人教版 英语 必修一

Unit 1

把add up加起来

【归纳】 意为“把??加起来，合计”。如：

Add your scores up and we’ll see who won. 把你的分加起来,我们就知道谁赢了。

【延伸】 （1） add to 增加，增添。如：

The bad weather added to our difficulties. 恶劣的天气增加了我们的困难。

（2） add... to... 把??加到??上。如：

Do you want to add your name to the list? 你想要把你的名字加到名单里吗？

（3） add up to 加起来总共是，合计达。如：

The figures add up to exactly 500. 这些数字加起来正好是五百。

“经历” go through

【归纳】 意为“经历（苦难），仔细检查，（法案）获得通过，（计划等）被批准”。如：

How does she keep smiling after all she’s gone through? 在经历过那么多坎坷之后，她怎么还能满脸笑容？ Remember to go through the pockets before you put those trousers in the washing machine. 把那些裤子放入洗衣机之前，别忘了把口袋检查一遍。

The proposals for the new shopping centre are unlikely to go through. 建造那个新购物中心的提议不大可能被批准。

【延伸】 go against 反对，违背；go along 进行，进展；go by （时间）流逝，过去；go down 减少，下降；go over 仔细检查，复习；go on 继续，接着；go off 离开，爆炸。

“记下” set down

【归纳】 意为“写下，记下”，相当于write down，put down。如：

I wanted to set my feelings down on paper. 我想把我的感想写下来。

Put the number down in your diary so that you won’t forget. 把这个数记在你的日记里以免忘记。

【延伸】 set about doing sth. / set out to do sth. 开始（着手）做某事；set out / off 启程，出发；set up 创立，建立。

“故意地” on purpose

【归纳】 （1） 意为“故意（地）”。如：

He came on purpose to speak to you. 他是特意来跟你谈话的。

（2） on purpose 的反义词为by accident / chance，意为“偶然（地）”。如：

I met her quite by accident. 我遇见她颇为偶然。

【延伸】 for / with the purpose of 为了??的目的；for various purposes 为了不同的目的；to the purpose / point 中肯的，切题的。

“受损失” suffer from

【归纳】 意为“患病，受痛苦，受损失”。如：

The city suffered serious damage from the earthquake. 那个城市因地震而遭到严重破坏。

She suffered from loneliness. 她很孤独。

【易错点】 suffer 若表示“感到疼痛，遭受（痛苦）”常作不及物动词。若其后需接具体的病痛，则需与介词from连用。如：

The old man is suffering from gout. 这个老人患了痛风。

对get / be tired of厌烦

【归纳】 意为“对??厌烦”。如：

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I’m getting tired of all her negative remarks. 我对她那一整套消极言论感到越来越厌烦了。

I got tired of so much reading. 我对读这么多书感到厌烦了。

【易错点】 get / be tired from 意为“由于??而累了”。如：

He was tired from a long walk. 他因为长途跋涉而累了。

“加入”join in

【归纳】 意为“加入，参加”，表示积极参加一群人正在做的事情，多用于参加小规模的活动。如： Why doesn’t Tom join in the discussion? 汤姆为什么不加入讨论?

I hope you will join in all our club activities. 我希望你会参加我们俱乐部的所有活动。

【延伸】 （1） take part in 表示参加某种活动，如体育、讨论、战斗等，规模大小均可。如：

At college I took an active part in student politics. 在大学里我积极参与学生政治活动。

（2） join指去和某人在一起，也指加入各种各样的团体，参军入团等。含有“成为其中一员”之意。如： When did you join the Labor Party? 你何时加入工党的?

【易错点】 参加一些活动，如会议、足球比赛、婚礼、教堂礼拜或正式宴会等，常用go / come to,更正式的说法是attend。如：

Are you coming to my birthday party? 你打算来参加我的生日聚会吗?

