gmat语法全总结

GMAT 个人语法笔记说明

本笔记全面覆盖PREP2008 所有知识点， Manhattan 所有语法点，新东方丽丽所讲的我个人觉得靠谱的语法点，管卫东语法点以及平时真题时遇到的语法点，有很强的覆盖性！

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需要提醒各位，GMAC最近加大了逻辑和语义的考察力度，在做题中一定要加强逻辑和语义的判断！语法只能作为提速和初步判断的工具！切记！

Like 用法总结

一． Like 用法三原则

原则一：like比较的是名词和名词。要找准比较对象。

原则二：Just like 是wordy, like就可以了。Like**, **also 也是redundant。原则三：要把like的句子改写成as（连词）引导的从句的话，要补上从句的谓语动词（或助动词），并且该动词和主句的动词应该没有逻辑上的矛盾。

二. Like九条及例题

woodorstone总结得挺好。我自己也总结了9条，改了改发出来，一家之言，仅供参考。例子太长，没贴，可根据文中题号，到大全987和og里找到。

1. as作连词，like作介词时，才可表示”象...一样”

2. like 和 as 的优缺点

like优点是，直接接名词，简洁，比as灵活，象得没as那么象。但有时太灵活以至导致歧义(e.g.,og060.A)。相比之下as的优点是准确，缺点是过于死板，以致于有

时导致逻辑上不通。（e.g.,og119.C)

3. like 常用于比较名词，作独立成分，大部分时候出现在句首。(e.g.,og091)但like+n.也可作表语 (looks like, reads like (e.g.,大全568))，或普通状语（说普通是区分独立成分）(v.+like+n.,e.g., og119)。平时我们说“work like a dog”,即属此类。

4.当like+n.作状语时，象所有的介词短语作状语一样，要考虑它在句中的位置和用来修饰什么，不可导致歧义。

5. 当like+n.作状语时，感觉GMAT接受v.+like+n.，很少用v.+n.+like+n.,除非是固定用法（如：treat...like... （大全310））。例如下面的句子，GMAT会认为confusing：

Tom drives his car like a tank. （drive like a tank, or car like a tank?）

6. like, as, 和 as if。当用as和like都感觉不舒服时，用as if＋虚拟语气，尤其用于和假设的事物或事实比较。

如上面的句子用as不行，因为Tom drives his car as he drives a tank。显然不妥，因为Tom未必开坦克。但可以这么说：Tom drives his car as if it were a tank。（大全310）

7. "n1, like n2" 和 "n1, such as n2"。表“比如...”，只能用such as；而表“象...”时，用like。或说，当n2是n1的子集时，用such as；当n1和n2为平行可比物时，用like。记住such as一般对，也小心“大全229”那样的陷阱。

8. "like this/these" 和 "sth. of this kind"，改成"such+n." （e.g.，大全792）

9. like和unlike。unlike只作独立成分和表语，没见过unlike作普通状语。He works unlike a dog (别扭)。注意 "is not unlike" 表强调，不要改成"is like"。（e.g., og051)

例：

og091：like独立成分，平行比较

og060，大全844，大全045：like 歧义

og119/og189：v.+like 普通状语，as过于死板

大全310/大全973： as if，treat...like

大全568：系表结构，read like...

大全792：like these => such+n.

大全229：表“象..”，用like，不用such as

og208：表“比如...”，只能用such as，不用like

三．OG对like的讲解

1.Like many self-taught artists, Perle Hessing did not begin to paint until she was well into middle age.

(A) Like

(B) As have

(D) Just like（A）

(E) As did

Choice A, the best answer, is concise and grammatically correct, using the

comparative preposition like to express the comparison between many self-taught artists and Perle Hessing. Choices B and E, which replace A’s prepositional

phrase with clauses introduced by as, use auxiliary verbs that cannot properly be completed by any part of the verb phrase in the main clause: neither have... did not begin nor did... did not begin is logically or grammatically sound. In C and D, Just as with and Just like are both unnecessary wordy.

2. Like Auden, the language of James Merrill is chatty, arch, and

conversational—given to complex syntactic flights as well as to prosaic free-verse strolls.

(A) Like Auden, the language of James Merrill

(B) Like Auden, James Merrill’s language

(D) As with Auden, James Merrill’s language（C）

(E) As is Auden’s the language of James Merrill

At issue is a comparison of Auden’s language with Merrill’s language. Only C, the best choice, uses the elliptical like Auden’s (language being understood), to compare Auden’s language with Merrill’s language. A, B, and D compare Auden (the person) with Merrill’s language. Choice E is awkward and unidiomatic.

3. Like their male counterparts, women scientists are above average in terms of intelligence and creativity, but unlike men of science, their female counterparts have had to work against the grain of occupational stereotyping to enter a ―man’s world.‖

(A) their female counterparts have had to work

(B) their problem is working

(D) the handicap women of science have had is to work（E）

(E) women of science have had to work

E is the best choice. The meaning is clear despite the relative complexity of the sentence, the comparison of women with men is logical, and parallelism is

maintained throughout. In A, the construction unlike men of science, their female

counterparts violates rules of parallelism and syntax. It would best be rendered as unlike men of science, women of science.... Choice B incorrectly suggests that a comparison is being made between men of science and a. problem faced by female scientists. In C, the lengthy separation between women and they makes the pronoun reference vague, and the comparison between men of science and one thing (rather than women of science) is faulty. The phrasing is unnecessarily wordy as well. Choice D introduces unnecessary redundancy and awkwardness with the construction the handicap women... have had is to work. Choice D also incorrectly compares male scientists with a handicap faced by female scientists.

4. Like Rousseau, Tolstoi rebelled against the unnatural complexity of human relations in modern society.

(A) Like Rousseau, Tolstoi rebelled

(B) Like Rousseau, Tolstoi’s rebellion was

(D) As did Rousseau, Tolstoi’s rebellion was（A）

(E) Tolstoi’s rebellion, as Rousseau’s, was

In choice A, the best answer, a clear and logical comparison is made between Rousseau and Tolstoi. Choice B illogically compares a person, Rousseau, to an event, Tolstoi’s rebellion. Also, Tolstoi’s rebellion was against is less direct than Tolstoi rebelled against. Inserting did after As would make C grammatical. Because As is a conjunction, it must introduce a clause; hence the noun Rousseau must have a verb. Choice D compares an implied action (As did

Rousseau) with a noun (Tolstoi’s rebellion). Choice E is awkwardly formed, and like is needed in place of as to compare two nouns (rebellion is understood after Rousseau’s). Also, Tolstoi’s rebellion... was against is less direct than Tolstoi rebelled against.

5. Like the one reputed to live in Loch Ness, also an inland lake connected to the ocean by a river, inhabitants of the area around Lake Champlain claim sightings of a long and narrow ―sea monster.‖

(A) Like the one reputed to live in Loch Ness, also an inland lake connected to the ocean by a river, inhabitants of the area around Lake Champlain claim sightings of a long and narrow ―sea monster.

(B) Inhabitants of the area around Lake Champlain claim sightings of a long and narrow ―sea monster‖ similar to the one reputed to live in Loch Ness, which, like Lake Champlain, is an inland lake connected to the ocean by a river.

(C) Inhabitants of the area around Lake Champlain claim sightings of a long and narrow ―sea monster‖ similar to Loch Ness’s, which, like Lake Champlain, is an

inland lake connected to the ocean by a river.

(D) Like Loch Ness’ reputed monster, inhabitants of the area around Lake

Champlain, also an inland lake connected to the ocean by a river, claim sightings of a long and narrow ―sea monster.‖（B）

(E) Similar to that reputed to live in Loch Ness, inhabitants of the area around Lake Champlain, also an inland lake connected to the ocean by a river, claim sightings of a long and narrow ―sea monster.‖

Choice A, D and E illogically compare the monster reputed to live in Loch Ness to the inhabitants of the area around Lake Champlain, not to the monster that some local inhabitants claim to have sighted. Furthermore, in E the phrase Similar to that reputed to live in Loch Ness is needlessly wordy and indirect. C is faulty because the pronoun which would refer to Loch Ness, not to the ―sea monster‖ similar to Loch Ness’s. B, the best choice, uses which correctly and makes a logical comparison. The question is a little easier than middle difficulty.

6. Like Byron at Missolonghi, Jack London was slowly killed by the mistakes of the medical men who treated him.

(A) Like Byron

(B) Like Byron’s death

(D) Similar to Byron（A）

(E) As did Byron

Choice A correctly compares two persons, Byron and Jack London. Choice B illogically compares Byron’s death to London. Choice C does not compare one person to another and could be read as saying Just at the time that Byron died. Choice D misstates the idea: the point is not that London was similar to Byron but that he was like Byron in the manner of his death. In choice E, did cannot grammatically be substituted for was in the phrase was slowly killed. This question is a little more difficult than the average.

7. Like Haydn, Schubert wrote a great deal for the stage, but he is

remembered principally for his chamber and concert-hall music.

(A) Like Haydn, Schubert

(B) Like Haydn, Schubert also

(D) As did Haydn, Schubert also（A）

(E) As Haydn did, Schubert also

Choice A is correct. In B, also is redundant after Like, which establishes the

similarity between Haydn and Schubert. As in choices C, D, and E is not idiomatic in a comparison of persons; has in C wrongly suggests that the action was recently completed; and also in D and E is superfluous. This question is a little more difficult than the average.

三．大全like 题目练习

1. Like Byron at Missolonghi, Jack London was slowly killed by the mistakes of the medical men who treated him.

(A) Like Byron

(B) Like Byron’s death

(D) Similar to Byron（A）

(E) As did Byron

2. Like Edvard Grieg, whom the Scandinavians long refused to recognize, the Italians’ disregard for Verdi persisted for a decade after his critical acclaim in France and Austria.

(A) Like Edvard Grieg, whom the Scandinavians long refused to recognize,

(B) Like Edvard Grieg, who the Scandinavians long refused to recognize,

(D) Just as the Scandinavians long refused to recognize Edvard Grieg, so（E） (E) Like the Scandinavians’ long refusal to recognize Edvard Grieg,

3. Like Haydn, Schubert wrote a great deal for the stage, but he is remembered principally for his chamber and concert-hall music.

