thickness 9.0m. Tunnel boring machine of excavation, strengthen the grid arch shotcrete initial support and advance small catheter care, Without prejudice to ground transportation, underground pipelines to ensure the safety of construction success.

In the works is the experience, knowledge of the Chinese engineers, the use of new Austrian law principles can be used in the Mountain Tunnel Mine Act to expand the scope of 12

application of the soft rock, even in the fourth strata of municipal shallow tunnel to replace the traditional method of digging or shield. In China, such a method called "shallow mining method."

Following allowed back lane tunnel, gravel in the same folder of alluvial gravel layer is shallow mining method used to build the span of 21.67m in the Xidan MTR stations.

Changan Avenue in the construction of the new Beijing metro line projects, shallow mining method has been selected as the main method of construction. For example, the Tiananmen Square in Beijing Metro West Point, 226m long, for two double-pole structure.

Guangzhou Metro East is shallow mining method used in the construction. Experience shows that from the ground environmental protection, surface subsidence of the dug system and the cost and time period perspective, Shallow Mining Act of open or with the shield are compared with a competitive edge.

Chinese engineers from Europe to the introduction of the new Austrian law, and in light of China's situation of the new Austrian law, and related technology expanding means of support, such as, measurement and control technology was further developed. As a new Austrian law an important background shotcrete technology in China has been widely used. With the international situation, in order to resolve the long-troubled people of dust pollution of the environment. Rebound serious and concrete uneven quality of such issues, and is vigorously implementing the wet spray. Recently by the China Academy of Railway Sciences Southwest Branch of the development of a "Rotor-Piston," a new type of jet aircraft. This type wet spraying process, which is to include the machines Mix Concrete Preparation good product mixture, However, material handling is different from the general-pumping wet spraying machine, using thin stream conveyor. Therefore machines compact and easy to use. Has been popularized in this country.

It is no exaggeration to say that the new Austrian law implementation has indeed caused a mining method in the construction of the excavation, Construction of the tunnel design, and even the thinking of the major changes. Nevertheless, it should be said that China's implementation of the new Austrian law is not satisfactory. In many works was no lack of examples of failure. In addition to construction management, quality control and technology related to grasp, and other reasons, is the main tunnel engineers sometimes NATM real lack of a proper understanding.

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For the "new Austrian law," the connotation of the word, people have an understanding of the development process. Just as the term itself - New Austrian Tunneling Method expressed in the , the new Austrian founder of the first as it is with a new supporting the tunnel construction method proposed. It was subsequently found that, NATM will stick to a particular method or specific technical support to implement it will be very much constrained. So, in some literature emphasized that the new Austrian law is a "concept" and "philosophy", "principle" or "channels" instead of a fixed concrete construction method or technology. Clarify this point, has important practical significance. Indeed, in some projects, As copy some of the new projects NATM method without specific attention in light of the works reflect the realities of the new Austrian law principles failure. I experienced a soft rock of special shallow tunnel construction in the use of the new Austrian law in the process of collapse had links surface of collapse. Various reasons, which is a copy of some Heights stress formation of the tunnel, Supporting the one-sided emphasis on the soft, emphasizing the initial support facilities for the latter to release as much as possible deformation, not for the timely implementation of secondary support.

So, what is the new concept of NATM connotation? It was reduced to 22, it was reduced to seven. In fact, only one, which is to protect the rock, and giving play to rock the capacity for self. From such a principle, under specific conditions tunnel flexibility to choose the excavation, blasting, Supporting forms, and supporting facilities for the opportunity and support for France. As for the rock deformation control under different circumstances, it should be stressed that the release of a restriction should be emphasized. Its purpose is to "protect the rock, and giving play to rock the capacity for self.

