大学英语基础写作

大学英语几种常用文体

1.书信作文：

事务信函（business letter）和私人信函（personal letter）

2.应用文：

便条（病假条，事假条，邀友来访，借物，订票，留言），请柬，单据，启示，海报，通知 （凌茜p110）

3.图表作文：

? 常考查的图：餠型图，曲线图，条形图，数据图

? 图表作文常用的展开模式

? 图表作文常用的表达方式

? 图表作文常用的句型

? 范文分析

(是文涛p91)

4.留学申请写作

? 个人陈述Personal Statements

? 推荐信 Letters of Recommendation

? 简历resumes

? 与外国大学的联系信及自述信和签证申诉信

5.CET4，CET6写作

? 写作要求，命题规律及评分标准

? 主题句

? 段落展开：列举法，对照法，因果推理法，分类法，举例法，综合法

? 语篇：结构模式和衔接方法

? CET4,CET6作文分类讲解及范文分析：

论说文的结构

论说文的类型

(是文涛p91)

6.学术交流英语

? SCI 写作规范

? Research report and essay

教学安排

十一周：概况

十二周：书信作文，应用文

十三——十七周：CET4作文，图表作文及练习

十八周：留学申请写作

十九周：学术英语，考试

CET4，CET6写作

一． 语段

1.语段的结构：

Developing Sentence 1(扩展句)

Topic sentence (主题句) ----Developing Sentence 2(扩展句) ---- Terminator(结论句) Developing Sentence 3(扩展句)

2.写好主题句

一个好的主题句必须满足以下基本特征：

? 高度的概括性

? 主题思想表达明确

? 能使读者预测其段落的发展方式

? 一般应该是一个观点，想法或意见等

分析下列的例子：

1）It is very necessary to be a good university students. (议论主题句)

2）There are several respects of necessities to be a good university student. (说明体

的主题句)

3）What I will do in the future is the following. (描述体的主题句)

根据要求写出主题句

1）Please write about Study Habits

2）Please write about College Life

3）Please write about Your hobby

扩展下列主题句

例如这样的一篇作文：Good Health

a. Importance of good health

b. Ways to keep fit

c. My own practice (是P59)

3. 段落展开

主题句是陈述段落的中心思想。因此，段落的展开（paragraph development）也就是主题句的展开。展开的方式有多种，如：列举法，对照法，因果推理法，分类法，举例法，综合法等。

列举法常用词语：first/second/third/last; firstly/secondly/finally; to begin with/to start with/inthefirstplace/then/next/in addition to/besides/also/moreover/furthermore/what’s more

以下有3篇短文的题目，请用顺序排列法的发展方式完成，每篇要求80字左右： a. Many people now prefer to live in the countryside. The main reasons are… b. Watching TV at home is better than going out to a movie

c. Chatting on line has brought many problems into people’s life

Making a good impression at an American dinner party is not difficult if you

Follow these instructions. First, you should buy a small gift, such as flowers, candy, or wine for your host or hostess. Second, arrive on time. If the dinner engagement is for 7:00, don’t arrive after 7:00 without telephone.Next, during dinner, be sure to thank your host orhostess on the meal. After you finishing eating, you should not stay more than a few hours. Finally, thank your host or hostess for the dinner when you leave.

比较对照法常用连接词 （transitions for Comparison and Contrast）

Similar to; like; different from; compared with; unlike; more… than…

以下有2篇短文的题目，请用比较对照法的发展方式完成，每篇要求80字左右： a. Advantages and disavantages of living on your own and living with your family b. Life in the city is quite different from life in the suburbs

因果推理法

表结果的连接词：as a result; thus; hence; accordingly; therefore; consequently; then; so;

表原因的连接词：because; for; as; since ; owing to

以下有2篇短文的题目，请用因果推理法的发展方式完成，每篇要求80字左右： a. Migrant workers enter big cities

b. Land shortage in China

分类法

常用的分类表达形式有：divide A into… classify A into… group A into… There are…kinds (groups, categories, sorts, types, classes, sections)

请用分类法的发展方式完成下列题目，每篇要求80字左右：

Write about the different kinds of universities and colleges in China.

Suggested words:

Leading university, provincial key university, local college, comprehensive, science and engineering, foreign language, humanities, public, private.

举例法

常用的引出例证的词有：for example, for instance, for another example, one example is … another example is… to illustrate.

以下有2篇短文的题目，请用举例法的发展方式完成，每篇要求80字左右： a. Give one or two examples to show the conveniences the modern communication

means have brought to us.

b. Give some examples to prove the saying “Haste makes waste” in English language learning.

综合法

综合使用两种或两种以上写扩展句的方法，称为综合法。

以下这段使用了定义，例证，对比和比较等方法。

Synonyms, words that have the same basic meaning, do not always have the same emotional meaning, For example, the words “stingy” and “frugal” both mean “careful with money.” However, to call a person stingy is an insult, while the word

frugal has a much more positive connotation. Similarly, a person wants to be slender but not skinny, and aggressive but not pussy. Therefore, you should careful in choosing words because many so-called synonyms are not really synonymous at all.

运用综合法将下列主题句发展成80字以上短文：

a. Computer are playing an important role in modern education.

b. People in different cultures can communicate with each other.

c. I don’t think that examination can determine everything.

