读书报告字数：一年级约800---1000英语单词；二年级1000—1200单词。

Reading Report

I. Introduction

In the introduction part, information about the book, the author’ name, his times and the publication information should be covered. A brief account of the author’s life should be given together with a description of his times. The latter should include the circumstances that led to the writing of the book under discussion and the historical and social background related to the content of the book.

II. Body

Before you get started on the body of the report, spend a few minutes considering the following points.

Can you identify the writer’s thesis?

What are the major points in the book? (major parts, chapters, etc.)

What are the author’s major arguments?

What are the author’s supporting ideas and materials?

What conclusion has the author drawn?

A summary should be self-contained, clear and easy to understand. Comments on and criticisms of the book should not be mixed with the summary; they can be left to the third part. The summary of a novel or a play is usually written in the present tense, or sometimes in the tense of the original work.

III. Comments or My Views on the Book

In this part, the writer expresses his or her own views on the book, names its merits and demerits, and discusses its relevance to the present time.

The discussion should of course center on the content of the book, the author’s style and techniques of writing, if interesting, can also be touched upon.

怎样写读书报告

一、读书报告有没有一定的格式

对初学写读书报告的同学来说，老师会介绍一般的格式给他们，让他们有所遵循。只要有书名、有作者，其它可集中读后感来写。最花费笔墨的是内容概要，其作用是让别人知道你看过这本书。至于写读后感的方式却是多种多样，没有任何规范。可以写成很抒情的散文，很尖锐的评论，很精辟的分析，很周详的比较??要看书的性质，也要看你感想的性质。

二、写读书报告的第一步

写读书报告的第一步是一面看书一面写，不论有什么感想，疑问和见解，都随即把它们写下来。如果书是自己的，可以直接写在书上；如果书不是自己的，就要准备一本读书札记簿，写在本子上。书看完了，把自己写下来的那些感受浏览一次，就会发现几个重要可以发挥的。把这几个重点列出来，有时间的话，把书有选择地再看一遍，以便你想论述的重点，找寻更多的资料或例证。有需要时，还可以再找其它有关的书籍来补充你的论点。这样，你阅读的收获会丰富得多，你写的读书报告也会有分量得多。

三、不要只读一本书

要把一本书的读书报告写好，除了对这本书要有较透彻的了解之外，还要对作者、对作者所处的时代，对这本书写作的背景有所了解。如果有条件的话，最好能同时找到其它有关的书来看，包括：1、作者的传记；2、作者其它作品；3、别人对这本书的研究；4、其它作者的回顾或有关著作（如巴金的《回想录》与杨绛的《干校十记》等）。当然不是每一个人都有条件或需要这样做，但能够这样做，写出来的读书报告一定扎实得多，丰厚得多。

四、赞扬与批评

初学写读书报告，大多拜倒在作品之前，大大夸奖一番。可是赞扬与批评都需要见地，公式化的赞美之词：内容丰富，描写细腻，刻画入微，感人肺腑，文章清丽??全是废话。赞要赞到作品的节骨眼上，最好是这本书独有的、最突出的优点。批评当然比赞扬更难，因为写读书报告的人学养往往逊于作者，要能指出一本书的缺点，而又能言之成理，使人信服，实在并非易事。但不容易并不表示不可以这样做，如果做得到，这篇读书报告会更容易受到欣赏。既指出优点又指出缺点，当然是常用的做法，可是很容易变成一种公式，四平八稳的结果是不汤不水。因此赞扬不容易，批评难，又赞扬又批评也不简单。

五、点与面

读书报告可对一本书全面论述，全面的结果很容易流于浮面，样样都谈到了，但只是泛泛之论，倒不如抓住你最有感受、最有心得的几点来谈。因为你谈得集中、深入，自然能给读者比较深刻的印象。