(A) Like Haydn, Schubert

(B) Like Haydn, Schubert also

(D) As did Haydn, Schubert also（A）

(E) As Haydn did, Schubert also

4. Like John McPhee’s works, Ann Beattie painstakingly assembles in her works an interesting and complete world out of hundreds of tiny details about a seemingly uninteresting subject.

(A) Like John McPhee’s works, Ann Beattie painstakingly assembles in her works

(B) Like John McPhee, Ann Beattie’s works painstakingly assemble

(D) Just as John McPhee’s, so Ann Beattie’s works painstakingly assemble（C） (E) Just as John McPhee, Ann Beattie painstakingly assembles in her works

5. Like many others of his generation of Native American leaders, Joseph Brant lived in two worlds; born into an Iroquois community and instructed in traditional Iroquois ways, he also received an education from English-speaking teachers.

(A) Like many others of his generation of Native American leaders, Joseph Brant lived in two worlds;

(B) Like many others of his generation of Native American leaders, living in two worlds, Joseph Brant was

(D) As with many others of his generation of Native American leaders, living in two worlds, Joseph Brant was（A）

(E) As with many another of his generation of Native American leaders, Joseph Brant lived in two worlds;

6. Like many self-taught artists, Perle Hessing did not begin to paint until she was well into middle age.

(A) Like

(B) As have

(D) Just like（A）

(E) As did

7. Like other educators who prefer to substitute anthologies of short stories or collections of popular essays to dull ―basal readers,‖ Ms. Burton emphasizes how important it is to enjoy good literature.

(A) to dull ―basal readers,‖ Ms. Burton emphasizes how important it is to enjoy

(B) for dull ―basal readers,‖ Ms. Burton emphasizes the importance of enjoying

(D) for dull ―basal readers,‖ Ms. Burton’s emphasis is that it is important to enjoy

（B）

(E) to dull ―basal readers,‖ Ms. Burton’s emphasis is on the importance of enjoying

8. Like Rousseau, Tolstoi rebelled against the unnatural complexity of human relations in modern society.

(A) Like Rousseau, Tolstoi rebelled

(B) Like Rousseau, Tolstoi’s rebellion was

(D) As did Rousseau, Tolstoi’s rebellion was（A）

(E) Tolstoi’s rebellion, as Rousseau’s, was 9. Like the 1890s Populists who exalted the rural myth, so urban leaders of the 1990s are trying to glorify the urban myth.

(A) Like the 1890s Populists who exalted the rural myth,

(B) Just as the Populists of the 1890s exalted the rural myth,

(D) Just like the rural myth was exalted by the Populists of the 1890s（B） (E) Populists of the 1890s were exalting the rural myth, and

10.Like the color-discriminating apparatus of the human eye, insects’ eyes depend on recording and comparing light intensities in three regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

(A) insects’ eyes depend on

(B) an insect eye depends on

(D) that of an insect’s eye depends on（D）

(E) that of an insect’s is dependent on the

11. Like the government that came before it, which set new records for growth, laissez-faire capitalism is the cornerstone of the new government.

(A) laissez-faire capitalism is the cornerstone of the new government

(B) the cornerstone of the new government is laissez-faire capitalism

(D) the new government has made laissez-faire capitalism its cornerstone（D） (E) the new government has a laissez-faire cornerstone of capitalism

12. Like the one reputed to live in Loch Ness, also an inland lake connected to the ocean by a river, inhabitants of the area around Lake Champlain claim sightings of a long and narrow ―sea monster.‖

(C) Inhabitants of the area around Lake Champlain claim sightings of a long and narrow ―sea monster‖ similar to Loch Ness’s, which, like Lake Champlain, is an

inland lake connected to the ocean by a river.

(D) Like Loch Ness’ reputed monster, inhabitants of the area around Lake

Champlain, also an inland lake connected to the ocean by a river, claim sightings of a long and narrow ―sea monster.‖（B）

13. Like their male counterparts, women scientists are above average in terms of intelligence and creativity, but unlike men of science, their female counterparts have had to work against the grain of occupational stereotyping to enter a ―man’s world.‖

(A) their female counterparts have had to work

(B) their problem is working

(D) the handicap women of science have had is to work（E）

(E) women of science have had to work

14. As virtually all the nation’s 50 busiest airports are, New York’s were built for an age of propellers, before jet planes weighing 800,000 pounds needed over two miles of runway.

(A) As virtually all the nation’s 50 busiest airports are

(B) As with virtually all of the nation’s 50 busiest airports

(D) Like the cities where virtually all the nation’s 50 busiest airports are（C） (E) Like other cities where virtually all the nation’s 50 busiest airports are

15. Just as the European countries of the early eighteenth century sought to exploit the resources of our continent, so too are we now attempting to extract energy and minerals from the ocean bed.

(A) Just as the European countries of the early eighteenth century sought to exploit the resources of our continent, so too

(B) The European countries of the early eighteenth century sought to exploit the resources of our continent, and in a similar way

(C) Like the case of the European countries of the early eighteenth century who sought to exploit the resources of our continent, so too

(D) As in the exploitation of the resources of our continent by European countries of the early eighteenth century（A）

(E) Similar to the European countries which sought in the early eighteenth century to exploit the resources of our continent

number/numbers 用法小结

几种用法之间区别：非核心词与核心词；number的意义；number与相关成分的单复数一致关系。

1) a number of / numbers of + 可数名词复数 + 动词复数

可以理解为量词结构，a number of表示一些，numbers of表示大量。of后面的复数名词才是核心词，谓语动词因此总是复数

Manystudents arrived early, but only a number of them worked on their exercises. The lake produces a good number of (=a lot of) salmon

each season.

Numbersof birds fly across the lake.

另外：any number of 用于非正式场合，表示大量

There could be any number of (=many) reasons why she's

late.

2) the number of + 可数名词复数 + 动词单数: number是核心词，可以被具体的一个数字

表示可数物品累积起来的数量, 可数名词需用复数形式

这时number是核心词，可以被具体化为一个数字，如50或者100，谓语动词因此总是单数

The number of students who participated the interview was 100.

Today’s case brings the number of successful

prosecutions in the region to thirty-four.

[这里有个疑问有待考证：是否可以从例子派生出The numbers of girl and boy students are

respectively 30 and 70? 如果可以，则规则为：the number(s) of + n.(总是复数) + v.(单数或者复数-取决于number的形式)]。

OG-verbal-5. A Labor

Department study states that the (D) number of women employed outside the home increased by more than thirty-fivepercent in the past decade and accounted for more than sixty-two percent of the total growth in the civilian work force.

492. Los Angeles has (C) a higher number of family dwellings per capita than does any other large city.

有人问为什么不选(D) higher numbers

of family dwellings per capita than do other large cities. ETS：the

plural numbers is incorrect in that there is only a single number of

such dwellings.

这题是什么时候用单数，什么时候用复数number的好例证：ETS的意思是，因为人均住房面积只用一个数值就可以表示了，例如20平方米/人，即number 就是这个数，所以number 和对应谓语动词都用单数。另外，比较级higher表示将LA的number 和其他城市相应的number相比：one number is larger/greater than the other number.

3) numbers作为核心词，表示可以被具体化的几个数

530. (D) New Jersey has one of the five highest numbers of reported cases of Lyme disease in the United States.

908. Upset by the recent

downturn in production numbers during the first half of the year, (E)

the board of directors, at its quarterly meeting, raised the possibility of

adding worker incentives. 因为每个公司的生产指标有很多，所以用复数形式的production numbers。比较题No.492，在那里family dwellings per capita只可以被具体化为一个数。这些情况下，如果明确知道有多个数字，就用numbers。再例如Don't

judge a team by its numbers.不能仅仅从数字（指标）上判断一个队（的好坏）。如NBA队伍中每个球员都有rebound, assist, turnover, score等指标，球队有胜率，排名等指标。这些指标就是由多个数字表达的，所以即使team是单数，但是its + numbers是最合理的。上面的句子也可以改写为：Don’t judge a team by those numbers listed on its website.

4) numbers作为核心词，但可以被具体化的几个数倾向不明显

OG-verbal-72.

gmat语法全总结

是number的复数形式，而不是什么固定用法。

TTGWD9-Q7:

In Scotland, the (E) wild salmon’s numbers have been reduced by uncontrolled deep-sea and coastal netting, by pollution, and by various other threats to the fish’s habitat.

另外，一些讨论中说：numbers是复数做―人数，鸟群‖讲。Longman字典：Visitor numbers increase in the summer. 游客人数在夏季增加。现代英汉词典：Birds gather in large numbers beside the river.鸟儿一群群地聚在河边。但是显然后面一个例子中in large numbers是做副词用，参见5)。这一类用法是最难的，还没有找到最有说服力的解释。但是作题的时候，我们可以借用其他方面的线索，排除错误项

5) in number(s) 惯用法: 如downturn/decline in number(s)，表示在数量指标方面 In number adv., prep., n.总共，在数目上 They were printed in limited numbers. Young people have been leaving the countryside in large numbers for urban areas. [leave … for …]

The condors have dwindled to an estimated sixty in number.

48(non-OG).

The golden crab of the Gulf of Mexico has not been fished commercially in great numbers,

primarily (C) because it lives at great depths – 2,500 to 3,000 feet down.

gmat语法全总结

这题主要是考察逻辑关系：black-footed ferrets (is) common throughout …, 只有A正确。er 或者in numbers在某些情况下，并不需要严格区分，毕竟GMAT时要求找最佳答案。或许550中用numbers也没错。

6) the number (s) of + 名词单数或者复数 + 动词单数或者复数，表示标号，数字标识这时number是核心词，number、物品、谓语动词三者的单/复数形式要一致

The numbers of the machine parts A and B are respectively 201 and 203.

机器零件A和B的标号分别是201和203。

派生出The number of machine part A is 201.

这时number与numbers互为单复数的关系。注意，这里。

The numbers of the machine parts are not available. 这些机器零件的号码找不到了。

其他用法：

beyond

number = too many to count: 数不胜数: grains of sand beyond number. 数不胜数的沙粒。

numbers作为复数形式，用在短语中：play the numbers 玩赌字的游戏，the numbers game number– a piece of musical: sang several numbers from the OPERA.

动词用法：number v.