\“心烦意乱的”upset

（1） adj. 心烦意乱的，不安的，难过的

Why do you look so upset today? 为什么你今天看起来忧心忡忡的？

（2） vt. 使不安，使心烦意乱

Don’t upset yourself about it—let’s just forget it. 你别为这件事烦恼了——咱们就只当它没发生过。

【辨析】 upset和upsetting：两个词都是形容词。upset的主语一般是人，用于描述人的感受；upsetting的主语一般事物，用于描述事物的特点。

“镇静的”calm

（1） vt. & vi. （使）平静，（使）镇定

Roy was unable to calm himself. 罗伊没法让自己平静下来。

（2） adj. 镇静的，沉着的，平静的

An hour after the accident, I was starting to feel calmer. 事故发生一小时后，我开始镇静下来。

（3） adj. （水面） 平静的

The sea was calm. 海上风平浪静。

【辨析】 quiet, still和calm：quiet强调环境的安静；still强调事物或者人所处的状态，意为“静止的，不动的”；calm指水面的平静或者人的镇定、沉着。

【常见搭配】 calm （sb.） down （使）平静下来，（使）镇定下来；stay / keep / remain calm 保持镇定。 与concern“有关”

（1） vt. 使担心，使忧虑

It concerns me that you no longer seem to care. 你似乎不再在乎，这令我担忧。

（2） vt. 涉及，与??有关

The story concerns a man who was a friend of mine. 故事讲的是我过去的一个朋友。

（3） n. 担心，关注

There is growing concern about the safety of mobile phones. 人们越来越担心移动电话的安全问题。

【拓展】 concerning prep. 关于；concerned adj. 担心的，忧虑的，相关的。

【常见搭配】 be concerned about 对??担心；be concerned with 和??有关，涉及到??；as far as I’m concerned 就我而言，我认为；show concern for 对??表示关心。

settle“定居”

（1） v. 安家，（使）定居

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They got married and settled in San Francisco. 他们结婚了，定居在旧金山。

（2） vi. 停留

Two birds settled on the fence. 两只鸟停在了篱笆上。

（3） vt. 安排，解决

The children settled their quarrel in a friendly way. 孩子们以友好的方式解决了争吵。

【拓展】 settler n. 移民者，殖民者；settlement n. 协议，解决，定居点。

【常见搭配】 settle down 定居下来；settle down to sth. 安下心来做某事。

“遭受”suffer

（1） vi. （常和from连用） 受苦，受折磨

My mother suffers from headaches. 我母亲常头痛。

（2） vt. 遭受，蒙受（损失等）

The army suffered from heavy losses in the battle. 该部队在这次战斗中损失惨重。

（3） vi. 变差，变糟

His school work was suffering because of the family problems. 由于家庭问题，他的学业日渐退步。

【拓展】 suffering n. ［U］ 痛苦，苦难；sufferings n. 痛苦，苦恼；sufferer n. 受难者，患者。

“打行李”pack

（1） v. 捆扎，包装，打行李

I’m leaving in half an hour and I haven’t packed yet. 我半小时后就要出发，我现在还没有收拾行李呢。

（2） n. 小包，包裹

The climber carried some food in a pack on his back. 登山者背着一包食物。

【拓展】 packed adj. 塞满了的；package n. 包裹。

【常见搭配】 be packed with 挤满着??；pack up 把??打包，解雇；pack away 收拾起来放好。 \1. While walking the dog, you were careless and it got loose and was hit by a car. （P1）

句中While walking the dog省略了主语和be动词，即you were。当由when、while、before、after 等引导的从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，常将从句主语和be动词省略，以避免重复。如：

When going shopping, you shouldn’t be persuaded to buy something that you don’t want.

After entering the cave, he found nothing but some empty boxes.

2. ... you had to pay to get it repaired. （P1）

句中get it repaired为get + 名词 / 代词 + 过去分词（宾补）的结构，get意为“使，促使”, 与it有逻辑上的动宾关系，在此结构中可作宾补的还有：现在分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语。如： I should get the tables in the office cleaned every day.

3. ... tell him / her that he / she should have studied, so you don’t let him / her look at your paper. （P1）

should have done sth. 表示“本应该做某事而没有做”， shouldn’t have done sth. 则表示“本不应该做某事而做了”，两者都有责备的意味，此外， should have done sth. 还可表示“竟然做过某事”。如：

You should have your computer repaired after work yesterday.

4. I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. （P2）

此句使用了强调句型强调原因状语。强调句的基本句式是： It is / was + 被强调部分 + that / who + 句子其他成分，该强调句型用于强调除谓语以外的各种成分，被强调部分如果是人一般用who，that也可以。如原句是现在时态，则用is，如原句是过去时态，则用was。强调句是一般疑问句时，其句式为：Is / Was it + 被强调部分 ＋ that / who + 句子其他成分。被强调部分是特殊疑问词时，其句式为：疑问词 ＋ is / was it + that / who + 句子其他部分。如：

It was in the park that I saw Li Ming and his parents yesterday.

Was it yesterday that you saw Li Ming and his parents in the park?