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新奥法设计原理在隧道施工中的应用及主要施工工艺

W.Broere

一、新奥法的设计原理

1、隧道设计施工的两大理论及其发展过程

二十世纪以来，人类对地下空间的需求越来越多，因而对地下工程的研究有了一个突飞猛进的发展。在大量的地下工程实践中，人们普遍认识到，隧道及地下洞室工程，其核心问题，都归结在开挖和支护两个关键工序上。即如何开挖，才能更有利于洞室的稳定和便于支护：若需支护时，又如何支护才能更有效地保证洞室稳定和便于开挖。这是隧道及地下工程中两个相互促进又相互制约的问题。

在隧道及地下洞室工程中，围绕着以上核心问题的实践和研究，在不同的时期，人们提出了不同的理论并逐步建立了不同的理论体系，每一种理论体系都包含和解决（或正在研究解决）了从工程认识（概念）、力学原理，工程措施到施工方法（工艺）等一系列工程问题。

一种理论是二十世纪20年代提出的传统的“松弛荷载理论”。其核心内容是：稳定的岩体有自稳能力，不产生荷载：不稳定的岩体则可能产生坍塌，需要用支护结构予以支撑。这样，作用在支护结构上的荷载就是围岩在一定范围内由于松弛并可能塌落的岩体重力。这是一种传统的理论，其代表人物有泰沙基和普氏等人。它类似于地面工程考虑问题的思想，至今仍被广泛的应用着。

另一种理论是二十世纪50年代提出的现代支护理论，或称“岩承理论”。其核心内容是：围岩稳定显然是岩体自身有承载自稳能力：不稳定围岩丧失稳定是有一个过程的，如果在这个过程中提供必要的帮助或限制，则围岩仍然能够进入稳定状态。这种理论体系的代表性人物有拉布西维兹、米勒-菲切尔、芬纳-塔罗勃和卡斯特奈等人。这是一种比较现代的理论，它已经脱离了地面工程考虑问题的思路，而更接近于地下工程实际，近半个世纪以来已被广泛接受和推广应用，并且表现出了广阔的发展前景。

由以上可以看出，前一种理论更注意结果和对结果的处理：而后一种理论则更注意过程和对过程的控制，即对围岩自承能力的充分利用。由于有此区别，因而两种理论体系在过程和方法上各自表现出不同的特点。新奥法是岩承理论在隧道工程实践中的代表方法。

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2、新奥法

新奥法即新奥地利隧道施工方法的简称，原文是New Austrian Tunnel-

ling Method,简称为NATM。它与法国称收敛约束法或有些国家所称动态观测设计施工法的基本原则一致。

新奥法概念是奥地利学者拉布西维兹教授于二十世纪50年代提出的。它是以既有隧道工程经验和岩体力学的理论为基础，将锚杆和喷射混凝土组合在一起作为主要支护手段的一种施工方法，经奥地利、瑞典、意大利等国的许多实践和理论研究，于60年代取得专利权并正式命名。之后这个方法在西欧、北欧、美国和日本等许多地下工程中获得极为迅速的发展，已成为现代隧道工程新技术的标志之一。我国近40年来，铁路等部门通过科研、设计、施工三结合，在许多隧道修建中，根据自己的特点成功地应用了新奥法，取得了较多的经验，积累了大量的数据，现已进入推广应用阶段。但在公路部门新奥法的应用仅为50%左右。目前新奥法几乎成为在软弱破碎围岩地段修建隧道的一种基本方法，技术经济效益是明显的。新奥法的基本要点可归纳如下：

（1）岩体是隧道结构体系中的主要承载单元，在施工中必须充分保护岩体，尽量减少对它的扰动，避免过度破坏岩体的强度。为此，施工中断面分块不宜过多，开挖应当采用光面爆破、预裂爆破或机械掘进。

（2）为了充分发挥岩体的承载能力，应允许并控制岩体的变形。一方面允许变形，使围岩中能形成承载环；另一方面又必须限制它，使岩体不致过度松弛而丧失或大大降低承载能力。在施工中应采用能与围岩密贴、及时筑砌又能随时加强的柔性支护结构，例如，锚喷支护等。这样，就能通过调整支护结构的强度、刚度和它参加工作的时间（包括闭合时间）来控制岩体的变形。