4.扩展段的承启方式(ling P8)

扩展段是主题句的延伸，是作文的主体部分，必须紧扣作文主题。一段由一个以上的段落组成，即使只有一个段落，也应该比开头和结尾部分长，否则将失去平衡。主体段落分别论述文章中心主题的某个方面，每个段落的主题必须欲文章的主题相呼应，每个段落都必须保持文章的整体性和连贯性。

（1.）以“举例式”展开段落

Laying-off also bring us some advantages. For example, when a company lays off a number of people, it means that the company will get more profits than ever. As another instance, if a laid-off worker wants to get a newjob, he ought to learn some kind of skill for future use. This action will pave the way for success in another.

（2.）以“因果式”展开段落

There are two major reason for the change in people’s diet. For one thing, with the improvement in the living standard, people can afford to buy much more expensive food with better nutrition. For another, people now pay more attention to the quality of diet, because they know it is of great benefit to their health to diet in a scientific way. Therefore, they try their best to improve the structure their food.

（3.）以“递进式”展开段落

I don’t teach because teaching is not easy for me. Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways. Nor do I teach bebecause I have knowledge I feel compelled to share. In the first place, I teach because I like the pace of the acdemic calendar, which offers an opportunity for reflection, research and writing.Besides, I teach because teaching is a profession built on change. Moreover, I teach because I can ask questions that students struggle to answer. What’s more, I teach because I can find ways of getting myself and students out of the ivory tower into the real society.

（4.）以“列举式”展开段落

Traveling benefits us in many ways. First, it is instructive. People can learn a lot about the culture and history of the place they visit. Second, it offers fun. Career people are tired of pressures brought by the quickening pace of modern life. By seeing the beautiful landscape of our motherland and our countries, we get relaxed.Third, traveling offers challenge and opportunities of cultivating good character, such as independence, courage and strong-mindeness. So more and morepeople are going out to visit the world.

（5.）以“比较式”展开段落

（6.）以“对照式”展开段落

（7.）以“时间标志词式”展开段落

The Effects of Exercise on Our Health（分析建议类）

? 1 分析体育锻炼给我们带来的益处。

? 2. 分析体育锻炼给我们带来的坏处。

? 3. 给出如何参加体育锻炼的建议。

1) As is known to all, exercise does bring a lot of benefits to our health.

2) First, it can greatly strengthen our hearts, lungs, bones and muscles,

thereby changing our whole health for the better. 3) Besides, it can make

our brains better able to react to what is going on around us. 4) And best

of all, it can help us breed optimism about our tough life

5) But all the above does not mean that we can turn a blind eye to the

negative effects exercise brings about. 6) If you are normally inactive and then, contrary to your usual habit, start a program of undue exercise, as a succession of scientific

studies reveals, there are more chances that you have yourself injured.

7) In addition, the more exercise those on a fat-reducing diet take, the more

loss of iron they will suffer and the worse their health will get. 8) And

worst of all, continual as well as excessive exercise can result in sudden death.

9) Therefore, a scientific approach must be adopted to the problem of exercise.

10) On the one hand, our physical exercise must be based on both progressiveness and regularity. 11) On the other, we must go in for physical exercise according to local as well as health conditions of our own. 12) In sum, exercise can do us good or harm, all depending on how we make use of it.

With the rapid improvement of people’s living standard, in cities, many people tend to raise pets. Some people claim that pets such as dogs are dirty and dangerous. They say that raising pets should be banned in urban areas. However, personally I think the merits of raising pets outweigh its demerits.

Firstly, pets like dogs can be a guard for us. As we know, dogs have the natural ability to keep the house of its owners safe. They can send out warning to those burglars who attempt to break into the house, and sometimes even fight against them. Dogs are people’s honest friends. Secondly, pets like dogs are good fellows of people. Accompanied by a dog, old people do not feel lonely. Also children are pleased while playing with pets. They can learn how to look after others by raising pets.

To sum up, Pets give us much happiness. I would say that the benefits of raising pets carry more weight than the harms of it. I also wish to suggest that the owners should take much care of their pets.

With the rapid improvement of people’s living standard, in cities, many people tend to raise pets. Some people claim that pets such as dogs are dirty and dangerous.

They say that raising pets should be banned in urban areas. However, personally I think the merits of raising pets outweigh its demerits.

Firstly, pets like dogs can be a guard for us. As we know, dogs have the natural ability to keep the house of its owners safe. They can send out warning to those burglars who attempt to break into the house, and sometimes even fight against them. Dogs are people’s honest friends. Secondly, pets like dogs are good fellows of people. Accompanied by a dog, old people do not feel lonely. Moreover,some young women usually keep their favorite pets to show off their wealth.Also children are pleased while playing with pets. They can learn how to look after others by raising pets.

On the other hand, the critics decry that pets like dogs are dangerous to people, especially to children. They point out that many people have the experience of being bitten by dogs. But I believe that it is not the responsibility of dogs. Indeed, it is the duty of their owners who deliberately train their dogs to attack people. As for the dirtiness of the dogs, the owners should also take the responsibily, because they are too lazy to give baths to the dogs.

To sum up, Pets give us much happiness. I would say that the benefits of raising pets carry more weight than the harms of it. I also wish to suggest that the owners should take much care of their pets.