尊敬的女士们、先生们：

今天，我们将参观秦兵马俑博物馆。秦兵马俑博物馆位于西安市东35公里处，自开馆至今，已有为数众多国家的党政首脑和外国朋友都参观过这个博物馆，法国总统希拉克曾留言说过：“世界上原有七大奇迹，秦兵马俑的发现，可以说是第八大奇迹了。不看金字塔．不算真正到过埃及‘。‘不看秦俑，不算真正到过中国。’”美国前副总统蒙代尔也说：“这是真正的奇迹。全世界人民都应该到这里看一看。”从这些高度凝练的话语中，我们不难看出秦俑的历史价值。

在参观秦俑博物馆之前，我想应该先向大家介绍一下秦始皇这个人。

秦始皇是中国封建社会的创立者，也是一个文武双全的皇帝。他姓嬴名政，出生于赵国的邯郸，13岁继承王位，22岁开始亲政，经过十年的浴血奋战，统一了全国，建立了中国历史上第一个统一的，多民族的，中央集权制的封建王朝——秦朝。为了巩固政权，加强思想政治领域内的统治，他还设立了郡县制；而且先后在全国范围内统一了文字、货币、度量衡、车轨和法律制度。他认为自己功过三皇，德高五帝，又因为是第一个皇帝，所以便自称为始皇帝。他曾经五次出游天下，于公元前210年的7月，在出巡途中，暴病死于河北的沙丘，终年50岁。死后葬于骊山脚下的陵墓之中。

秦始皇帝陵南靠骊山,背面与渭水相邻。骊山风景如画，绿树成荫。据史书记载：“骊山山南多美玉，山北多黄金。”现在我们看到的这个巨大的封土堆，就是秦陵了。在中国古代，帝王陵墓在建设上都遵循“虽死犹生”的思想，因此，秦始皇陵是依照当时秦咸阳宫的规模修建的。经过几千年的风风雨雨，当时的地面建筑现在已荡然无存了，我们已经无法领略秦陵的全貌。据《史记》记载，从这样的一段描述中我们可以得知：秦陵地宫的顶端是用28颗夜明珠组成的天冥星;陵内还有设置着百官座次的殿堂;并且藏满了各种奇器异宝;还用水银做了江河湖海以象征天地;用人鱼膏点长明灯为了防盗墓;还安装了能自动发射的暗箭。《史记》中对秦陵的内部只做了一个大致的描述。那么陵内到底有多少的奇珍异宝呢？由于科学技术的问题，现在还无法打开帝陵，我们已经发现了它的一个陪葬坑，就是秦始皇秦兵马。我们只能等待陵墓发掘的那一天，相信到时候一定会引起全世界考古界的轰动的 现在，我们面对的是秦俑馆一号坑，坑里就是号称“世界第八大奇迹”的秦兵马俑。面对威武整肃的庞大军阵，你们的脑子里一定会闪现许多问题。现在我就一一回答大家的这些问题。

这些俑是西杨村农民们在抗旱打井的过程中发现的。他们决定报告文物部门。 经过考古专家们的鉴定。秦俑馆内的1、2、3号坑被确认为秦始皇陵的陪葬坑。

经测量，1号坑东西长330米，南北宽62米，面积14260平方米，相当于两个足球场的面积，为三个佣坑中面积最大的一个。它为坑道式土木建筑结构，在东西两端各有5个斜坡门道，还有10个2.5米宽的夯土隔墙，隔墙上架有粗大的横梁，底部都是以青砖墁铺。一号坑是由步兵和车兵组成的军阵。一号坑是以长方阵的排列方式，由前锋、主体、侧翼、后卫四部分组成。我们现在所看到面东而立的就是前锋部队。南、北、西端各有一排面外而立的武士俑是侧翼和后卫，他们是为了防止敌人旁敲侧击和从背后偷袭。中间有38路面东而立的纵队，是由步兵和骑兵组成，构成了整个军阵的主体。从这里也体现了古代兵书中所

讲的“前后整齐，四方为绳”的军阵。《孙子兵法》中曾经讲到，古代兵阵布阵的一个重要原则就是“前锋必锐，整体必宏。”他把一个军阵比喻成一把剑，如果一个军阵没有精锐的前锋，那么这个军阵就像是一把无锋的剑，便失去了杀伤力，可见前锋部队的重要了。 我们现在所看到的就是一号坑的前锋部队。它一共是3排，每排70件，共210件。这些兵俑手中都持有强弓劲弩，都是以骁勇善战而著称于世的。他们在作战时都不戴头盔。头盔本来是作战时的一种最基本的防护装备，但是秦国军队规定一律不准戴头盔。所以历史上称他们为“科头”。由于“科头”不戴头盔便敢杀入敌阵，史籍上也称他们为“科头锐士”。从这些“科头锐士”的身上我们可以看到当时秦军的勇猛和善战了。