（3）为了改善支护结构的受力性能，施工中应尽快闭合，而成为封闭的筒形结构。另外，隧道断面形状应尽可能圆顺，以避免拐角处的应力集中。

（4）通过施工中对围岩和支护的动态观察、量测，合理安排施工程序、进行设计变更及日常的施工管理。

（5）为了敷设防水层，或为了承受由于锚杆锈蚀，围岩性质恶化、流变、膨胀所引起的后续荷载，可采用复合式衬砌。

（6）二次衬砌原则上是在围岩与初期支护变形基本稳定的条件下修筑的，围岩和支护结构形成一个整体，因而提高了支护体系的安全度。

上述新奥法的基本要点可扼要的概括为：“少扰动、早喷锚，勤量测、紧封闭”。 16

3、用一个弹簧来理解新奥法原理

（1）洞室边缘某一点A在开挖前具有原始应力（自重应力和构造应力）处于一个平衡状态。如同一根弹性刚度为K的弹簧，在P0作用下处于压缩平衡状态。

（2）洞室开挖后，A点在临空面失去约束，原始应力状态要调整，如果围岩的强度足够大，那么经过应力调整，洞室可处于稳定状态（不需支护）。然而大多数的地质情况是较差的，即洞室经过应力调整后，如不支护，就会产生收敛变形，甚至失稳（塌方），所以必须提供支护力PE，才能防止塌方失稳。等同于弹簧产生了变形u后，在PE作用又处于平衡状态。

（3）由力学平衡方程可知，弹簧在P0作用时处于平衡状态；弹簧在发生变形u后，在PE的作用下又处于平衡状态，假设弹簧的弹性系数为K，则有：

P0=PE+Ku

讨论：

① 当u=0时，P0=PE 即不允许围岩变形，采用刚性支护，不经济；

② 当u↑时，PE↓；当u↓时，PE↑。即围岩发生变形，可释放一定的荷载（卸荷作用），所以要允许围岩产生一定的变形，以充分发挥围岩的自承能力。是一种经济的支护措施，围岩的自稳能力P=P0-PE=Ku；

③ 当u=umax时，发生塌方，产生松驰荷载，不安全。

4、要点

（1）围岩是受洞室开挖影响的那一部分岩（土）体，围岩是三位一体的即：产生荷载、承载结构、建筑材料。

（2）隧道是修筑在应力岩体中的，具有特殊的建筑环境，不能等同于地面建筑。

（3）隧道结构体系=围岩+支护体系。

二、新奥法在公路施工中的基本方法

新奥法的特征之一是采用现场监控，量测信息指导施工，即通过对隧道施工中量测收据和对开挖面的地质观察等进行预测、预报和反馈。并根据已建立的量测为基准，对隧道施工方法、断面开挖步骤及顺序、初期支护的参数等进行合理调整，以保证施工安全，坑道围岩稳定、工程质量和支护结构的经济性等。笔者对承（承德）赤（赤峰）东线茅荆坝隧道采用新奥法基本施工方法作了调查总结，综合出公路隧道采用新奥法施工 17

的种类及选用不同基本施工方法的特点及注意事项。

1、隧道施工方法选择

隧道施工方法的选择，主要根据工程地质及水文地质条件、施工条件、围岩类别、隧道埋置深度、隧道断面尺寸大小和长度衬砌类型，应以施工安全为前提及以工程质量为核心，并结合隧道的使用功能，施工技术水平、施工机械装备、工期要求和经济可行性等因素综合考虑研究选用。

当选择施工方法因隧道施工对周围环境产生不利影响时，也应把隧道工程的环境条件作为选择施工方法的因素之一，同时应考虑围岩变化时施工方法的适用性及其变更的可能性，以免造成隧道工程失误和增加不必要的工程投资。采用新奥法施工时，还应考虑施工全过程中的辅助作业方式和对围岩变化的量测监控方法，以及隧道穿越特殊地质地段时的施工手段等进行合理的选择。