1计数；The books in the library number in the thousands。图书馆里的书数以千计。[see also

#5]

2包含在内；Several eminent scientists number among his friends.他朋友中有几位杰出科学家。

3给…标号；The pages of the book were numbered 1 to 268.

相关题：

712. The commission acknowledged that (D) neither vast amounts of money nor a large staff can ensure the safety of people who live in the vicinity of a nuclear plant, but it approved the installation because it believed that all reasonable precautions had been

taken.

其中(C) neither vast amounts of money nor numbers of staff members 的后半部分不通：staff 可以看作集体名词，用a large staff结构最好。ETS: in choice C it is not certain whether vast modifies amounts only or amounts and numbers.

When引导的名词从句

there's nothing ungrammatical about 'from when', because the clause starting with 'when' is a perfectly legitimate noun clause (i.e., 'when agriculture began' serves as a noun. however:

- it's possible that the gmat does consider such constructions wrong; the only way to tell is to see if they say so in any official answer choices

- regardless of where the gmat stands on the issue, 'the beginning of agriculture' is unquestionably better than 'when agriculture began' (i.e., an actual noun is almost always superior to a circuitous noun clause, when possible)

代词that 的用法补充

you can't use 'that' in this sort of construction, because

constructions using 'that of' (or other preposition after 'that') must have EXACTLY parallel structures. in other words, if the second half says 'that during 10,000 years', then the preceding half must say 'the growth of ___ during something else' (or some other time preposition, such as before or after, in place of during).

Help固定搭配

Help sb (to) do Help (to) do

Be helpful in

Such as 用法

Such A as B

A such as B

Such as + these/those that…….

Such as + to do/ sentence /when….. not correct

A B C such as these

【表示列举时后面不用etc.】

so …that V.S. so … as to be/do的用法

so … that 可以用作多个主语时，so前面的主语和that后面的主语可以不一样；

so … as to be/do 一般用于单一主语，但是不能相隔太远，否则可以视为错误

原理：so … as to事实上是三个结构的结合，so引出的是状语，as指代句子前面的核心含义，to是不定式引导状语结构(adverbial structure)，此不定式修饰的正是前面的核心动词以及该动词的逻辑主语，所以只有当前面只有一个核心动词而且很明确的时候才能够用so…as to，也正因为修饰成分离被修饰词过远会造成修饰不清，所以to be/do结构不能与前面动词不能太远。

enough的固定搭配

enough for sb. 对某人来说足够了

enough to do something 足够做某事

错误搭配：(X) enough + ‖that / so as to / so to / so that‖

相关链接：enough to, so/such…that…, so/such…as to三者都表示结果,区别在于:enough to表示主观满足,在标准书面语中很少使用; so/such...that不用考虑逻辑主语问题; so/such...as to逻辑主语等于句子主语,即句子主语可以执行as to后面动词所表达的作用。

参考例题

738. The Emperor Augustus, it appears, commissioned an idealized sculptured scholar calls an “artificial face.”

? so unrealistic as to constitute

? so unrealistic they constituted

? so unrealistic that they have constituted

? unrealistic enough so that they constitute

? unrealistic enough so as to constitute Key: A

OG的解释：

The verbs are and calls indicate that the sculpture is being viewed and judged in the present. Thus, neither the past tense verb constituted (in B) nor the present perfect verb have constituted (in C) is correct; both suggest that the statue’s features once constituted an artificial face but no longer do so. Also, B would be better if that were inserted after so unrealistic, although the omission of that is not ungrammatical. Choices D and E use unidiomatic constructions with enough: unrealistic enough to constitute would be idiomatic, but the use of enough is imprecise and awkward in this context. Choice A, which uses the clear, concise, and idiomatic construction so unrealistic as to constitute, is best.

So as to与 to

So as to跟to并不是完全对等的！so as to里面有as这个连词，隔开前后，前面的统统是过程，后面统统是目的，而to没有连词，如果

to do做状语，修饰的是最近谓语动词。

参考例题

738. The Emperor Augustus, it appears, commissioned an idealized sculptured scholar calls an “artificial face.”

? so unrealistic as to constitute

? so unrealistic they constituted

? so unrealistic that they have constituted

? unrealistic enough so that they constitute

? unrealistic enough so as to constitute Key: A

OG的解释：

Constitute 的固定搭配

constitute可以做linking verb，也可以做transitive verb，在本题是linking verb.

[linking verb, not in progressive]

to be considered to be something Failing to complete the work constitutes a breach of the employment contract. The rise in crime constitutes a threat to society.

[linking verb, not in progressive]

if several people or things constitute something, they are the parts that form it We must redefine what constitutes a family.

[T usually in passive] formal

to officially form a group or organization

The Federation was constituted in 1949.

GMAT时态问题全解析

过去时：

originally, from 1978 to 1985,previously

完成时态：

since; within/during/over/in+the past/last/recent+时间短语(注意during/in/over the last year可以用现在时也可以用完成时，取决于当时发生的事情是否延续到现在或对现在是否还有影响，而last year用过去时)

将来时：

条件从句/时间从句/方式从句/让步从句不能用将来时或过去将来时，常用一般现在时代替一般将来时，一般过去时代替过去将来时。（对比状从省略的几种是：转折，时间，条件。）

possibility that…/likelihood that…/expect that…中,that从句后用一般将来时

标准书面语中,优先使用一般将来时,主观将来时用be supposed to do,较少用be going to do,不用be to be doing/be to be done 一般现在时：

common: the most common reasons, the common procedure 过去完成时的使用：必须在语义上有时间的对照(不一定会有一般过去时的出现)，来反映出发生在过去的过去。

Other/ the other/ others

one… the other

some… the others

one… another，another…

some… others，others…

others = other people/things

the others = the rest

1）泛指另一个用another。

2）一定范围内两人（物），一个用one，另一个用the other。

3）一定范围内三者，一个用one，另一个用one （another），第三个可用the other，a third。

4）一定范围内，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用the others。

5）泛指别的人或物时，用others当在一定范围内，除去一部分后，剩余部分但不是全部时，也用others。

表比较的连语使用（contrary unlike similar……）

Unlike/like 前后连接的结构要对称平行，可接抽象名词和具体名词 contrary to：一般接抽象名词(ideas, opinions, or actions)，在句首的时候不需要逻辑主语

in contrast with：后面接具体名词和抽象名词都可以(a difference between people, ideas, situations, things etc)，要求平行

Similar=like，different from=unlike 但是similar to和different from一般不可放在句首

Campaign 固定搭配

Campaign for/ against

Make用法全解

Make it adj. to do

Make (doing) sth. Adj.

Make N1 N2

Make sth. Adj.中，如果形容词太长，完全可以后置，例如 make

possible the mass production of manufactured goods.

Expect用法全解

Expect的固定搭配：

意为―预料‖时：

sth. be expected to do/be;指望，期望

it is expected that 预期（与上着一个意思，但是没有上者简洁）(prep 1-107)

expect to do sth.

expect sb./sth. to do sth.

expect that

expect sth.

意为―想要―时：

expect sth. from sb.

expect sb. to do sth.

错误用法：

sth. be expected for sth. to do(也就是说for sth.不能加) sth. be expected that 错 (T-4-Q31)

it is expected for sb. to do累赘，不如直接用sth. be expected to do/be

expect sb. that 错

倍数表达全解

Twice/ double

? "twice Y" / "X times Y" can definitely be used as an appositive。

? 注意doubling the increase of 和 double as much as the increase of是两个完全不同的结构。

? 关于twice as many/much as结构：

()

? If you say "twice as many", then this construction should be paired with acountable noun.

e.g., twice as many dogs --> "dogs" is a countable noun

? If you said "twice as much", then this construction should be paired with anuncountable

noun.

e.g., twice as much water --> "water" is an uncountable noun

? If the noun in question is already an explicitly numerical quantity, then you should

use neither "much" nor "many". Instead, you should just use "twice" or "double" by itself.

e.g., twice the increase --> "increase" is an explicitly numerical quantity

? These rules are followed pretty closely.

so, for instance:

twice as much water --> correct, since "water" is an uncountable noun (but is not an explicitly numerical quantity)

twice the water... --> incorrect, since water is not a numerical quantity

twice as much as the increase... --> incorrect; redundant

twice the increase... --> correct

4. 关于类似twice as many/much as的结构：appositive modifier（同位语修饰词）。不仅仅名词，有些形容词也是可以作为appositive modifier的，这种形容词用逗号隔开放在句尾，还是习惯于修饰最近的词语（但是不绝对）。这样的形容词有different from, (double/twice) as many as等。

一道来自Manhattan的模考题：

Antigenic shift refers to the combination of two different strains A. influenza; in contrast, antigenic drift refers to the natural mutation of a single strain of influenza B. influenza, different than the natural mutation of a single strain, known as antigenic drift C. influenza, in contrast to the natural mutation of a single strain, known as antigenic drift D. influenza, different than antigenic drift, which refers to the natural mutation of a single strain of influenza E. influenza; in contrast to antigenic drift, which refers to the natural mutation of a single strain of influenza Key: A. 此题里面D选项different than先改为different from。而即便改为different from，也修饰不到Antigenic shift，因为太远了，需要在different from前面加上and is(其他错误暂不考虑)。

不过如果前面的成分比较短，不会引起歧义，这个同位语还是可以跳跃修饰的，比如这个例子：

According to surveys by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, about 20 percent (A) doubling those reported in the 1977 survey (B) to double the number the 1977 survey reported (C) twice those the 1977 survey reported (D) twice as much as those reported in the 1977 survey (E) twice the number reported in the 1977 survey OA：E。其中twice跳跃used cocaine修饰20 percent of young adults.

5. as many可以当一个数目来用。但是如果连接twice这样的倍数，则后面要用as many as，做比较来用。

一、twice的用法：

twice as many…as; twice as much…as; twice + n.(可以是代词，比如that); twice + what从句;

*：一个大家常误会的句子：

The farm has more than twice as many cows as it has pigs.: 农场有多于猪两倍多的牛的数量（农场牛的数量比猪的两倍还要多）。（很多人会误读为猪比牛多。）

解读方法：可以类比一下A has B twice as many as C这个比较句型也可以写为A has

twice as many B as C. 所以句子的核心是A has B，即：The farm has cows.