有人说东方艺术讲究群体美，而西方艺术追求个体美，秦俑的美在于它的气势和它的群体美。其实秦俑并不知是讲究博大，它对个体形象的塑造也是细致入微的。秦俑不仅面部表情各异，有千人千面之称，而且小到发丝、手指纹都刻划的非常精细。在看一下他们手的姿势，手的姿势个不一样是因为他们手持兵器的不同，但我们现在能看到的兵器很少了，据野史记载，楚霸王项羽将所有的兵器盗走了，这也就是我们今天看到兵器非常少的原因了。

在一号坑以北20米处，是秦始皇兵马俑的二号坑。它的平面呈曲尺形，面积为6000多平方米，是由步兵、骑兵、车兵和混和兵种组成的军阵。他一共由四个小的单元构成。这四个单元可以有机的构成一个大的军阵，也可以分开成四个独立的小军阵，这正是古书中所讲的“大阵套小阵、大营包小营”，阵中有阵、营中有营的布阵方法。它能攻能守，反应迅速，自我保护力强，可以说是当时世界上反应最快速的一支部队。

由于我们目前对兵马俑的颜色无法保护，二号坑迄今都没有大量的开发，但是在二号展厅中出土了大量的有代表性的陶俑，其中有将军俑、跪射俑、立射俑、骑兵俑、鞍马俑等。我们现在所看到的就是一个从二号坑中出土的现在我们欣赏一下跪射俑，他上体笔直挺立，下部是右膝、右足尖及左足抵地，三个支点呈等腰三角形支撑着上体，重心在下，增强了稳定感。跪射佣由于目标小，不易被发现，所以是埋伏射击的最佳状态。甲片随着身体的扭转而流动，衣纹伴着体态的变化而曲转。这些跪射俑的面容和神态各不相同，具有明显的个性特征，跪射俑是兵马俑中的精华，中国古代雕塑艺术的杰作。看完了这么多的陶俑、陶马，拿他到底是怎么制作而成德，下面这幅图将会解答大家的疑惑。

看完了一、二号坑，大家也许会问：如此气势宏伟的军队，它的指挥部，也就是古代说的军幕是怎样的呢？那么三号坑的参观会给大家一个满意的答复。

三号坑位于二号坑以西、一号坑以北。平面呈凹字形，是三个俑坑中面积最小的一个。一共出土了四马、一车和68个陶俑。这些陶俑的排列形式与一、二号坑完全不同。一、二号坑是按实战军阵排列的；而三号坑则是面向内相向夹道式排列。他们手中所持的兵器也有不同。一、二号坑中陶俑所持的兵器有长射兵器和短射兵器；但在三号坑中只发现了一种无刃兵器——铜殳。铜殳是一种用于仪仗的兵器，证明这里可能是一个地下军队的指挥部。三号坑如果从它的建筑布局来看，主要由车马房、南北厢房组成。在北厢房还没有修复好，在里面发现了朽骨一堆，残鹿角一件，证明它是一个活动前占卜或祷告的场所。南厢房位于俑坑的南部，它从东向西依次排列着廊坊、俑道、正厅和偏房。它们都有武士俑分立于两边，其中以正厅的警卫最多。这里可能是召开军事会议的场所。这一点也就完全证实了三号坑是

一个地下军队的指挥部——军幕。秦俑坑当中既有“决胜于千里之外”的强大军阵，又有“运筹于帷幄之中”的将领，可见当时思虑严密，布局严谨了。

好了，秦俑坑我们就先参观到这里，下面我将要带领大家参观的是铜车马展厅。

如果说秦俑坑是大中显武的话，那么铜车马展厅就是小里透文了。前者把我们带入干戈相交的战场，而后者则使我们感受到了舒适的宫廷生活。它们虽然都是秦陵的陪葬物，但是却从不同的侧面反映出那个时代的历史文化。秦始皇陵西侧20米处，发掘出土了两乘大型彩绘的铜车马。按照当时的发现的顺序，它们分别被编为一号和二号铜车马。当年出土的时候全部被打成了碎片，经过专家们近8年的修复，又使它重新焕发出了当年的瑰丽姿彩。据考证，这两乘车的体积均为真车真马的1/2，它们处处都是依照真人、真车、真马制造的。当年，这两乘铜车马的出土曾经使多少人赞叹不已！因此，它们也被人们称为“青铜器之冠”。这两乘车都是驷马单辕，呈前后纵向排列。前面的一号车为古代的“高车”，也叫“立车”，因为乘坐这辆车要保持站立的姿势而得名。这辆车上配备有大量的武器，鲜明的表明了一号车是用来保护后面二号车安全的。