2、新奥法隧道施工方法方案

隧道新奥法施工常用方法大致分为全断面法、台阶法和分部开挖法三大类及若干变化方案。

（1）全断面法

即全断面开挖法，是指按设计开挖面一次开挖成型。其开挖顺序是全断面开挖，锚喷支护，灌筑砼衬砌。常选用于Ⅳ－Ⅵ类硬岩的石质隧道，该法可以采用深孔爆破。

全断面开挖法有较大的作业空间，有利于采用大型配套机械化作业，提高施工速度，且工序少、干扰少，便于施工组织和管理。缺点是由于开挖面积较大，围岩相对稳定性降低，且每循环工作量相对较大，因此就要求施工单位应具有较强的开挖、出渣与运输及支护能力，茅荆坝Ⅵ：V类围岩中采用了全断面开挖，达到了预期效果。

全断面施工开挖工作面大，钻爆施工效率较高，采用深眼爆破可加快掘进速度，且爆破对围岩的振动次数较少，有利于转帐岩稳定。缺点是每次深孔爆破震动较大。因此要求进行精心的钻爆设计和严格控制爆破作业。

全断面开挖法的主要工序是：使用移动式台车（或者台架），首先全断面一次钻孔，并进行装荷连线，然后将钻孔台车后退到50m以外的安全地点，再起爆，使一次爆破成型，出渣后钻孔台车再推移至开挖面就位，开始下一个钻爆作业循环，同时进行锚喷支护或先墙拱后衬砌。

（3）台阶法

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台阶法一般是将设计断面分成上半断面和下半断面两次开挖成型。其开挖顺序是上半部开挖拱部锚杆喷射砼支护，拱部衬砌，下半部中央部分开挖，边墙部分开挖，边墙锚杆喷射砼支护及衬砌。该方法多适用于Ⅱ、Ⅲ类较软而节理发育的围岩中，可分别采用添中变化方案。

长台阶法：上下台阶距离较远，一般上台阶超前50m以上，施工中上下部可配属同较大型机械进行平行作业，当机械不足时可以交替使用，当遇短隧道时，可将上部断面全部挖通后，再挖下断面，该法施工时干扰较少，可进行单工序作业。

短台阶法：上台阶长度5－50m，适用于Ⅱ、Ⅲ类围岩，可缩短仰拱封闭时间，改善初期支护受力条件，但施工干扰较大，当遇到软弱围岩时需慎重考虑，必要时应采用辅助开挖措施稳定开挖面，以保证施工安全。

超短台阶法：上台阶仅超前3－5m，断面闭合较快。此法多用于机械化程度不高的各类围岩地段，当遇到软弱围攻岩时需慎重考虑，必要时应采用辅助施工措施稳定开挖工作面，以确保施工安全。

台阶开挖的特点在于，一是台阶开挖宜采用轻型凿岩机打眼，而不宜采用大型凿岩台车。二是台阶法开挖具有足够的作业空间和较快的施工速度。台阶有利于开挖面的稳定性。尤其是上部开挖支护后，下部作业较为安全。三是台阶法开挖的缺点是上下部作业互相干扰。应注意下部作业时对上部稳定性的影响，台阶开挖会增加对围岩的扰动次数。

（4）分部开挖法。

分部开挖法可分为五种变化方案：台阶分部开挖法、上下导坑法、上导坑超前开挖法、单（双）侧壁导坑法。是将开挖断面进行分部开挖逐部成型，并且将某部分超前开挖，故此可称为导坑超前开挖法。

台阶分部法：适用于一般土质或易坍塌的软弱围岩地段，其优点与超台阶法相比，台阶可以加长，一般双车道隧道为1倍洞跨，单车道隧道为2倍洞跨；而较单（双）侧臂导坑法机械化程度高，可加快工程进度。

上下导坑超前开挖法（即上下导坑先拱后墙法）：此法适用于Ⅱ、Ⅲ类围岩，在松软地层开挖隧道，一般宜采用上下导坑超前开挖先拱后墙法。其优点是：导坑超前开挖，利用提前探明地质情况，便于改变施工方法。工作面多，便于拉开工序，适用于安排劳动力与使用小型机械施工。该方法缺点：上下导坑断面小，则施工速度慢，施工工序较多，使施工组织和管理难度大。