详细解读：twice as …as中前一个as是副词，more than twice as修饰many；而as it has

pigs中的as自然是个连词，所以后面跟的是一个adverbial clause（状语从句/

副词从句），而as…as句型比较特殊，后面的as要与前面as所修饰的内容相

呼应，所以as it has pigs应该与前面as所修饰的对象many相呼应，即as it has

pigs也是修饰了many。不管怎么说as it has pigs都不是核心成分。这样翻译

过来就是农场有牛，相当于两倍多的猪。故，牛多猪少。

二、用动词表达倍数：

double/triple/quadruple/quintuple/sextuple ----》这些动词可以做形容词(double还能做adv, predeterminer)

sth. double sth.; sth. is doubled; sth. double(adj.);

几个永远错误的形式：； (2)as much as twice the apples(much与apples矛盾)（要改为twice as many apples as; sth. double sth.）

*：这几个动词可以用主动也可以用被动，但是不能和as搭配;（差不多记住这句话就可以）

三、…times(或数字) as + 形容词或副词+as;

四、sb. be + 百分数 + more likely (to do sth.) than to do sth.(前面的to do 能省，后面的不能省)

如：at least fifty percent less likely than those who are sedentary to die of a heart attack

五、表达倍数用“… times + more +adj.+than，… time as +adj.+as”都正确

六、三类表示倍数的形容词为：twofold, threefold, fourfold, tenfold等。以twofold为例，其意思为two times as much or as many of something。该类词为形容词，多用于构成形容词＋名词的词组，如：a threefold increase in revenue，少用于比较两个事物之间的倍数关系。

七、章振邦语法中介绍的倍数表达法：

i. x times(twice) + the + n. (twice还能做determiner)

ii. x times adj. (比较形式) than

iii. x times as adj. as 注意里面的adj.要和前面的名词匹配

A do x times as adj. … x as B do

iv. x times + what 分句 (名词性从句相当于名词)

v. x-fold vi. double, triple, quadruple, quintuple, sextuple

need 用法

need sth for sth

need sth to do sth

sth needs n./doing/to be done(接名词性成分)；

分词做定语、状语用法全解 V-ing结构在句子中可以做定语，状语

1、放在句子末尾时，如果前面是主谓宾结构，如果同时时态上与主句搭配合理，V-ing结构作状语，作为：

? 伴随动作，表与主句动词同时发生的动作

? 伴随结果，表主句动作带来的结果。

此时注意其逻辑主语的判断：其所修饰分句的动作发出者。

2、如果前面是主系表结构，由于系动词是一个状态不存在“被伴随”，但是V-ing结构依然修饰的是整个主系表结构，所以后面的V-ing结构也可以被解读为修饰前面的名词成分—主语（如果宾语是名词，也一同修饰，因为主系表结构中主语和宾语所指是同一事物--见OG10-39, OG11-24中对正确选项C的解释）。例：OG10-39 For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden frames were essential items of military ? a method to protect

? as a method protecting

? protecting

? as a protection of

? to protect

OG10-39的解释（注意C选项的解释）：

Choice C is best because the participle protecting begins a phrase that explains what the shields did. Choices A and B awkwardly use the singular word method to refer to items of military equipmenta method of protecting would be more idiomatic than a method to protect in A or a method protecting in B. In B and D, as is incorrect; also, a protection in D has no noun for which it can logically substitute. Choice E is incomplete; used to protect would have been acceptable.

OG11-24的解释（注意C和E选项的解释）

Logical predication + rhetorical construction The underlined part of the sentence begins a phrase describing items of military equipment. It is awkward and inaccurate to describe items as a method. Replacing the underlined phrase with the participle protecting creates a modifying phrase that clearly explains the purpose of the items of military equipment. A A method to protect is an awkward reference to items

4、aeoluseros对于Having done知识点的补充说明： ? 不能作为名词结构，因此不能用该结构作主语。

? 我对定语、状语的理解是这样的：有的时候同一个成分、结构可以做定语，也可以

做状语，只要区分被修饰对象与结合时态等分析逻辑上能不能合理修饰就够了，没必要太在意是做定语还是做状语。也就是说，区不区分定语、状语都可以，关键是要明白定语和状语的功能都是“修饰”(有点像废话，不过我的意思是平时我统一把他们记为“修饰语”，只有在做题目解释的时候才区分一下)。

prep1-188中，A选项"having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood"，你可以把这个成分理解成状语，也可以理解为定语，修饰的都是Neuroscientists这个主体或这个主体发出的动作，只要你把having看做定语和状语时，句意理解起来是一样的，那么就没有歧义问题。

而prep1-97：Industrialization and modern methods of insect control have improved the standard of living around the globe while at the same time they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants, 这里面having可能修饰 3、现在分词在句尾用逗号隔开，必须要注意的一点是这个结构从来都没有失去过“做定语”的功能，只是优先做状语而已，即优先修饰到前面主句的主语和谓语。如下题如果前面主句的谓语是完成时态，那么既然已经完成了，drawing就无法再做其的伴随，所以只剩下做定语的功能。例：OG12-21 conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language. (A) Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are (B) Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and are (C) Neuroscientists amassing a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and are (D) Neuroscientists have amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, (E) Neuroscientists have amassed, over the past twenty years, a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, 答案是A。 OG对D项的解释: The final descriptor in present tense,now drawing conclusions....does not fit the opening clause, which is in present-prefect tense(have amassed a wealth)and seems to modify adulthood. The singular a method should not refer to the plural items, as a method protecting is not idiomatic C Correct. In this sentence, protecting properly introduces a modifying phrase revealing the purpose of the items. D Beginning the phrase with as is incorrect; using the noun form protection creates wordiness E The infinitive to protect cannot act as an adjective modifying items; the participial form of the verb, protecting, is required The correct answer is C. B

pollutants，也可能修饰they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants整个分句，所以having产生了修饰歧义

? having done可以做非限定性修饰，不能做限定性修饰。

夸克的语法大全里面明确写出having done做限定性修饰是错误的：

The perfective aspect cannot usually be expressed in the finite clause: wrong: The man having won the race is my brother. correct: The man who has won the race is my brother.

也就是说.完成时的ing分词形式(having done)作为限制性的修饰是不可以的，但是可以作为非限制性的修饰。

? having done短语中所表达的内容发生在主句动作之前

? When having done 结构一定错错，因为不应该有 when。单是 Having done 就够

了。Have 有很多地方与正牌动词不同，When 后就不能用 having 了。原因是 having done 是过去，而 when 是当时，所以有冲突。

分词短语逻辑主语的判断

? 分词短语在句首作状语:逻辑主语=主句主语 ing分词短语在句尾:

? 表伴随动作/状态/功能,与句子谓语动作同时发生,逻辑主语=句子主语

? 表伴随结果,整个句子是原因,导致分词动作产生,无逻辑主语.可以在分词前加

thus/thereby/in effect/in fact等,也可以不加 (现在分词做状语表结果，

OG154和259。)

ed分词短语在句尾,一般优先就近作定语,修饰名词[OG127]

ing分词和ed分词在句中：优先作定语修饰就近的名词[OG191]

介词或介词短语+ing分词: in addition to/in/by/without/besides+doing…,句子 ? 在句首,逻辑主语=句子主语

? 在句尾,逻辑主语可能是句子主语也可能不是 ? ? ?

关于分词修饰语的理解 – by tigercaiqun

1.当过去分词在句末时，不管有无逗号，都是就近修饰名词;

2.现在分词在句末时，无逗号是就近修饰的名词的定语；

3.当现在分词在句尾且前有逗号时,修饰邻近句子的主语,做主语的伴随状语或做句子的伴随结果.因此不能用句尾现在分词修饰前面句尾的名词. 所以OG127说C选项:"the phrase ...is uncertain in reference,making the sentence unclear."-->就是说这个现在分词本来是应该修饰前面的employee的,却变成了修饰主语governments了. (另外在GMAT里,having been done的用法错误,应直接用done)

避免上述错误的方法:所修饰的名词在句尾用定语从句修饰--OG127正确选项B (而不用加逗号的现在分词修饰.其实分词是定语从句的省略形式,在句中无逗号分词(注意是无逗号的,有逗号的在句中有歧义)就比定语从句简洁)还有 OG120也是同样道理:修饰句尾名词,正确选项A用定语从句.E选项的句尾现在分词错误.

4.当现在/过去分词在句中且前没有逗号,修饰前面紧邻名词;

5.当现在/过去分词在句中且前后都有逗号,有歧义:1)修饰前面紧邻的名词,2)向后修饰后面句子的主语.

这种结构在GMAT肯定错,如果修饰某句主语,则避免将该分词置于以名词结尾的句后.避免方式:1)用定语从句/介词短语明确修饰对象.2)可将分词提到句首,所修饰主语及所在

句子紧跟其后-->形成句首分词修饰句子主语.见OG179

6.,而要用分词修饰名词1时,为避免歧义要重复名词1即用同位语结构:名词1+介词+名词2,名词1+分词.见OG208。

现在分词伴随状语的正反向考法 -- by dxwei2008

GMAT语法中常常考查前一个分句的整体对后面一个对象的作用结果，一般认可的正确答案是使用现在分词做伴随状语。另外还有一种应用情况是，两个动作同时发生。在平时的语法中，我们常常使用连词and来连接两个动作，可是在GMAT语法中常常使用伴随状语。老鱼在它的讲座里举的一个例子就是：

She is sitting on the tree and reading a book. (一般语法)

She is sitting on the tree, reading a book.(GMAT语法)

所以我们在以下两个情况下要使用伴随状语

? 前一个分句的整体对后面某一个对象的作用

? 两个同时发生的动作，补充主语的动作

? 正向考法

正向考法就是要你识别出前一个分句是从整体上对后一个分句的宾语发生作用。例如： He scored 100, making him the best student.

这里的making动作的逻辑主语就是前一个分句的整体。既不是前分句的主语也不是前分句的宾语，所以只可以使用伴随状语。

? 反向考法

既然一个考点可以正向考，如果不反向也考一考就没有难度了。反向的考法是，当前一个分句本来没有对后一个分句的宾语造成任何作用，题目却不断地引诱你去这样做。例如：

He went into the classroom and sat on the chair.(逻辑上很合理，只有进了教室才可以坐在椅子上)

ETS的干扰选项：He went into the classroom, sitting on the chair.(逻辑上就很荒谬了，在进教室这个动作发生的时候，他一直坐在椅子上)

He scored 100 in the 1st test and scored 99 in the 2nd test.(逻辑上很合理)

ETS的干扰选项：He scored 100 in the 1st test, scoring 99 in the 2nd test.(逻辑上很荒谬，第一次考了100导致第二次考99)

Tend 固定搭配

Tend to do sth

Tend to sb/sth 照顾某人…….