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Where was it that you saw Li Ming and his parents yesterday?

5. I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound. （P2）

句中there was a time when... 为remember引导的宾语从句，其中a time为先行词，意为“一段时期”，when引导的是限制性定语从句，在定语从句中作时间状语。如：

There was a time when he lived with his parents in the poor village.

6. ... it was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face... （P2）

此句使用了句型It / This / That is / was the first （second / third...） + time that从句，如主句be动词是is，则that从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时；如主句be动词是was，则that 从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时；如主句be动词是will be，则that从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时代替将来完成时。如：

It is the second time that I’ve been to London.

It will be the first time in my life that I have visited that famous writer.

7. It’s no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experienced. （P2）

此句使用了It’s no + 名词 + doing sth.句型，it 为形式主语，真正的主语是doing sth.。常用于此结构的名词有： good, use等。如：

It’s no good for the young smoking so much every day.

\I. 定义

直接陈述别人的原话，并把它放在引号内，叫直接引语；用自己的话来转述别人的话，并且不用引号，叫间接引语。它们之间可以相互转化。

II. 陈述句的引语转化

当直接引语为陈述句时，其间接引语变为由that引导的宾语从句跟在转述动词之后，that可以省略。主句的谓语动词可用直接引语中的said, 也可用told来代替（可以说said that, said to sb. that, told sb. that，不可以直接说told that）。如：

She said, “I have been to Beijing three times.” → She said （that） she had been to Beijing three times. 注意： 如果间接引语是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列从句，第一个连词可省略，以后的连词一般不省略，以免混乱。如：

The boy said, “I am thirsty and I want to buy an ice cream.” → The boy said he was thirsty and that he wanted to buy an ice cream.

III. 疑问句的引语转化

1. 一般疑问句

将直接引语变为由if或whether引导的宾语从句跟在转述动词之后，原动词say要改成ask。如： He said, “Are you fond of reading?” → He asked (me) if / whether I was fond of reading.

2. 选择疑问句

间接引语用whether... or (not)... 表达，而if不能这样用。如：

I asked, “Will you go to cinema or watch football game?” → I asked him whether he would go to cinema or watch football game.

3. 特殊疑问句

将直接引语变为由“原疑问词”引导的宾语从句跟在转述动词之后。如：

“Where are you going for your holiday tomorrow?” said she. → She asked where I was going for my holiday the next day.

注意： 疑问句的间接引语变成宾语从句后，一定注意要用陈述语序。

IV. 直接引语变间接引语的五点变化

1. 人称的变化

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从直接引语变间接引语的过程中，人称代词的人称要从转述者的立场作相应的变动，使其与动词的人称一致。如：

They said, “We are going to see Mr Smith now.”→ They said that they were going to see Mr Smith then.

2. 时态的变化

当主句的时态是一般现在时，从句的时态不需改变；当主句是过去时态时，间接引语要用相应的过去时态，即：一般现在时→一般过去时，现在进行时→过去进行时，一般过去时和现在完成时→过去完成时，过去进行时和过去完成时→不变。如：

He said to Tom, “We have made a mistake.” → He told Tom that they had made a mistake.

注意：① 若直接引语为客观真理，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：

The physics teacher said, “Light travels faster than sound.” → The physics teacher said that light travels faster than sound.

② 有时直接引语有特定的过去时间状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：

She said, “My daughter was born in 2005.” → She said that her daughter was born in 2005.

3. 状语的变化

① 主句是一般过去时时，引语中的时间状语等要作相应变化，一般是：now→then, ago→before, today→that day, yesterday→the day before, last night→the night before, tomorrow→the next / following day, next year→the next year等。

② 主要涉及的地点状语是here，它在间接引语中通常要变为there。如：

He said, “I will come here tomorrow.” → He said that he would go there the next day.

注意： 以上变化应视情况而定，若在当时 / 当天 / 当地转述，这些状语不需改变。

4. 指示代词的变化

在引语转化时，指示代词也要作相应的变化，如this→that和these→those。如：

Kate says, “My brother works in this school.” →Kate says that her brother works in that school.

5. 动词的变化

有时个别动词也可能需要改变，如come→go，bring→take等。如：

She said, “Will you bring your grammar book next time?” → She asked if I would take my grammar book the next time.