我们现在看到的就是二号铜车马了。这辆车叫“安车”，它比我们的旅游空调大巴还舒服，因为它的车窗设计的非常科学，不但可以调节车内的温度，而且可以观赏车外的风景。我们可以看到前面拉车的四匹马，中间的两匹马叫“服马”，两边的两匹马是拉车的叫“骖马”。由于是皇家车队，因此要求它们行走起来必须平稳，于是在马身之间以“胁驱”相隔。这样，可使马匹保持一定的间距，如果它们离的太近，胁驱就会扎疼它们。马的制作技术达到了非常高超的境界。马的脖子上有一个项圈，这个项圈是由42节金与42节银焊接而成。金和银的熔点不同，它的焊接点用24倍的放大镜才可以清楚的看到。2000多年前的时候，手工制作能把着两种金属焊接在一起，表明秦代的工艺也是相当高的，我们不得不为之赞叹。我们再来看一下二号车上的华盖。华盖是一次烧铸而成，最厚处为也不过4毫米，最薄处为只有2毫米，是世界冶金史上的一次奇迹，包括现在的美国、日本都是无法做出来的。这个华盖就像一个龟壳一样，俗话说的好：“千年的王八，万年的龟。”这表明秦始皇希望自己永远长寿。但是秦始皇当时乘坐的并不是我们现在看到的这种安车。据史书记载，秦始皇的车队共有“九九八十一”辆车，而秦始皇乘坐的，则是由六匹马驾辕的一辆的金根车。它可能也被作为秦始皇陵的一个陪葬品埋在了秦陵的附近，说不定到不久的将来便会发现。希望到时候各位能够再来一睹皇家车队的迷人风采。

今天的讲解就到此了，谢谢大家！

 

第二篇：秦始皇兵马俑英文导游词

秦始皇兵马俑英文导游词

作者：导游栖息地来源： 网络 2008-3-24 字体： 小 中

大共有评论 0条 [点击查看]

Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum and the Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses Museum

Emperor Qin Shihuang (259-210B.C.) had Ying as his surname and Zheng as his given name. He name to the throne of the Qin at age 13, and took the helm of the state at age of 22. By 221 B.C., he had annexed the six rival principalities of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei, and established the first feudal empire in China’s history.

In the year 221 B.C., when he unified the whole country, Ying Zheng styled himself emperor. He named himself Shihuang Di, the first emperor in the hope that his later generations be the second, the third even the one hundredth and thousandth emperors in proper order to carry on the hereditary system. Since then, the supreme feudal rulers of China’s dynasties had continued to call themselves Huang Di, the emperor.

After he had annexed the other six states, Emperor Qin Shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system and adopted the prefecture and county system. He standardized legal codes, written language, track, currencies, weights and measures. To protect against harassment by the Hun aristocrats. Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the Great Wall be built. All these measures played an active role in eliminating the cause of the state of separation and division and strengthening the unification of the whole country as well as promotion the development of economy and culture. They had a great and deep influence upon China’s 2,000 year old feudal society.

Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the books of various schools burned except those of the Qin dynasty’s history and culture, divination and medicines in an attempt to push his feudal autocracy in the ideological field. As a result, China’s ancient classics had been devastated and destroy. Moreover, he once ordered 460 scholars be buried alive. Those events were later called in history“the burning of books and the burying of Confucian scholars.”

Emperor Qin Shihuang，for his own pleasure, conscribed several hundred thousand convicts and went in for large-scale construction and had over seven hundred palaces built in the Guanzhong Plain. These palaces stretched several hundred li and he sought pleasure from one palace to the other. Often nobody knew where he ranging treasures inside the tomb, were enclosed alive.

Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum has not yet been excavated. What looks like inside could noly be known when it is opened. However, the three pits of the terra-cotta warriot excavated outside the east gate of the outer enclosure of the necropolis can make one imagine how magnificent and luxurious the structure of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum was.

No.1 Pit was stumbled upon in March 1974 when villagers of Xiyang Village of Yanzhai township, Lintong County, sank a well 1.5km east of the mausoleum. In 1976, No.2 and 3 Pits were found 20m north of No.1 Pit

respectively after the drilling survey. The terra-cotta warriors and horses are arrayed according to the Qin dynasty battle formation, symbolizing the troops keeping vigil beside the mausoleum. This discovery aroused much interest both at home and abroad. In 1975, a museum, housing the site of No.1 and covering an area of 16,300 square meters was built with the permission of the State Council. The museum was formally opened to public on Oct.1, the National Day, 1979.