Bother 固定搭配

(not) bother to do something He didn't bother to answer the question.

not bother about/with He didn't bother with a reply. (not) bother doing something Many young people didn't bother voting.

同位语用法全解

1、同位结构的特征

起修饰语的作用,一般用于修饰名词或名词短语；―解释的是整个名词，不是名短中某个词‖，故同位语不是核心词修饰。必须对其修饰对象具有解释力；

位置：名词前或名词后，一般在修饰对象的后面；

不影响主谓一致（谓语应该和主语保持一致，而不是和同位语）；同位结构中名词的数可以和其修饰对象的数不一致。

2、同位结构的形式

名词性同位语：名词解释名词。（以下三种，第二个n.后可以跟修饰词）

N., n.;

n., a/an + n.或a/an + n., n.;

the + n., n.（前面的the + n 为同位结构）

内容具体化同位结构：抽象名词（theory/evidence/belief/principle）+that 从句，that 从句对抽象名词进行具体化解释（注意与of 结构的区别），that从句部分才是同位语。(that是小品词，连词，和一般的名词性that分句中的that一样)

概括性同位语：用一个概括性的名词去概括前面的修饰对象：短语/句子，n. +that/doing/done...

名词重复性同位结构：n,n（重复所修饰的名词）+that 定语从句代词代替性同位结构：n,one/ones+that 定语从句

3、同位语从句

有很多名词后可以跟that引起的从句，说明其内容，可以称作同位语从句。

He referred to Copernicus’s statement that the earth moves round the sun.

有时同位语从句可以和同位的名词分开。（其实是同位语从句太长后置）

The rumour spread that a new school would be built here. 在少数情况下也可用连接副词（代词）引起的从句作同位语。 He had no idea why she left.

4、同位语中逗号的使用

关于同位语用法中的the和逗号（如B选项中的TM, the jazz pianist and composer）--摘自Manhattan：

? if you preface someone's name with a noun describing their occupation (or other word describing what that person does), WITHOUT AN ARTICLE, OR WITH THE DEFINITE ARTICLE "THE", you DO NOT use a comma. 如果把职位、称号放在人名前面，如果没有冠词，或者有定冠词，就不用逗号（本题的情况）。

example: Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk ... --> correct

注意：

? if you are using "THE (description) (name)" to introduce someone for the first time, then you DON'T use a comma.但有要注意：当职位、称号前是定冠词时，如果是第一次提到某人，是不必用逗号的

example: The author Ernest Hemingway was known for his drunken and violent escapades.

--> here we are introducing hemingway, so we don't use a comma. ? if you have already introduced two or more people, but you are using

"THE (description) to single out one of them, then you DO use a comma. example：

Among her friends were an author and a painter; the author, Ernest Hemingway, went on to become an icon of American literature. --> we've already introduced "the author"; this time we use a comma to single him out.

? if there's an indefinite article (a/an), you DO use a comma. 如果前面有不定

冠词，就要用逗号。

example A jazz pianist and composer, Thelonious Monk ... --> correct

? if it's an adjective, you DO use a comma. 如果前面不是职位、称号，而是一个

形容词，那就要用逗号。

example:

Creative and original, Thelonious Monk ... --> correct

独立主格用法全解

1. 独立主格结构做伴随状语：独立主格结构是由一个名词或代词（作为该短语结构的逻辑主语），加上一个分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语（作为该短语结构的逻辑谓语）构成. 独立主格结构放在句首或句尾，起状语作用，表伴随原因﹑条件﹑状态等

1)一般独立主格,与主句形成松散的逻辑关系，与主句描述动作、状态同时发生或存在，形式为:

n．+ n.; n. + -ed/ing 形式; n. + 介词短语;n. +形容词短语

2)with 型独立主格,与主句形成紧密的逻辑联系,形式为:

由―with＋宾语＋宾补‖构成的复合结构，在句中可作状语，表示伴随，修饰邻近分句主语，with后面宾语为与主语相关的东西。这一结构中的宾语补足语可由现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词或介词短语等来充当。

例：Visitors to the park have often looked into the leafy canopy and seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging like socks on a clothesline.

3)each型独立主格,强调句尾名词,形式为:

句子 + 复数名词结尾, each + 介词短语/形容词短语/-ed形式/-ing 形式。

注意点：独立主格并不包括―with + n. + 定语从句‖和―n. + 定语从句‖的形式，这个形式做的是非限定性修饰前面名词的定语，因为这个形式就相当于n, with + n.，或者是n., n. + that概括性同位语。

2. 同位语与独立主格最主要的区别在于：同位语描述的是事物的具体内容、特征，是一种解释；独立主格则是表示一种伴随状态，描述与所描述分句同步发生的事情。

【独立主格范例】

Usually (but not always, as we shall see), an absolute phrase (also called a nominative absolute) is a group of words consisting of a noun or pronoun and a participle as well as any related modifiers. rest of the sentence with a comma or a pair of commas (sometimes by a dash or pair of dashes). Notice that absolute phrases contain a subject (which is often modified by a participle), but not a true finite verb.

? Their reputation as winners secured by victory, the New York Liberty charged into the semifinals. (charge into 猛攻入)

? The season nearly finished, Rebecca Lobo and Sophie Witherspoon emerged as true leaders.

? The two superstars signed autographs into the night, their faces beaming happily.

When the participle of an absolute phrase is a form of to be, such as being or having been? The season [being] over, they were mobbed by fans in Times Square. ? [Having been] Stars all their adult lives, they seemed used to the attention.

Another kind of absolute phrase is found after a modified noun; it adds a focusing detail or point of focus to the idea of the main clause. This kind of absolute phrase can take the form of a prepositional phrase, an adjective phrase, or a noun phrase.

? The old firefighter stood over the smoking ruins, his senses alert to any sign of another flare-up.

? His subordinates, their faces sweat-streaked and smudged with ash, leaned heavily against the firetruck.

? They knew all too well how all their hard work could be undone — in an instant.

It is not unusual for the information supplied in the absolute phrase to be the most important element in the sentence. In fact, in descriptive prose, the telling details will often be wrapped into a sentence in the form of an absolute phrase:

? Coach Nykesha strolled onto the court, her arms akimbo and a large silver whistle clenched between her teeth.

? The new recruits stood in one corner of the gym, their uniforms stiff and ill fitting, their faces betraying their anxiety.

A noun phrase can also exist as an absolute phrase: (GMAT中暂未出现此现象)

? Your best friends, where are they now, when you need them?

? And then there was my best friend Sally — the dear girl — who has certainly fallen on hard times. It might be useful to review the material on Misplaced Modifiers because it is important not to confuse an absolute phrase with a misplaced modifier.

定语从句用法全解

? 普通的非限定性定语从句要用which引导(个别非限定性定语从句依然用that引导，但不

在GMAT考核范围之内)，而限定性定语从句要用that引导。

? 如果关系代词that在定语从句中做宾语成分,那么这个that一般都要省略。

3.定语从句与分词短语作定语的区别：

? 定语从句强调具体时间具体动作,以及动作的一次性;分词短语强调笼统不确定的

时间，抽象/客观/重复性/多次性的行为

? 都可以接受时,分词短语优于定语从句(更简洁),定语从句要转换为分词短语(但不

能引起歧义或破坏平行)

? 定语从句包含情态动词时不能转化为分词短语

? ing分词的完成时态不能充当名词的定语,必须转化为定语从句n.+ having done

—》n. that…

4.关于定语从句的关系代词能否跨越谓语动词指代：如果关系代词与先行词相隔较短，关系代词能跨越谓语动词指代

5.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

一，限制性定语从句：

限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、修饰的作用，关系代词that,which,whom,who,whose以及关系副词when,where等，没有明显的逗号把从句与主语分开，表达的意思为被修饰词的

一个定语。

例句：

Do you know the professor who is speaking at the meeting? Where is the book which I bought this morning?

二，非限制性定语从句：

1) 作用相当于一种插入语或者对先行词的一种解释，和先行词之间只有比较松散的关系，文字中常常用逗号将其与主句分开，用法其实与限制性定语从句极为相似，只是不能用that做修饰词。

? 例句：

? This letter is from his parents, who are working in Tibet.

? Englishi is an important subject, which every students should study well.

? The building, in front of which sat a boy, was a school.

? 定语从句谓语的平行，不需要补出that，相当于共享了句子成分，如在本句中共享了主

语；不似宾语从句两个名词性从句的平行需要补出从句引导词，如that/whether等。 6，定语从句的先行词

? who, whom只能指人，不可指物（如language，要用which指代）；which只能指物，

不可指人

? 传统语法规定that不能用于指人，而只能用that指思想观点、动物或不具有生命的物体

(植物属于不具有生命的物体)，要用whose, whose可以指人也可以指物(prep1-192) ? OG11-130里面说(虽然现代英语用法中that可以

用于不同情形)

7，定语从句中谓语的平行，不需要补出that.相当于共享了句子成分。

而宾语从句中两个名词性从句需要补出从句引导词，如 that/whether等。

嵌入式关系分句

“有一种关系分句（即定语从句），它既是先行项的后置修饰语（即定语），同时又是另外一个分句结构的宾语（即宾语从句）”此分句结构就被嵌入在定语从句中，即嵌入式关系分句。

该书举例：In his breast-pocket he had a patch of scarlet, which i suppose was the paper cap serving as a handkerchief.