Unit2

“因为”because of

〒〒【归纳】 为复合介词,意为“因为，由于”。其后只能跟名词(名词短语)或代词，而不能跟从句。because是连词，其后只能跟从句，而不能跟名词（名词短语）或代词。如:

Because of the rain the match had to put off. 比赛因下雨而不得不推迟。

I do it because I like it. 我这样做是因为我喜欢。

【延伸】 because / for / since 均表示“原因”，但用法各异：

because表原因语气最强烈，表示直接而明确的原因,主从句有必然的因果关系。

for 引导的从句只能置于主句之后，它对后面的分句起到补充说明的作用，且for 前通常有逗号隔开。 since相当于now that，意为“既然，由于”，用来表示听众或读者已知的原因。由于since从句的这一语义特点，其引导的从句不能回答why提问的问句。

【易错点】 翻译“因为下雨他没来。”有以下两种译法：

He didn’t come because of the rain.

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He didn’t come because it rained.

“走近”come up

【归纳】 意为“走近，上来，提出”。如：

He put his head under water. But he soon came up for breath. 他把头放进水里，但是很快就抬起头来呼吸。

【延伸】 come about发生，产生；come across 偶然遇到(发现)；come in 进来；come on 快来，进行；come out 出版；come up with找到答案 / 解决方法。

【易错点】 come up 后不能直接跟宾语，但能跟介词短语。

at present“目前”

〒〒【归纳】 意为“现在，目前，当今”，相当于at this time，now。如：

Mrs Hellman is busy at present, can she ring you later? 赫尔曼女士现在正忙，让她过一会儿给你回电话好吗？

【延伸】 be present at + 地点 = attend + 地点，意为“参加”；for the present = for the moment意为“目前，暂时”。

〒〒【易错点】 注意“present 后置”与“present前置”的意思差别很大，在单项填空、短文改错题等解题过程中尤需注意。如：

The leaders present到会的领导(后置定语)；the present leaders现任的领导(前置定语)。

合理“利用”make use of

【归纳】 意为“利用，使用”。该短语可根据表达的需要，在use前加入一些修饰性的词语，如： make full use of 充分利用；make good use of 好好利用；make little use of 不充分利用。

We must make the best possible use of the resources we have. 我们必须充分利用我们现有的资源。

We must make full use of our books. 我们应该充分利用我们的书。

【易错点】 make use of 用于被动语态时，构成该短语的每个部分都不可漏掉。如：

In my opinion, the old books can still be made full use of. 我认为旧书仍然可以充分利用。

“像这样的”such as

〒〒【归纳】 意为“例如??，像这样的”，用来列举事物，放在被列举事物与前面的名词之间。如： Sweet foods such as chocolate can make you fat. 像巧克力之类的甜食能使你发胖。

—There are lots of ways to increase productivity. 提高生产力的途径有很多。

—Such as? 举例来说呢？

【延伸】 for example可作为独立语插入句中，它的位置很灵活，可用在所举例子(通常是一个)的前面或后面(列举)。如：

In many countries, Italy, for example, family life is much more important than here. 很多国家，比如意大利，都比我们更加重视家庭生活。

【易错点】 从功能上看，for example作为插入语，可以说明任何成分，而such as只能引出名词性同位语；从语序上看，for example 可位于句首、句中或句末，而such as 只能位于它所引出的名词性同位语之前。 actually “事实上”

____(1) 实际上，事实上

What did he actually say? 他实际上说了些什么?

(2) 竟然，居然

He not only invited me to his house but he actually offered me a drink. 他不但邀请我去他家，而且竟然请我喝了饮料呢。

【链接】 表示“实际上，事实上”的常见短语有：in fact, in

reality, in practice和as a matter of fact。

【拓展】 actual adj. 实际的，现实的

以base 为基础

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____(1) vt. 以??为据点，把 (总部等)设在

They decided to base the company in New York. 他们决定把公司总部设在纽约。

(2) vt. 以??为根据(基础)

You should always base your opinions on facts. 你的意见应该总是以事实为依据。

(3) n. 基部，底部

We camped at the base of the mountain. 我们在山底下安营。

(4) n. 基地，根据地，基础

Many languages have Latin as their base. 许多语言都以拉丁语为基础。

【拓展】 basic adj. 基本的，基础的；basement n. 地下室；be based on 建立在??基础上。

“命令”command

(1) n. 命令，控制，指挥

Begin when I give the command. 我发出命令时开始。

The police arrived and took command of the situation. 警察到达后就控制了局势。

(2) n. (尤指语言方面的) 掌握

I have a good command of English. 我英语掌握得很好。

(3) vt. 命令

He commanded that the army (should) attack at once. 他下令军队立即进攻。

(4) vt. 指挥

The king commands the armed forces. 国王统帅三军。

【链接】 表示“命令”时，command和order较为常用。这两个词都可以用于下列结构：command / order sb. to do sth. 或者command / order + that从句(注意从句要使用虚拟语气)。