六、不要引用太多

好的读书报告应以写报告人自己的意见为主要内容，原文可以作为举例加以引述，但不宜太多。引述其它人对这本书的看法也要适可而止，不要连篇累牍的抄。否则看过之后，只觉得大部分是别的唾余，写读书报告的只是一个人云亦云的抄录者。

七、读书报告的内容可包括：1、作者简介、内容概要2、本书在表达（如用一问一答的形式）、处理等方面的特别之处；3、书中叫人深刻难忘的部分；4、作者在书中传递的讯息；5、个人最喜爱的部分；

6、对本书的评价和观感（如是否值得向其它读者推介）；

7、读后感：（1）书中情节引起的联想（2）书中内容引起的疑问

（3）本书令你有何提醒、启发及反思（4）本书引起的思想上的转变

（5）本书令你引发的期望

8、从本书有何收获；

9、引用本书或其它书籍的内容，或日常用语。

八、读书报告的撰写步骤：

（一）写版本阅读：为了比较准确理解原著精髓，推荐阅读“全本”；

（二）确立论题：每人根据阅读感受，自由选取一个自己最感兴趣的角度确立一个论题；选择的角度要小，挖掘要深；

（三）收集资料：1、摘记原文：根据论题，摘录原著中的相关内容，制成摘记卡；

2、查书籍杂志到校图书馆，区图书馆或市图书馆，依据目录检索相关书籍。同时也使学生更清楚了图书馆信息资源的利用；

3、上网搜索：如选用专业搜索网站

（四）报告的内容：选题理由、确立观点、论述观点

（五）注意点：语言的流畅、观点与论述的一致。

 

第二篇：写作报告

JILIN

UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL

研究生农业科技英文文献写作报告

题目名称： （中文）在佛罗里达发现了一种能引起女王棕榈和墨西哥风扇棕榈致命疾病的新型专化型的尖镰刀菌

（英文）

学生姓名： 潘 乐 学 号： 20140070

教学班级：

硕士导师： 称： 副教授

研究方向：

20xx年 1 月 6日

3

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. palmarum, a Novel Forma

Specialis Causing a Lethal Disease of Syagrus

romanzoffiana and Washingtonia robusta in Florida

Name：Pan Le

Major：Pant Pathology

Tutor：Chen Chang qing

Abstract:A new disease of Syagrus romanzoffiana (queen palm) and Washingtonia r- obusta (Mexican fan palm) has spread across the southern half of Florida during the past 5 years. The initial foliar symptom is a one-sided chlorosis or necrosis of older leaf blades, with a distinct reddish-brown stripe along the petiole and rachis and an associated discoloration of internal tissue. Within 2 to 3 months after onset of symptoms, the entire canopy becomes desiccated and necrotic but the leaves do not droop or hang down around the trunk. Based on pathogenicity and morphological and molecular characterization, the etiological agent has been identified as a new forma specialis of Fusarium oxysporum, designated f. Sp palmarum. Sequence analysis of a portion of the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (EF-1α) separated 27 representative isolates into two EF-1α groups, which differed by two transition mutations. Members of both EF-1α groups are pathogenic on both species of palm. A phylogenetic analysis inferred from partial EF-1α sequences from a genetically diverse set of F. oxysporum isolates, including three other formae speciales pathogenic on palm (i.e., f. sp. albedinis, f. sp. canariensis, and f. sp. elaeidis), suggested that f. sp. palmarum and f. sp. albedinis may be more closely related to one another than either is to the two other palm pathogens.