注意两点：

1）从句which was the paper cap serving as a handkerchief 首先是 patch of scarlet的定语从句。

2）从句which（patch of scarlet） was the paper cap serving as a handkerchief 也是i suppose 的宾语从句，即I suppose （that）the patch of scarlet was the paper cap serving as a handkerchief 。

综上所述，当一个定语从句同时是另一个主谓结构的宾语从句是，就可以写为嵌入式关系分句。

Support 固定搭配

support作为n.时的固定搭配：

(have/receive/win) support of/from someone 来自某人的支持 support for something/someone 支持某事/某人

in support of something 支持某事

Unqualified V.S. Unqualifying

unqualifying与unqualified (from manhattan)

unqualifying 释义: not meeting some sort of standard for qualification

unqualified 释义: without any sort of restriction or reservation

Not only…….but also……. 用法全解

首先Not only…..but (also)表示的关系是递进, 其中also可以省略 But/but also表示的是转折. 在but also中, ring_cheng认为also不属于重复, 所以应当保留.该观点尚未证实. not only ...but also表示并列，不能表示转折，不要有先入为主的感觉认为not only...but also必须一起出现。单独出现but also是可能的，此时表示的是转折，参见大全74

All-terrain vehicles have allowed vacationers to reach many previously inaccessible areas,

the nation’s recreational areas.

? deaths, injury to thousands, and seriously damaging

? deaths and injuring thousands, and serious damage to

? deaths, thousands who are injured, as well as seriously damaging

? deaths and thousands of injuries, as well as doing serious damage to （D） ? deaths, thousands are injured, and they do serious damage to 关于not only…but also.. 的用法,我根据前人的发言并结合GMAT的思路挑出了这几条:

1.在正常语序中: not only … but also 应连接两个相对称的并列成分。例如：

Not only Mr Lin but also his son joined the Party two years ago. （连接两个主语） I not only play tennis but also practise shooting. （连接两个谓语动词） He plays not only the piano but also the violin. （连接两个宾语）

在正常语序中: 短语本身不可以加入其它成份，比如变成：not only...but it also...是错误的（因为破坏了平衡）。

如大全中：

125.The winds that howl across the Great Plains not only blow away valuable topsoil, young plants.

? and also damage or destroy

? as well as damaging or destroying

? but they also cause damage or destroy

? but also damage or destroy（D）

? but also causing damage or destroying Choice D, the best answer, correctly employs the correlative construction not only x but also y, where x and y are grammatically parallel and where both x and y (damage and destroy) apply to young plants. Choices A, (not only... and also), B (not only... as well as), and C (not only... but they also) violate the not only... but also paradigm. Moreover, B contains terms (blow... damaging) that are not parallel. In C and E, damage is used not as a verb with young plants as its direct object but as a noun receiving the action of cause; consequently, these choices fail to state explicitly that the damage is done to young plants. E also violates parallelism (not only blow... but also causing) 2. not only … but also 连接两个主语时，谓语动词要和与其最近的主语保持人称和数的一致。例如：

Not only the students but also the teacher was against the plan. / Not only the teacher but also the students were against the plan. 3. not only … but also 不能用在否定句中。例如：

误： They don't fear not only hardship but also death.

正： They fear neither hardship nor death.

正： They don't fear either hardship or death.

4. not only … but also 连接两个分句，并且 not only 位于句首时，第一个分句中的主语和谓语要部分倒装。例如：

Not only does the sun give us light, but also it gives us heat. Not only did he speak English correctly, but he also speaks it fluently.

《新编英语语法》薄冰P633：Not only does he compose music, but he also play./ Not only does he have to type out the answer on a computer, but he also gets the computer to

translate it into sounds.

《新编英语语法》章振邦1005：She was not only compelled to stay at home, but she was also forbidden to see her friends 英语语法大全上的例句是: Not only did they break into his office and steal his books, but they also tore up his manuscripts. 所以我个人认为在倒装的情况下,but also是可以被主语拆开的.

这里附上ring_cheng的观点:倒装时可以在短语中插入某类成分，如：not only did sb do sth, but sb also did sth （之所以前后都加入主语，不是为了连接主语，而是为了句子的对仗工整而补足主语，连接的其实是主语的两个不同的谓语动作。又因为not only在句首已经倒装过了，所以but also用正常语序即可。依然满足句子平衡的要求）.如大全354中but also被主语+助动词拆开:

354.In 1978 a national study found that not only had many contractors licensed by a self-policing private guild failed to

? they in addition falsified their references

? they had their references falsified in addition

? but they had also falsified their references

? they had also falsified their references（C）

? but their references were falsified as well

Whether or not V.S whether

whether or not的使用：(见the handbook of good english)

1) 在引导宾从的时候只能够用whether，而不能加or not，否则累赘

2) 在引导状从的时候必须加上or not，即whether or not

特别注意：if在书面语中只表示―如果‖不可表示―是否‖

3) whether表示列举时候的用法：whether A, B, or C.

But+instead V.S But-instead

But 后面接名词时，but 为介词，不可以加instead,因为累赘。

但是如果But 后面加动词，But 为连词，是可以加instead的！

状语从句的省略原则

状语从句的省略：

1、两点省略要求：

第一点是毫无疑问的：逻辑主语等于句子主语

第二点也是必须的：从句的谓语必需是be（没要求主句谓语也必需是be！换句话说状从的省略可以看成是省略了一个be），且从句主语和谓语要么同省，要么同留。

2、形式

? 正确形式: 表示时间/条件/转折/让步的连词(when/while/if/unless/although/even though/even if) + 形容词短语/-ing短语/-ed短语

(逻辑主语等于句子主语) (所以when a child/ when children是错的； if + n.也是错的)

? 错误形式:表示时间/条件/转折的连词 + 介词短语/名词短语 (although just inside the orbit of Jupiter是错的)(OG10-69)

? 特殊情况:once可以加介词短语/名词短语; whatever可以加名词短语

Which 指代用法小结

Which指代小结—by aeoluseros：

以下收录官方材料中能对于which的使用，可以发现which的指代其实并没有固定死规则，不一定只指代最近的名词，跟所有代词一样，有就近指代的的倾向，但是具体修饰对象，应该根据各种线索或者逻辑含义来判断：

1. 尽管A of B的结构，which没有就近修饰。

561. One pervasive theory explains the introduction of breakfast cereals in the early 1900s as a result of the growing number of automobiles, which led to a decline in horse ownership and a subsequent grain glut; by persuading people to eat what had previously been horse feed, market equilibrium was restored. 2. which不一定跳过插入语指代：

462. Judge Lois Forer’s study asks why some litigants have a preferred status over others in the use of a public resource, the courts, which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed between rich and poor.

3. 通过单复数判断which的所指：

80. Changes in sea level result not only from changes in water temperature, which affect water density, but also from the melting of glaciers. 44. The survival of coral colonies, which are composed of innumerable tiny polyps living in a symbiotic relationship with brilliantly colored algae, is being threatened, experts say, not only by pollutants such as agricultural runoff, oil slicks, and trash, but also by dropped anchors, probing divers, and global warming. 173 (GWD-10-Q18) In analyzing campaign expenditures, the media have focused on the high costs and low ethics of campaign finance, but they have generally overlooked the cost of actually administering elections, which includes facilities, transport, printing, staffing, and technology. 205. (GWD-9-Q17) Unlike most other mergers in the utility industry, which have been driven by the need to save money and extend companies’ service areas, the merger of the nation’s leading gas company and leading electric company is intended to create a huge network for marketing the utilities in question as states open their utility markets to competition. 216. (GWD-13-1) Although she had been known as an effective legislator first in the Texas Senate and later in the United States House of Representatives, Barbara Jordan did not become a nationally recognized figure until 1974, when she participated in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon, which were televised nationwide. 4. 通过时态区别which的所指：

488. Like the government that came before it, which set new records for growth, the new government has made laissez-faire capitalism its cornerstone. Stoneren关于which指代的一个观点：

OG10-114: From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carrycould easily portage it around impeding rapids.

当which的潜在指代对象是一个独立的主语结构或独立的宾语结构时，且其指代对象的修饰成分比较简单，那么定语侧重于指代核心名词（在没有语法和逻辑问题的前提下）。

As 和 than 引导比较状语从句的省略原则

1、比较从句谓语与主句谓语相同，可用do，did，does代替。

2、比较从句连系动词be与主句连系动词be相同，可以省略be，也可以不省略。 3、主语谓语动词短语使用“助动词（如have，has，had，will）或情态动词（can，could，may，should）+verb”形式时，比较从句往往省略verb，保留助动词或情态动词。 4、比较从句的主语和谓语与主句的主语和谓语相同时，可以全部省去，常常保留做状语

的介词短语或状语从句。

5、比较从句的主语与主句主语相同，可以省略。

Plan 的固定搭配

plan to do something： He said he planned to write his essay tonight.

plan on doing something： When do you plan on going to Geneva?

plan something： The former president is planning a return to politics.

强调句详解

强调句的结构是：It +be +强调部分+ that (who) + 主谓句。强调句的连词只有两个，that和who。当强调的部分是人，且为句子的主语时，才用"who"，其余用that。强调句中it无所指。

*：区别强调句型和其他从句的最好方法是“试减法”。也就是说，如果把句子中“It be…that…”这一框架去掉，句子的剩余部分（可以进行位置上的调整）结构完整，意思通顺，合乎逻辑，则that引导的是强调句型，否则为其他从句。例如：It was at nine yesterday that we met the film star.

运用“试减法”，此句可改写为：We met the film star at nine yesterday. 显然，句子结构完整，意思通顺，故为强调句型。

Prohibit 固定搭配

prohibit sth；

prohibit from doing；

prohibit sb from doing

Neither nor 用法全解

Nor的相关用法：

1) nor用在否定句中表示“也不”的意思

2) neither A nor B后面跟的谓语动词由B决定:

Neither we nor they want it. (来自AHD的例子)，说明由B决定的。

再看两个来自jukuu的例子：

1. Neither menus nor dialog boxes have this immediate property. Each one requires an intermediate step, sometimes more than one. 2. Neither the salesman nor the supervisor has been notified of the sale.

另外单个neither nor用法：

They were not in Shanghai at that time. Neither (nor) were we. They are not from England. Neither (nor) is she.

Indicate 固定搭配

Indicate (to sb) something

Indicate that……..

Presume 固定搭配

presume的固定搭配，表示假设的时候就这三种用法：

1、presume that…….

I presume we'll be there by six o'clock.

2、presume somebody/something to be somebody/something (被动即sth. presumed to be)

From the way he talked, I presumed him to be your boss.

3、be presumed to do something

The temple is presumed to date from the first century BC.