单侧臂导坑法：围岩稳定性较差，隧道跨度较大，地面沉陷难以控制时采用此方法。 19

其特点是：有正台阶法和双臂导坑法的优点。

双侧臂导坑法：适用于浅埋大跨度隧道，地表下沉量要求严格，围岩特别差时采用。此法优点是：施工安全可靠，但施工速度较慢，造价高。

三、隧道主要施工工艺

1、洞口段施工

（1）边仰坡开挖：

全站仪测量放样，利用挖掘机自上而下逐段开挖，不得掏底开挖或上下重叠开挖，清除洞口与上方有可能滑塌的表土，灌木及山坡危石等，石质地层仰坡开挖需要爆破时，应以浅眼松动爆破为主。局部也可人工配合修整，开挖时应随时检查边坡和仰坡，如有滑动、开裂等现象，应适当放缓坡度。

（2）成洞面支护：

仰坡刷坡完成后，及时用坡度板检查坡度，待坡度检查合格后，及时打设系统锚杆，并将锚杆头外露，挂设金属扩张网与锚杆头焊接成整体。挂网完成后立即喷射混凝土，并反复喷射，直到达到设计厚度为止。

（3）截水沟施工：

在距仰坡坡口5米处开挖截水沟，截水沟开挖以机械为主，人工配合修整，修整完后，立即砌筑7.5#浆砌片石，并用砂浆抹面。

2、辅助施工

（1）长管棚

套拱施工：施工放样，模板安装、钢筋绑扎、导向管放样，127导向管安装，砼浇注。

钢管规格：热扎无缝钢管￠108㎜，壁厚6㎜，节长3米，6米；

n 管距：环向间距50㎝；

n 倾角：仰角1°（实际施工按2°施工），方向与线路中线平行；

n 钢管施工误差：径向不大于20㎝；

n 隧道纵向同一截面内接头数不大于50%，相邻钢管的接头至少错开1米。

A 管棚施工方法

测量人员准确放样，标出洞中心线及拱顶标高，开挖预留核心土作为管棚施工的工 20

作平台，开挖进尺为2.5米，开挖结束后，人工两边对称开挖（品字型）工作平台，台阶宽度1.5米，高度2.0米，作为施工套拱和管棚施钻的平台。管棚应按设计位置施工，应先打有孔钢花管，注浆后在打无孔钢花管，无孔管可作为检查管，检查注浆质量，钻机立轴方向必须准确控制，以保证孔口的孔向正确，每钻完一孔便顶进一根钢管，钻进中应经常采用测斜仪量测钢管钻进的偏斜度，发现偏斜超过设计要求，及时纠正。钢管接头采用丝扣连接，丝扣长15㎝，为使钢管接头错开，编号为奇数的第一节管采用3米钢管，编号为偶数的第一节管采用6米钢管，以后每节均采用6米长钢管.

B 管棚施工机械

n 钻孔机械：配备XY-28-300电动钻机，钻进并顶进长管棚；

n 注浆机械：BW-250/50型注浆泵2台；

n 采用水泥-水玻璃浆液。水泥浆与水玻璃体积比1：0.5；水泥浆水灰比1：1；水玻璃浓度35波美度；水玻璃模数2.4；注浆压力初压0.5~1.0MPA；终压2.0MPA。

（2）小导管

A 超前小导管采用外径42㎜、壁厚3.5㎜的热扎无缝钢管，钢管前端呈尖锥状，尾部焊上￠6加劲箍，管壁四周钻8㎜压浆孔，但尾部有1米不设压浆孔，超前小导管施工时，钢管与衬砌中心线平行以10°~30°外插角打入拱部围岩，钢管环向间距20~50㎝。每打完一排钢管后，应立即喷浆封闭开挖面,然后注浆.注浆后，架设钢拱架，初期支护完成后，每隔（2~3米，试图纸而定）再另打一排钢管，超前小导管搭接长度一般为1.0米。