Key words: Fusarium;palm；queen palm；Mexican fan palm

I

在佛罗里达发现了一种能引起女王棕榈和墨西哥风扇棕榈

致命疾病的新型专化型的尖镰胞菌

姓 名：潘乐

专 业：植物病理

指导教师：陈长卿

摘要：女王棕榈和墨西哥风扇棕榈的一种新疾病已经在过去的五年内蔓延到佛罗里达州的南半部。初始叶片表面的症状是黄萎和旧的叶片坏死，并且沿叶柄和穗轴还有内部的相关的组织变色呈明显的红棕色条纹。在出现症状的2-3个月后，整个树冠变得干枯坏死，但叶片不下垂或在树干周围悬挂。根据其致病性和分子形态等特征其病原体已被鉴定为尖镰胞菌的一种新型专化性，将其命名为 f. Sp palmarum.此病原菌的翻译延伸因子1-α基因(EF-1α)的一部分基因进行序列分析，将27个具有代表性的的基因分成2个EF-1α基因，她们相差两个过度突变体，这两种EF-1α的组成成员都是引起这两种棕榈发病的致病基因，经系统发育分析，从F. Oxysporum分离出多样化基因的部分EF-1α序列：包括其它三种能引起棕榈发病的转化型(i.e. f. sp. albedinis, f. sp. canariensis, 和 f. sp. elaeidis)，并且认为f. sp. palmarum 和 f. sp. Albedinis之间的关系比其他两种棕榈致病菌更为密切。

关键词：尖镰刀菌；棕榈；女王棕榈；墨西哥风扇棕榈

II

I.Background

Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman (queen palm) and Washingtonia robustaH.A. Wendl. (Mexican fan palm) are widely used ornamental palm trees grown in Florida landscapes. Neither palm species is native to Florida but both became popular after the lethal yellowing epidemic in the 1970s killed large numbers of Cocos nucifera (coconut palm) in southeastern Florida, because they are not susceptible to this phytoplasma disease . Also, because they are relatively cold tolerant, they can be grown as far north as interior central Florida and along the entire Atlantic coast of the state. Nutritional deficiencies are a common cause of decline of both species, although this type of slow decline can be corrected by appropriate fertilization. Until recently, the primary lethal diseases observed on these two palm species were Ganoderma butt rot, caused by Ganoderma zonatum, and Thielaviopsis trunk rot, caused by Thielaviopsis paradoxa (5).

Mature queen palm trees that died quickly in 2 to 3 months were first brought to our attention in late 2004, with new landscape sites continuously reported throughout the southern half of the state since that time. In spring 2007, Mexicanfan palm trees with similar symptoms and disease progression were also observed at several locations throughout the southern half of the state and continue to be reported. Affected palm trees have been observed mostly in mature landscapes; however, juvenile palm trees with symptoms were also found in a container nursery and in two field nurseries.

Early-stage foliar symptoms on both queen and Mexican fan palm resemble those associated with Fusarium wilt of Phoenix canariensis (Canary Island date palm), a disease which is well established in Florida and is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. canariensis . Initial symptoms on individual leaves of affected palm trees appear as a chlorosis and necrosis on one side of the leaf blade (one-sided wilt or death) together with a distinct reddish-brown stripe along the petiole and rachis and an associated discoloration of internal tissues (vascular and parenchyma). The entire leaf 1

quickly becomes necrotic. These symptoms develop first on the oldest leaves and then progress to successively younger leaves in the canopy. There is no evidence of trunk infection. Within 2 to 3months after the onset of leaf symptoms, the entire canopy becomes desiccated and necrotic but the leaves do not droop or hang down around the trunk (i.e., the canopy is necrotic but does not collapse; Fig. 1). At this terminal stage of disease development, the apical meristem becomes infected and dies, and the pathogen invades the trunk tissue. Because the disease kills so quickly, there is no obvious reduction in leaf number or canopy size.

The objectives of this study were to isolate and characterize, both morphologically and molecularly, potential pathogens from symptomatic palm tissues and conduct pathogenicity tests to determine the etiological agent of this new disease. II.The results

This new lethal disease of queen and Mexican fan palm trees is unique compared with all other currently know diseases of these palm species in Florida (5,6). No other fungal disease kills the entire palm canopy so quickly, within a few months after observing initial symptoms. The appearance of the canopy shortly after all leaves have become necrotic is a very distinctive symptom, particularly on queen palm trees, because affected leaves remain in place and do not droop, break, and hang down around the trunk. Rather, the necrotic leaves remain rigid and upright.