Expend 固定搭配

Expend sth in/on sth

Enshrine 固定搭配

Enshrine in……..

Be enshrined in…….

Just as 引导的比较结构

? just as A do, so B do平行比较结构的习惯搭配：意思是：就如同A…B…

*: 这里的as是不能用like,whereas的。而且like…so…不符合搭配习惯，应该去掉so…

*: just as with和just like都是很wordy的

2. 下面三种形式无区别（后两种强烈语气，不可以随意删掉so）前后都要用句子，不能只用短语。

Just as … , so … Just as you sow, so you will reap 主从句要尽量形式对称 Just as … , as … Just as you sow, as you will reap 主从句要尽量形式对称 Just as … , so too … 主句要部分倒装(so too后是主句) Just as you sow, so too will you reap

? so with是错误结构。(prep 1-15)

? as with的结构在日常语法中是对的(意思为“正如……的情况一样”，看作是as is the

same with的省略式，with 后面常跟名词、动名词或what从句)：

(1) As with other forward contracts, the cash settlement amount is the amount necessary to compensate the party who would be disadvantaged by the actual change in market rates as of the settlement date. (2) As with most diseases and disasters, the young suffer the most.

就像大部分的疾病和灾难一样，最遭罪的是年轻人。

(3) As with drawing a picture, you should be patient and careful in doing this job.

正如画画一样，你应该耐心并且认真做这项工作。

(4) As with what I said, he failed again.

正如我所说的，他又一次失败了。

但用于GMAT语法中，需要有其他结构与之平行:

大全of your purchase; the description may prove useful later if you have reason to believe the jeweler misled you.

单纯的as with the case + prep. (of/with/in) + sth.结构错误，应该用as is the case + prep. (of/with/in) + sth. prep 1-39 prescriptions are the cornerstone of a successful on-line drugstore, since it is primarily prescriptions that attract the customers, who then also buy other health related items.

? in the same way that…, as/so…也是错误结构

? like…, so/as…也是错误结构：like的比较必须是严格对称的

3. to和in order to的比较：（prep1-13 1-65 1-144）

(1) in order to不如to简洁，但是in order to有强调含义，所以未必错。

prep1-101 Many environmentalists, and some economists, say that free trade encourages industry to relocate to countries with ineffective or poorly enforced antipollution laws, mostly in the developing world, and that, in order to maintain competitiveness, rich nations have joined this downward slide toward more lax attitudes about pollution. (2) in order for sth. to do/be，in order that和in order to do sth.都可以。

I am saving money in order that I can buy a house. 我正在攒钱，以便我能买一所房子。

(3) in order to 不能做主语，只能做状语；不定式可以做主语，因为它可以做名词成分。

(4) in order to因为只做状语，所以不会修饰前面名词，to do可以做定语，所以有修饰前面名词的功能。

Prep1-13 Unlike most severance packages, which require workers to stay until their

last scheduled day in order to collect, the automobile company's severance package is available to workers. (5) in order to和to都不用考虑逻辑主语。

Prep1-1 To meet the rapidly rising market demand for fish and seafood, suppliers are growing fish twice as fast as they grow naturally, cutting their feed allotment by nearly half and raising them on special diets. 201. To be successful, cardiopulmonary resuscitation should begin within one to four minutes after a cardiac arrest. 957. In order to protect the public, by law only a qualified physician can prescribe medicine. Manhattan CR： To help regulate the internal temperature of the tree, the outermost

layers of wood of the Brazilian ash often peel away when the temperature exceeds 95 degrees Fahrenheit, leaving the tree with fewer rings than it would otherwise have.

To 和 in order to 对比

1、in order to不如to简洁，但是in order to有强调含义，所以未必错。

prep1-101 Many environmentalists, and some economists, say that free trade encourages industry to relocate to countries with ineffective or poorly enforced antipollution laws, mostly in the developing world, and that, in order to maintain competitiveness, rich nations have joined this downward slide toward more lax attitudes about pollution. 2、 in order for sth. to do/be，in order that和in order to do sth.都可以。

I am saving money in order that I can buy a house. 我正在攒钱，以便我能买一所房子。

3、in order to 不能做主语，只能做状语；不定式可以做主语，因为它可以做名词成分。

4、 in order to因为只做状语，所以不会修饰前面名词，to do可以做定语，所以有修饰前面名词的功能。

Prep1-13 Unlike most severance packages, which require workers to stay until their last scheduled day in order to collect, the automobile company's severance

package is available to workers. 5、 in order to和to都不用考虑逻辑主语。

layers of wood of the Brazilian ash often peel away when the temperature exceeds 95 degrees Fahrenheit, leaving the tree with fewer rings than it would otherwise have.

What 引导的比较结构

what = just as,意为“恰像，犹如，好比”用作连词,引导比较状语从句

1、惯用句式是：A is to B what C is to D. 意为“A对B而言正如C对D一样”例如：

Air is to us What water is to fish. 空气对于我们犹如水对于鱼。(介词to表示两者的关系)

2、也有“A is for B what C is for D.”句式。例如：

Poultry is for the cook what canvas is for the paint. 厨师离不了家禽正如画家离不开画布一样。（介词for表示“供…使用”）

3、 what 引导的从句也可以放在句首,其句式是: What C is to D, that A is to B.(= A is to B what C is to D.)

在这一结构中，喻体在前，主体在后，相当于“just as...,so...”结构,意思也是“A对B而言正如C对D一样”例如:

What blood vessel is to a man's body, that railway is to transportation.（=Just as blood vessel is to a man's body, so Railway is to transportation.）铁路对于运输,好比血管对于人体一样。

4、需要注意的是what不可以直接被just as替换，just as需要有遵循属于自己的平行比较格式。

如下题OG12-58：

A leading figure in the Scottish Enlightenment, Adam Smith’s two major books are to democratic capitalism what Marx’s Das Kapital is to socialism. (A) Adam Smith’s two major books are to democratic capitalism what (B) Adam Smith’s two major books are to democratic capitalism like (C) Adam Smith’s two major books are to democratic capitalism just as (D) Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to democratic capitalism similar to (E) Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to democratic capitalism what Idiom; Logical predication A leading figure in the Scottish Enlightenment describes Adam Smith, not his two books, so the name of Adam Smith must immediately follow the opening phrase. The comparison between Smith’s books and Marx’s book is expressed as a ratio, so the correct idiomatic expression is x is to y what a is to b. A The opening phrase is a dangling modifier because it describes Smith, not his books. B The opening phrase is a dangling modifier; like is an incorrect word for making the comparison. C The opening phrase is a dangling modifier; just as is an incorrect term for the comparison. D Similar to is an incorrect conclusion to the comparison introduced by are to. E Correct. The opening phrase is followed by the subject that it modifi es, Adam Smith,

and the comparison of the two men’s work is presented idiomatically.

Allow 固定搭配

allow that承认

allow for考虑到, 允许

allow sb. to do sth.允许；

allow sth. to be done也是对的；

allow + sb. + 动作性名词错

reach 的固定搭配

reach for sth.伸手抓某物

reach of sb.在某人能触及到的范围内

put within/in the reach of…… 放到某人触手可及的地方

because/as/since/for 在引导原因状语从句时的区别

其他条件都满足的情况下，一般表示原因用because，当后面的原

因是推测的时候用for最合适，当后面的原因是大家看到就知道(顺其自然)时用as/since最合适。

? because of erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds thrust to the surface by volcanic activity put gold literally within reach for ? because of erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and volcanic activity that thrust ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds to the surface, and putting gold literally within reach of

? owing to erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and volcanic activity that had thrust ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds to the surface, and putting gold literally within reach of

? since erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and volcanic activity that thrust ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds to the surface, putting gold literally within reach for ? since erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds thrust to the surface by volcanic activity put gold literally within reach of

to do 与 doing 的区别

表示动作的目的最好用to do，如construct sth. to do sth.。

*: for doing是指某事物的具体用途，而to do 则有目的的意思，但用途和目的本来就有交叉的地方，所以没有绝对规则

for doing有持久性的趋势，而to do往往是一次性行为

时间状语从句原则

1、时间状语从句往往跟在修饰对象后面，以免产生歧义

2、时间状语从句通常放在句首或者句尾，不过放在句尾时小心面前有一个名词把其变成状语

虚拟语气全解

? 虚拟语气：

虚拟条件句的四种形式：

But for N, S + should/would/could/might + V / (have Vpp.) 若不是N, S应该….

= If it were not / (had not been) for N = Were it not for N / (Had it not been for N) = Without N（介词只有without可表虚拟语气）

gmat语法全总结

转折词全解

1、However even though although despite 用法基本一致，都可以放在句首，作用相同！

2、连词优于介词：

Though / altough / even though 优于 despite / in spite of

In that 优于 because /because of /due to

Born 的固定搭配

be born into/to/of sth. (=be born in a particular situation, type of

family etc.)

e.g.: One-third of all children are born into single-parent families.