【拓展】 commander n. 指挥员，司令员；be at one’s command 听从某人的吩咐，服从某人的支配；under the command of 由??指挥。

“请求”request

(1) n. 要求，请求

They made a request for more help. 他们请求再给一些帮助。

(2) vt. “要求，请求”，后面常接名词、动词不定式或者that从句作宾语。

The judge requested silence. 法官要求肃静。

You are requested not to smoke in the restaurant. 请不要在餐馆里吸烟。

The teacher requested that the homework be handed in on time. 老师要求按时交作业。

【拓展】 at one’s request 依照某人的要求；on request 一经要求。

如何“辨认”recognize

(1) 辨认出(人或者人的声音)

I thought I recognized the voice. 我想我辨认出了那个声音。

(2) 承认

They refused to recognize the new government. 他们拒绝承认新政府。

(3) 公认

The book is now recognized as a classic. 这本书现在是一部公认的经典著作。

【拓展】 recognition n. 认出，承认，认可。

“笔直的”straight

(1) adj. 直的，笔直的

a straight line 直线

(2) adj. 正直的，坦率的

He wouldn’t give me a straight answer. 他不愿给我一个坦率的回答。

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(3) adv. 径直地

The car was coming straight at me. 这辆汽车径直朝我开来。

【拓展】 straighten vt. 使变直，把??弄直；straight away = straight off 立刻，马上；straight out 直言不讳地，直截了当地。

1. Do you know that there is more than one kind of English? （P9）

more than后接数字，表示“多于，超过”，more than后接名词、形容词、副词、动名词或分词等时，意为“不只是，非常，不仅仅”；more than one意为“不止一个”，作主语时谓语动词用单数。 如：

More than one person has seen the famous singer in the theatre. 不止一个人在剧院里见到了这位著名的歌星。

2. Later in the next century, people from England made voyages to conquer other parts of the world and because of that, English began to be spoken in many other countries. （P9）

because of在句中引导原因状语，because of意为“因为，由于”，后接名词、代词、名词短语；because 后接从句。如：

He walked slowly because of his bad leg. 他走得慢是因为腿有毛病。

I did it because he told me to. 我做这事是因为他叫我做的。

3. Native English speakers can understand each other even if they don’t speak the same kind of English. （P10） 句中even if是连词词组，用来引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管，即使”，相当于even though。其它可以用来引导让步状语从句的连词还有although，as，though，疑问词 + ever等。如：

Although he had only entered the contest for fun, he won first prize. 尽管他参加这次竞赛只不过是闹着玩儿而已，却赢得了头奖。

4. At first the English spoken in England between about AD 450 and 1150 was very different from the English spoken today. （P10）

句中 spoken in England...和 spoken today是过去分词短语作后置定语，与所修饰的名词English之间为被动关系，过去分词短语作定语相当于一个定语从句，此处相当于定语从句which was spoken in England... 和which is spoken today。如：

The chair made of glass was broken by a naughty boy yesterday. 那把由玻璃制成的椅子昨天被一个淘气的小男孩弄坏了。

5. Today the number of people learning English in China is increasing rapidly. （P10）

本句主语为the number of，意为“??的数量”。the number of + 名词复数作主语时，谓语动词用单数；a number of + 名词复数意为“许多，大量”，作主语时，谓语动词用复数；learning English in China是现在分词短语作后置定语修饰people, 相当于一个限制性定语从句who are learning English in China，现在分词短语作定语时，与所修饰的名词之间为主动关系。如：

As is known to all, an object weighing 6 kilograms on our earth weighs 1 kilogram on moon. 众所周知，在我们地球上重6千克的东西在月球上重1千克。

上期我们学习了陈述句和疑问句的引语转化，本期一起来了解一下祈使句变间接引语时需注意的问题。 I. 转述动词的变化

祈使句表达的是“请求”或“命令”的语气，因此变为间接引语时，转述动词通常改为含有祈使意义的动词，如ask, beg, request, order, tell, command, advise等，然后在这些动词后接“to + do”作宾补，常形成三种结构：

① 表示邀请、请求某人做某事：ask sb. to do sth.

② 表示叫、吩咐某人做某事：tell sb. to do sth.