Early leaf symptoms on Mexican fan palm trees could be confused with another disease referred to as rachis or petiole blight, because similar symptoms of onesided chlorosis and necrosis of the leaf blade with a corresponding reddish-brown stripe on the petiole are associated with this disease. Several fungi, including Cocoicola californica (7), Diplodia spp., Phomopsis spp., and Macrophoma spp. (2), have been implicated as the probable causes of this disease on Mexican fan palm trees in Florida. Palm trees affected by petiole blight rarely succumb to the disease and, if they do, mortality is preceded by a protracted decline due to a gradual weakening of the palm 2

as each leaf slowly dies (M. L. Elliott, unpublished).

Early on in the investigation of this new disease on queen palm trees, the fact that F. oxysporum was consistently isolated from diseased palm trees was not surprising based on the early leaf symptoms observed, which are similar to Fusarium wilt of Canary Island date palm. What was unexpected, however, was the discovery that the etiological agent is a new forma specialis of F. oxysporum, for which we propose the designation f. sp. palmarum.Because we occasionally isolated F. Proliferatum or FIESC, or both, from diseased palm trees, it was important to determine whether either of these species were capable of causing disease on queen and Mexican fan palm trees, especially because F. proliferatum has been documented as a pathogen of ornamental palm trees in Italy ), Saudi Arabia (1), and Spain (4), and F. semitectum (an FIESC member) is often isolated from Canary Island date palm with Fusarium wilt symptoms in Australia. It was evident from our study that neither F. proliferatum nor the FIESC isolate was he cause of the queen or Mexican fan palm disease; only F. oxysporum f. Sp. palmarum was pathogenic to these hosts. III. DISCUSSION

Characteristically, F. oxysporum f. Sp. palmarum kills queen and Mexican fan palm trees more quickly in the landscape than F. oxysporum f. sp. canariensis kills Canary Island date palm trees, a disease that is also present in Florida . It may take a year or more before the latter palm species dies after the onset of Fusarium wilt symptoms, whereas queen and Mexican fan palm trees die within just a few months. In repeated attempts to demonstrate pathogenicity of F. oxysporum f. Sp. canariensis toward Canary Island date palm seedlings by employing the same inoculation technique used for queen and Mexican fan palm seedlings (pour-on method), no seedlings were observed to develop foliar symptoms of disease even after 9 months (M. L. Elliott, unpublished). The quick decline and death of both queen and Mexican fan palm trees induced by F. oxysporum f. sp. palmarum is reminiscent of “acute wilt” 3

of Elaeis guineensis (African oil palm) caused by F. Oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis (10). P. dactylifera (datepalm) may also die rapidly after the onset of Bayoud disease symptoms, caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. albedinis (8). Fungal toxins have been implicated in the pathogenicity and virulence of this latter pathogen(3).

It is somewhat surprising that this new forma specialis of F. oxysporum has multiple hosts. Although both hosts are members of the family Arecaceae, they belong to different tribes—genus Syagrus is in the tribe Cocoeae and genus Washingtonia is in the tribe Corypheae. Similarly, F. oxysporum f. sp. canariensis reportedly has multiple hosts, too. Canary Island date palm appears to serve as the primary host but this forma specialis is also associated with diseased W. filifera (California or desert fan palm) in California and Australia . By way of contrast, F. Oxysporum f. sp. albedinis is only known to be a pathogen on date palm and African oil palm is the only known host of F. Oxysporum f. sp. Elaeidis.