比较结构全解

对主谓宾全的句型

主语比较： A do sth than B do.（AB为对等名词，加do是为了显示这是一个可以发出动作的名词，因而确定是主语，进而确定是主语对比）

介宾比较： A do sth of C1 by D1 than of C2 by D2.（C1C2，D1D2对等名词）宾语比较： A do C1 than C2.(C1C2为对等名词）

状语比较： A do sth than usual/everbefore/people expected(直接加状语） ETS就这几下子，原则就是清楚地指示什么跟什么比。

按照这个原理，对下一种句型只有主谓，没有宾语的句子，因为没有宾语，只可能有主语比较，因而不需要重复do来确认这是一个可发出动作的主语，所以其比较形式如下： I eat faster than you.注意与下句区别

I eat apple faster than you do

如果写成 I eat apple faster than you 按ETS的理解，从语法上就变成我吃苹果比吃你快，成了宾语比较。逻辑上显然不通。

AS族的比较大同小异，as 可单独引导比较，也可以复合成as many as, as hard as 等形式，但ETS宗旨不变，如

Sand road costs twice as many to build as to manintain(类似于介宾比较） Sand road costs twice as many to build as stone road do(主语比较,）

Sand road costs the govement twice as many to build as the residents.(宾语比较） ETS考过AS比较的习惯用法（不受上述限制，如下）

AS poor as they are, they can not afford a car. They have 800million students, as many as have enrolled in our school. (注意以上都是用逗号隔开的句子，AS在这里的作用更类似连词，连接一个主句和一个从句）注意AS有时不表比较的如as you work hard, you will pass the exam.表原因了。 There be 句型等同于一般的主谓宾俱全的句型

OG89 There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as there were four years ago(主语比较)

There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as DVD player(宾语比较)

There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as for school teachers.(介宾比较)

There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as in china(介宾比较) 以上的纲领代入EST的OG几乎都成立，在我这次实战中也成立，但GWD中有一题是例外的，也就是说并没有放之四海而皆准的真理，清楚，简洁，合理才是ETS的最高宗旨。

指代全解（that one they it…….）

1、they, their, it都是完整指代，即指代包含了被指对象的所有修饰成分 **注意仅仅是修饰词，如：

In Japan elderly people are treated with far greater respect than they are in most Western countries.如果前面的elderly people没有其他修饰，后面时可以用they来指代的。

2、one和that，those是核心词指代。

3、that , one , it 的区别--aeoluseros:

I. it／one ／that三者均可用作代词, 指代前面提到的名词。一般说来, it指代同名同物; one与that则指代同名异物。

I have lost my umbrella; I'm looking for it. （该句中it就是指前面的my umbrella） I have lost my umbrella; I think I must buy one. （one在该句中表泛指, 因为my umbrella已经丢了）

The umbrella you bought is cheaper than that I bought. （替代词that在该句中特指“the umbrella I bought”, 以区别“the umbrella you bought”）

II. one与that虽可用来指代同名异物, 但one为泛指, 相当于a／an＋名词; that为特指, 相当于the ＋名词。所以one所指代的名词的修饰语一般为 a／an ／some ／any; that所指代的名词的修饰语往往是the ／this ／that。

A chair made of steel is stronger than one made of wood. （该句中one可以换成a chair） The water in the cup is hotter than that in the pot. （该句中that可以换成 the water） III. one只能代替可数名词单数, 代替可数名词复数时用ones; that既可以代替不可数名词也可以代替可数名词单数, 代替可数名词复数时用 those。

I like this pen more than that one. （one代替可数名词单数pen）

There were a few young people and some older ones in the house. （ones代替可数名词复数people）

Mary's handwriting is far better than that of Peter. （that代替不可数名词 handwriting） These pictures are more beautiful than those. （those代替可数名词复数 pictures） IV. one既可代替事物, 也可代替人, that只能代替事物而不能代替人。有时可以用the one或the ones代替that或those。

The one ／That on the table is mine. （该句中The one代替事物, 并且也可以用That） He is the teacher, the one who is loved by the students. （该句中the one代替人, 不能用that）

He advised the farmers to choose the best seed-heads, the ones ／those that had the best color. （该句中the ones代替事物, 并且也可以用those）

V. one一般有前置修饰语, 有时也可有后置修饰语或不用修饰语。而 that不能有前置修饰语, 但可有后置修饰语。

Cook was a strict but good captain, one who took good care of his sailors. The water in the well is cleaner than that in the river. VI. it可以替代句中的不定式或从句等, 充当形式主语或形式宾语。one与that均无此用法。 It is known to everybody that the moon travels around the earth once every month. I found it hard to get on with her.

VII. it与that均可以替代上文全句的内容或部分内容, 而one ／ones则不可以（本条为日常语法中常用，而GMAT中it与that无法指代上文全句，）。

He has saved my life; I'll never forget it. （it代替第一分句）

Tom is painting his house. I am told he does it every four years. （it代替前面分句的部分内容painting his house）

Let's say we meet here at three o'clock. That ought to give you

Significant and significantly 区别！ Significant = important 重要的

Significantly 大大的

Compared with compared to 用法全解

1、compared with直接跟在逗号后面可以修饰逗号前面名词短语的核心词：

Example：

2、Compared with也可以修饰前面整个分句，compared with后面的名词与主语比较： In the United States, while the number of foreign-born residents and their children is higher than ever, the percentage of the population they represent is not; in 1910 this group made up 35 percent of the population, compared with 20 percent in 2000.

Example:

? Today, more than 43 percent of Californians under the age of eighteen are Hispanic, compared with about 35 percent a decade ago.

? In the United States, Fifty-two percent of high school graduates go on to college, compared with thirty-five percent in Canada and fifteen percent in Great Britain, Japan, and West Germany.

? One baby in four is now born to a mother aged thirty or older, compared with just one in six in 1975.

A recent review of pay scales indicates that, on average, CEO's now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio in 1980. 3、as compared to/with中as指代前面整句的核心含义：

Capability V.S. ability

1、capability to do；GMAT认为capability of X-ing/in X-ing是wordy/awkward的。

2、ability：sb's ability to do sth或ability of sb/sth to do sth

3、capability to do不如ability to do简洁，但不可就此判错。

4、capability和ability区别：

ability to do和capability to do区别，在强调某人/物天生具有某种能力用ability好，capability可能强调的是能不能做某事（跟天生没什么关系），如government'capability或transport system's capability等。

1) If we don't take great care, SARS could become established in the poorest nations - places like Burundi, Nigera or Malawi - which have neither the high-tech capability of Toronto nor the totalitarian muscle of China to contain it 2) capability of sth. to be done表一种属性, 非一种主动的能力。

3) capability (of sth.）to do/of doing.

5、sth’s ability可用在无生命主体:

Additional evidence was provided by negative findings: drugs called adrenergic antagonists, which block peripheral adrenaline receptors, disrupted but did not affect memory enhancements produced by glucose that was not stimulated by adrenaline.

specially V.S. especially

Especially is most often used to emphasize something, or to say that something is more worth mentioning or more important than the other things you are talking about: It can be especially difficult for drivers to see cyclists at night. | The town is especially crowded in the summer (=much more than in winter). I hate interruptions,

especially when I'm trying to work (=I do not mind as much at other times).

Specially is usually used when you do something that is different from what you usually do for a particular purpose. It is often used with the passive form of a verb: a specially made/designed/adapted etc car | I bought it specially for you

即：

especially强调严重性，specially强调特殊性！

especially是表示程度

specially表示特殊

年份的表达全解

In XXXXX 年

A event + of + XXXX 年

an overwhelming proportion of ...

"an overwhelming proportion of ..."是一个数量表达，逻辑上本身虽然是单数，但是语法上却视为复数，，因为它所代表的women是复数的，还有很多类似的表达比如percentages, proportions, fractions等。

Precede 固定搭配

A preceded by B（意思为B先进，然后A后进）。

Over 和 about

GMAT中，表示关于倾向于用over about，而不用 concerning 和 as to

Estimate 的固定用法

estimate (that) （不需加原V）

estimate + N + to be N(adj) (prep 2-51)

estimate + N + at + 价格等数量词（估价）（除此概念以外优先用estimated to be表达）

如：40 to 44 million years是时间概念，要用estimated to be 40 to 44 million years old.

Satisfaction 的固定用法

Do sth. To one’s satisfaction

Conclude 的固定用法

1、conclude by doing sth./ conclude with sth.：以……结束，借此后面接的是结束的方式、行为 She concluded by saying she was proud to be from Salford. Each chapter concludes with a short summary.

2、conclude to ：达成……而结束

*:conclude可以做及物动词也可以做不及物动词

Date 的用法

gmat语法全总结

Prep 1-232. (TTGWD4-Q1) The Acoma and Hopi are probably the two oldest surviving Pueblo communities, Prep 2-215 (GWD31-Q28) Rock samples taken from the remains of an asteroid about twice the size of the

To be known 的用法

be known to have done sth的问题：当be known 和 do sth的发生的时间一致时，用be known to do sth；而do sth发生在be known之前时，则要用be known to have done sth。

1. 大全748：...few people are known to have recovered from the disease once the clinical symptoms have appeared.

2. 大全849：...few people have been known to taste it for the first time without requesting more.

3. og49：......satellites now known to orbit the distant planet. *：事实上在看这两个结构时，可以把be known to这个类似助动词的成分去掉；由于跟在be known to后面的动词要用原型，所以去掉be known to以后就可以单纯地比较have done和do，have done所表示的发生时间比do所表示的发生时间要早，如果事件发生在过去就用have done，发生在现在就用do。同时如果be known to do/have done sth后面接状语那么修饰的是do/have done，而不是known.

Date of ……..

Date of……. 后面必须接事件

e.g. date of birth

date of marriage

关系代词 when 的用法 From Ron(Manhattan)： I'm pretty sure that either "when" or "at which" would be acceptable. (clearly, the latter is acceptable -- it appears in the correct answer, after all -- but i wouldn't object to the former.) If you want to get really subtle, i think (not 100% sure) that "the date when" is used for actual, precise calendar dates, whereas "the date at which" is used for the usually more vague dates of historical events, such as the one in this problem. But i'm sure the test is not going to depend on this sort of nuanced difference.

Ability 固定搭配

Ability to do sth.

Ability of sth. /sb.

In attempt to……. 用法

In attempt to 放在句首时，必须考虑逻辑主语。

平行并列连词全解

要求：在形式上对称

概念对等

具体不对抽象；动作性名词不对动名词

整体不能对个体

这样的词有：And

as well as

not……but……

not only…..but also….

Neither….nor…..

but

yet

either….. or…….

Rather than

Rang from ….to….

规则：

1、平行并列，见到上列结构，形式功能要对称

2、概念对等，整体不能对个体具体不能对抽象动作性名词不能对动名词

3、功能相同

Prepare 用法全总结

1、用作及物动词时

Prepare sth. 准备…….. 制作………

Prepare sb. sth. 表示给某人准备…….= prepare sth. for sb. Prepare sb. for sth. 使某人对某事有所准备

Prepare to do sth. 准备做某事

2、不及物动词

Prepare for sth. 表示为….做准备

3、名词

In prepation for….. = make preparetion for…..

Gear

Gear to do

Gear toward….. 表示 be organized to achieve sth.

专有名词全解

1、专有名词有冠词+the 或者没有冠词的情况

如果专有名词由专有名词+名词构成，则不需要加The 如果专有名词由形容词+普通名词构成，则需要加The 如： the United States

2、专有名词的单复数，如果专有名词最后一个名词后面有S，则按照复数名词处理，谓语用复数！

不定时用法全解

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