B 注浆参数：

n 水泥浆与水玻璃体积比：1：0.5；

n 水泥浆水灰比1：1；

n 水玻璃浓度35波美度；水玻璃模数2.4；

n 注浆压力0.5~1.0MPA；必要时在孔口设置止浆塞。

（3）超前锚杆

外插角必须大于14度，注浆饱满，搭接长度不小于1米。

3、预埋件施工

预埋件按设计尺寸采用木版作成设计形状，安装于二衬魔板台车中，且位置准确（误差±50CM），固定牢固不得晃动，有管的必须中间穿铁丝通过。

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4、调平层施工

模板安装的要求，在调平层两侧预先标定的位置上安装模板。侧模采用[10#槽钢模板，顶面标高应与相应里程的路面标高一致，允许偏差±2mm，用水准测量调整、确定标高。模板每隔一定距离内外固定，保证不位移，模板的接头应紧密平顺，不得有离缝、歪斜和不平整等现象，模板接头及底部均不得漏浆。砼灌注前，底层砼面上必须清洗干净。当砼运达施工地点时，直接倒向安装好模的路槽内，并用人工找补均匀。摊铺时应考虑砼震捣后的沉降量。虚高可高出10%，使震实后的面层标高与设计相符。砼震捣时靠近边角等处用插入式震捣器顺序震捣；用平板式震捣器纵横交错全面震捣，每个位置的捣时间以砼不再下沉，不再冒出大量气泡，并以在表面出现水泥砂浆为准，一般不少于15s，亦不宜过长；然后用震捣梁沿纵向震捣拖平，多余的砼随着震捣梁的拖移被刮去，低陷处则应随时找平震实；最后用直径75~100mm的无缝钢管滚压，作进一步整平。严禁在刚做好的面层上洒水、撒水泥。

5、水、电缆沟施工

安设沟墙钢筋，要求位置准确，必须挂线施工。安设沟墙摸板，要求摸板位置准确，纵向一条线。最大矢度不大于3㎜，模板面与沟墙顶面齐，经检查合格后方可灌注砼，在靠原边墙侧部分必须凿毛，并注意预埋件的位置准确。模板采用定型摸板。

6、洞门施工

清理现场，进行施工放样。按设计尺寸要求挖端墙基础。砌筑M7.5#浆砌片石。 模板安装，要求摸板位置准确，纵向一条线，并及时检查模板坡度。浇注砼15#片石砼，待砼强度达到70%以上进行明洞拱顶回填。

明洞拱顶回填应对称分层夯实。每层厚度不大于0.3M，其两侧回填面高差不大于0.5M，回填至拱顶平齐后分层压实至设计高度，使用机械碾压时，必须用人工夯填至拱顶1.0M以上，方可采用机械夯实。

7、施工过程安全及环保的控制

进洞必须佩带安全帽、防止坠落，洞内车速限制5KM、照明必须每10米一灯、火攻品材料存放必须规范，派专人看管。

弃渣场地必须排水通畅、且必须砌筑挡墙，防止洪水，形成泥石流。

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8、施工过程中已发生问题的处理

二衬施工完毕后渗水的处理：

细小裂缝用丙烯酸、水泥浆或环氧树脂等涂刷和嵌缝，效果较理想；

对较大裂缝，可用10号水泥砂浆或膨胀水泥砂浆嵌缝较合适有效；

对大裂缝（缝宽大于5MM），（若有渗漏水，可用切割机沿裂缝切割一宽2~4CM左右小槽深度大约10CM以上，在水源处，切割一5×5CM立方的小洞室，然后把水管插入一块4×4CM MF7塑料盲沟内，一同压入切割好的槽内，把水引入纵向排水沟，最后用水泥与水玻漓混合砂浆封闭切割槽）若无渗水，宜用环氧树脂砂浆，或采用压浆、钢筋网喷射砼等补强。

四、工程实例

新奥法的引进是从锚杆和喷混凝土一类“主动型”的新型支护技术的推广使用开始的。很快地，中国的隧道工程师就不但在实质上而且在名词上接受了新奥法。在国内举行的隧道及地下工程学术会议上，新奥经常成为热门话题。