Partial EF-1α gene sequence analysis separated the F. oxysporum f. sp. Palmarum isolates into two groups ). Isolates from both groups—PLM-140B represents the smaller group while PLM-246B and PLM-249A are members of the larger group—were tested for pathogenicity on both queen and Mexican fan palm trees, and all three isolates were pathogenic on both palm species. Based on combined partial EF-1α sequences and nearly complete IGS rDNA sequences, three twolocus haplotypes (sequence types) were identified among 10 F. oxysporum f. Sp. palmarum isolates subjected to this typing scheme. STs 250 (represented by PLM- 140B/NRRL 46585) and 251 (represented by PLM-246B/NRRL 53541 and PLM- 249A/NRRL 53543) were isolated from both queen and Mexican fan palm trees and on both coasts of Florida, antypes were pathogenic on both palm species. The third ST identified, ST 284, is represented by two isolates (PLM-320B/ NRRL 53542 and PLM-321E/NRRL 53540) from a single Syagrus × Butia hybrid palm. Pathogenicity of these latter two isolates has not been confirmed; however, STs 250 and 284 belong to the same EF-1α group. Likewise, although f. sp. palmarum STs 250 and 284 share an identical EF-1α allele with a putative pathogen of English ivy from England (NRRL 36251 ex Hedera helix = ST 147) , pathogenicity assays will need to be conducted to determine the 4

relationship between ST group, EF-1α group, and pathogenicity.

MP analysis of the partial EF-1α gene from representative isolates of F. Oxysporum f. sp. palmarum, f. sp. albedenis, f. sp. canariensis, and f. sp. elaeidis and 19 members of the FOSC placed f. sp. Palmarum and f. sp. albedenis into clade 3, f. Sp. canariensis into clade 1, and f. sp. Elaeidis into clade 2 . This suggests that f. sp. palmarum and f. sp. albedenis may be more closely related to one another than either is to f. sp. canariensis or f. Sp. elaeidis. F. oxysporum f. sp. albedenis has previously been reported as a pathogen with a single clonal lineage . In contrast, F. oxysporum f. spp. canariensis and elaeidis have been shown to be genetically diverse (10,12,).

In the present study, most samples were obtained from established landscapes; palm trees had been in their current location for 5 to 20 years. The sample sites ranged from the west to east coasts of Florida, encompassing the southern half of the state. The widespread occurrence of this disease suggests that the pathogen may have been present for a number of years prior to its initial discovery, or that it has been rapidly spread by airborne conidia moved by wind, birds, or insects. Thus far, only juvenile palm trees in one container nursery and two field nurseries have been affected by the disease. Because the palm trees declined so quickly, they were not marketable. If this is the normal scenario, although devastating to the nursery, it is unlikely that symptomatic palm trees will be moved into landscapes. However, whether infected but asymptomatic palm trees are being moved is unknown at this time. It should be noted that the field nursery site in Lee County is on a relatively isolated barrier island, and no mature queen or Mexican fan palm trees were known to have died in the vicinity and none were observed when the samples were obtained. Soil infestation was not evident in this field. As in the landscape, roots of palm trees in the field nursery were healthy and there were no discolored vascular bundles leading into the symptomatic petioles. It is unknown how the disease was initially established in the nursery but subsequent disseminationd bothdissemination of the pathogen could have been by pruning tools, because pruning had obviously occurred.

A number of queen palm samples were obtained from the city of Lakewood Ranch (Manatee County) and initially were centered in one subdivision (WM) . Later, 5

positive samples were obtained from two more subdivisions (SG and EW), separated by a very large lake. Further investigation determined that each subdivision was serviced by different landscape maintenance companies. This would indicate that it is highly unlikely that infested pruning tools were the primary means of pathogen transmission among subdivisions. It was also deemed highly unlikely that pruning transmission of the pathogen occurred at the Orlando development in Orange County. All three sites are at least 1 km from each other and were either not trimmed by the same crew or were trimmed months apart. This is in contrast to Fusarium wilt of Canary Island date palm, where pruning transmission is considered to be a primary means of transmission of F. oxysporum f. sp. Canariensis (12).