No.1 Pit is 230 meters long from east to west, 62m wide from north to south and 5m deep , covering a total area of 14,260 square meters. It is an earth-and-wood structure in the shape of a tunnel. There are five sloping entrances on the eastern and western sides of the pit respectively. The pit is divided into eleven corridors by ten earthen partition walls, and the floors are paved with bricks. Thick rafters were placed onto the walls (but now one can only see their remains), which were covered with mats and then fine soil and earth. The battle formation of the Qin dynasty, facing east. In the east end are arrayed three lines

of terra-cotta warriors, 70 pieces in each, totaling 210 pieces. They are supposed to be the van of the formation. Immediately behind them are 38 columns of infantrymen alternating with war chariots in the corridors, each being 180m long. They are probably the main body of the formation. There is one line of warriors in the left, right and west ends respectively, facing outwards. They are probably the flanks and the rear. There are altogether 27 trial trench, it is assumed that more than 6,000 clay warriors and horses could be unearthed from No.1 Pit.

No.2 Pit sis about half the size of No.1 Pit, covering about 6,000 square meters Trail diggings show this is a composite formation of infantry, cavalry and chariot soldiers, from which roughly over 1,000 clay warriors, and 500 chariots and saddled horses could be unearthed. The 2,000-year-old wooden chariots are already rotten. But their shafts, cross yokes, and wheels, etc. left clear impressions on the earth bed. The copper parts of the chariots still remain. Each chariot is pulled by four horses which are one and half meters high and two metres long. According to

textual research, these clay horses were sculptures after the breed in the area of Hexi Corridor. The horses for the cavalrymen were already saddled, but with no stirups.

No.3 Pit covers an area of 520m2 with only four horses, one chariot and 68 warriors, supposed to be the command post of the battle formation. Now, No.2 and 3 Pits have been refilled, but visitors can see some clay figures and weapons displayed in the exhibition halls in the museum that had been unearthed from these two pits. The floors of both No.1 and 2 Pits were covered with a layer of silt of 15 to 20cm thick. In these pits, one can see traces of burnt beams everywhere, some relics which were mostly broken. Analysis shows that the pits were burned down by Xiang Yu, leader of a peasant army. All of the clay warriors in the three pits held real weapons in their hands and face east, showing Emperor Qin Shihuang’s strong determination of wiping out the six states and unifying the whole country.

The height of the terra-cotta warriors varies from

1.78m, the shortest, to 1.97m, the tallest. They look healthy and strong and have different facial expressions. Probably they were sculpted by craftsmen according to real soldiers of the Qin dynasy. They organically combined the skills of round engraving, bas-relief and linear engraving, and utilized the six traditional folk crafts of sculpturing, such as hand-moulding, sticking, cutting, painting and so on. The clay models were then put in kilns, baked and colour-painted. As the terra-cotta figures have beeb burnt and have gone through the natural process of decay, we can’t see their original gorgeous colours. However, most of the terra-cotta figures bear the trace of the original colours, and few of them are still as bright as new. They are found to be painted by mineral dyestuffs of vermilion, bright red, pink dark green, powder green, purple, blue, orange, black and white colours.

Thousands of real weapons were unearthed from these terra-cotta army pits, including broad knives, swords, spears, dagger-axes, halberds, bows, crossbows and arrowheads. These weapons were exquisitely made. Some

of theme are still very sharp, analyses show that they are made of alloys of copper and tin, containing more than ten kinds of other metals. Since their surfaces were treated with chromium, they are as bright as new, though buried underground for more than 2,000 years. This indicates that Qin dynasty’s metallurgical technology and weapon-manufacturing technique already reached quite a high level.

In December 1980, two teams of large painted bronze chariots and horses were unearthed 20 metres west of the mound of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum. These single shaft four-horse chariots each comprises 3,462 spare parts, and has a body with two compartments, one behind the other, and an elliptical umbrella like canopy. The four horses harnessed to the chariot are 65-67 centimeters tall. The restored bronze chariots and horses are exact imitations of true chariot, horse and driver in half life-size.

The chariots and horses are decorated with coloured drawings against white background. They have been fitted

with more than 1,500 piecese of gold and silvers and decorations, looking luxurious, splendid and graceful. Probably they were meant for the use of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s soul to go on inspection. The bronze chariots and horses were made by lost wax casting, which shows a high level of technology. For instance, the tortoise-shell-like canopy is about 4mm thick, and the window is only 1mm thick on which are many small holes for ventilation. According to a preliminary study, the technology of manufacturing the bronze chariots and horses has involved casting, welding, reveting, inlaying embedding and chiseling. The excavation of the bronze chariots and horses provides extremely valuable material and data for the textual research of the metallurgical technique, the mechanism of the chariot and technological modeling of the Qin dynasty.

No.2 bronze chariot and horses now on display were found broken into 1,555 pieces when excavated. After two-and-half years’ careful and painstaking restoration by archaeologists and various specialists, they were formally exhibited in the museum on October 1, 1983. No.1 bronze

chariot hand horses are on display from 1988. 关键词：