工程师们对新奥法的津津乐道是有理由的：运用新奥法原则，已经成功地在软弱围岩中和困难条件下修建了各种类型的地下工程。

修建在砂夹砾石松散地层中的北京地铁复兴门折返段隧道就是一个典型的例子。该隧道位于北京最主要的街道—长安街下，长358m，最大开挖断面高9m，宽14.5m隧道顶部复盖地层最小厚度仅9.0m。隧道采用部份断面掘进机开挖，格栅拱加强的喷混凝土初期支护以及小导管预支护，在不影响地面交通，确保地下管线安全的情况下修建成功。

在这个工程中所取得的经验，使中国工程师认识到，运用新奥法原则可以将一般用于山岭隧道的矿山法的应用范围拓展到在软弱围岩，甚至于在第四系地层中的浅埋市政隧道以取代传统的明挖法或盾构法。在中国，这种方法称之为“浅埋矿山法”。

继复兴门折返线隧道以后，同样在砾夹卵石的冲积层中又用浅埋矿山法修建了跨度为21.67m的西单地铁车站。

在修建位于长安街下的北京地铁新线工程时,浅埋矿山法被选择为主要的施工方法。例如，北京地铁天安门西站，长226m，为双层两柱式结构。

广州地铁东段也是采用浅埋矿山法修建的。经验证明，从地面环境的保护,地表沉降的挖制，以及造价、工期等角度看，浅埋矿山法同明挖法或盾构法相比都具有一定的竞争力。

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中国工程师从欧洲引进了新奥法，并且结合中国的情况对新奥法及其相关技术，诸如支扩手段，量测和监控技术等作了进一步的开发。作为新奥法的一项重要背景技术的喷混凝土在中国已经被广泛使用。同国际上的情况一样，为了解决长期以来困扰着人们的粉尘污染环境，回弹严重以及混凝土品质的不均匀性等问题，正在大力推行湿喷工艺。最近由铁道科学研究院西南分院开发了一种“转子—活塞”型的新型喷射机，这种机型采用湿喷工艺，即往机器中加入按配合比制备好的成品混凝土拌和料，但物料输送又区别于一般的泵送式湿喷机，采用稀薄流输送方式。因此机器结构紧凑，使用方便。目前已在国内推广。

可以毫不夸张地说，新奥法的推行确实引起了矿山法修建技术在开挖方法、施工技术乃至于隧道设计思想方面的重大变革。尽管如此，仍然应该说我国推行新奥法的情况并不尽如人意。在诸多工程中也不乏失败的实例。除了施工管理、质量控制和相关技术的掌握等方面的原因外，主要在于隧道工程师们有时对新奥法的实质缺乏正确的理解。

对于“新奥法”一词的内涵，人们的认识有一个发展的过程。诚如它的名词本身—New Austrian Tunnelling Method所表述的那样，新奥法的创始人最初是将它作为一种同新型支护相关的隧道修建方法提出来的。但后来发现，将新奥法拘泥于一种特定的施工方法或具体的支护技术将会使其推行受到很大的局限。于是，在一些文献中强调新奥法是一种“概念”、“哲学”、“原则”或“途径”，而不是一种固定不变的具体施工方法或技术。阐明这一点，有重要的现实意义。事实上，在一些工程中，由于照搬某些新奥法工程中具体施工方法而不注意结合本工程的实际来体现新奥法的原则而遭到失败。我本人经历过一个软弱围岩中的特浅埋隧道施工，在使用新奥法的过程中曾发生坍通地表的大坍塌。其原因种种，其中有一条就是照搬某些高地应力地层中隧道的做法，片面强调支护的柔性，强调在初期支护施作后要尽可能让变形释放，而没有及时施作二次支护。

那么，什么是新奥法概念的内涵？有人归结为22条，有人归结为7条。其实，只有一条，那就是保护围岩，调动和发挥围岩的自承能力。从这样一个原则出发，可以根据隧道工程具体条件灵活地选择开挖方法、爆破技术、支护形式、支护施作时机和辅助工法。至于对围岩变形的控制，根据不同情况，有时应强调释放，有时应强调限制。其目的都是为了“保护围岩，调动和发挥围岩的自承能力。

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