Pathogen movement by means other than pruning tools (e.g., wind, birds, and insects) would imply that conidia of this pathogen are being produced externally, and this has been observed in the landscape. As palm petioles and rachides age or degrade, superficial cracks develop that may allow the fungus to sporulate on the exterior of these tissues. This also has implications for replanting susceptible host species back into a site where F. Oxysporum f. sp. palmarum has killed palm trees.

Further research is needed to determine whether (i) other palm species are susceptible to this pathogen, (ii) toxins are involved in pathogenicity and virulence, (iii) fungal spores are incorporated into the soil leading to root infections of replacement plantings, and (iv) fungicides could be used to protect susceptible palm trees in areas where the disease is active.

References

[1].Abdalla, M. Y., Al-Rokibah, A., Moretti, A.,and Mulè, G. 2000. Pathogenicity of toxigenic Fusarium proliferatum from date palm in Saudi Arabia. Plant Dis. 84:321-324.

[2]. Alfieri, S. A., Jr., Langdon, K. R., Kimbrough, J. W., El-Gholl, N. E., and Wehlburg, C. 1994 Diseases and Disorders of Plants in Florida. Florida Dep. Agric. Consumer Serv. Div. Plant Ind. Bull. 14.

[3]. Amraoui, H., Lazrek, H. B., Sedra, M. H., Sampieri, F., Mansuelle, P., Rochat, H., and Hamdaoui, A. 2005. Chromatographic coxysporum f. sp. albedinis and 6

saprophytic strain toxins. J. Phytopathol. 153:203-208.

[4]. Armengol, J. Moretti, A., Perrone, G., Vicent,2005. Identification, incidence and characterization of Fusarium proliferatum on ornamental palms in Spain. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 112:123- 131.

[5]. Downer, A. J., Uchida, J. Y., Hodel, D. R., and Elliott, M. L. 2009. Lethal palm diseases in the United States. HortTechnology 19:710-716.

[6]. Elliott, M. L., Broschat, T. K., Uchida, J. Y., and Simone, G. W., eds. 2004. Compendium of Ornamental Palm Diseases and Disorders. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

[7]. Elliott, M. L., and Des Jardin, E. A.. 2006. First report of Cocoicola californica on Washingtonia robusta in Florida. Online. Plant Health Progr. doi:10.1094/PHP-2006-0227-01- BR.

[8]. Elmer, H. S., Carpenter, J. B., and Klotz, L. J. 1968. Pests and diseases of the date palm. Part II. Diseases. FAO Plant Prot. Bull. 16:97-110.

[9]. Feather, T. V., Ohr, H. D., Munnecke, D. E., and Carpenter, J. B. 1989. The occurrence of Fusarium oxysporum on Phoenix canariensis, a potential danger to date production in California. Plant Dis. 73:78-80.

[10]. Flood, J. 2006. A review of Fusarium wilt of oil palm caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. Sp. elaeidis. Phytopathology 96:660-662.

[11]. Geiser, D. M., Jimenez-Gasco, M. M., Kang, S., Makalowska, I., Veeraraghavan, N., Ward, T. J., Zhang, N., Kuldau, G. A., and

O’Donnell, K. 2004. FUSARIUM-ID v. 1.0: A DNA sequence database for identifying Fusarium. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 110:473-479.

[12]. Gunn, L. V., and Summerell, B. A. 2002. Differentiation of Fusarium oxysporum isolates from Phoenix canariensis (Canary Island Date Palm) by vegetative compatibility grouping and molecular analysis. Aust. Plant Pathol. 31:351-358.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported, in part, by the Florida Nursery Growers and Landscape Association. We thank S. Sink for expert technical assistance and D. Fraser for preparing Figure 3.

8

Table of Contents

Title .................................................................................................................................................... I Abstract and Key words ............................................................................................................. II

I.Background ..................................................................................................................................... 1

II.The results ..................................................................................................................................... 2

III. DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................. 3

References ......................................................................................................................................... 6

Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................... 8