③ 表示命令某人做某事：order sb. (not) to do sth.

如：

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The teacher said to me, “Shut the window, please.” → The teacher asked me to shut the window.

“Tom,” he said to him. “Come here, please.” →

He told Tom to go there.

对于祈使句的引语转化，我们可以总结为“一改二变三加四去”：一改：said (to) 改为asked等；二变：said to的宾语变为asked等的宾语；三加：即在动词原形前加to，使之成为动词不定式；四去：去掉please。 II. 否定句中not的位置

否定的祈使句变间接引语时，须在不定式符号to前加not。如：

Doctor Wang said to me, “Don’t drink any more for your health.”

→ Doctor Wang told me not to drink any more for my health.

III. Let’s句型

有些表示建议、要求或劝告的祈使句变为间接引语时，可以用suggest, insist, offer等词加以转述，此时要注意这些词的固定搭配。如：

He said, “Let’s go to picnic tomorrow.”

→ He suggested (our) going to picnic the next day.

→ He suggested that we (should) go to picnic the next day.

因为祈使句表示“请求”或“命令”的语气，所以祈使句直接引语变为间接引语时不存在时态的变化。但是人称、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等还要进行相应的变化。

IV. 其它句型

① 两个不同句型的转化

当引语是两个不同的句子时，需要改变动词和连接词。如：

She said to her friend, “Do you like English? It’s too difficult for me.”

→ She asked her friend if her friend liked English and said that it was too difficult for herself.

② 祈使句 + and(or)

“祈使句 + and”相当于if的肯定句；“祈使句 + or”相当于if的否定句。如：

She said to me, “Wash my car, and I’ll give you money.” → She told me that if I washed her car, she’d give me money.

She said to me, “Wash my car, or I won’t give you money.” → She told me that if I didn’t wash her car, she would not give me money.

③ 感叹句变间接引语

感叹句变间接引语，可适当改变转述动词，仍然使用what或how等作为连接词，语序不变，但是人称、时态等要作相应变化；也可使用that，将句子变成相应的名词性从句。如：

He said, “What a nice jacket you are wearing!” →He cried out what a nice jacket I was wearing.

She said, “How happy I am!” → She said that she was very happy.

Unit 3

care about “关心”

【归纳】 意为“关心，忧虑，惦念，在乎，在意”，表示认为某事重要并产生兴趣或忧虑；常用于疑问句和否定句中，其后若需接从句，则省略about。如：

The only thing he seems to care about is money. 似乎他唯一关心的就是钱。

Don’t you care what happens to them? 你难道不担心他们出什么事吗？

【延伸】 与 care about 易混淆的短语是care for, care for通常有以下两种意思：

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① 意为“喜欢，对??感兴趣”，常用于疑问句和否定句中。如：

Would you care for some fish? 想吃点鱼吗？

What kind of music do you care for best? 你最喜欢哪种音乐？

② 意为“照顾，照料”，是较正式的用语。如：

The children were well cared for. 孩子们受到了很好的照顾。

change one’s mind “改变主意”

【归纳】 意为“改变主意（决定）”。如：

I’ve changed my mind—I’ll have a beer instead. 我改变主意了——我要杯啤酒吧。

Try and get her to change her mind about coming with us. 设法让她改变主意，不要和我们一起来。

【易错点】 mind的形式要随人称的单复数而变。

【拓展】 make up one’s mind 下决心，决定；bear / keep in mind记住；have in mind 记住，想到，考虑到，意欲，打算。

“喜爱” be fond of

【归纳】 意为“喜欢，喜爱”，其后可接人或物作宾语。如：

Joe’s quite fond of her, isn’t he? 乔很喜欢她，不是吗？

Jilly is very fond of drawing. 吉利非常喜欢画画。

My grandfather was very fond of handing out advice to all my friends. 我祖父很爱给我所有的朋友提出忠告。 give in “屈服”

【归纳】 意为“投降，屈服，让步”。如：

They argued back and forth until finally he gave in. 他们反复争论直到最后他让步为止。

They weren’t a good team, but they refused to give in and accept defeat. 他们并不是一支强队，但他们拒绝屈服，不肯认输。

【易错点】 与give in 易混淆的短语是 give up，give up意为“放弃（尤指经常做的事情或拥有某物），戒烟、酒”。如：

I’ve given up expecting him to change. 我已经不指望他会改变了。

You ought to give up smoking; it is bad for your health. 你应该戒烟，吸烟对你身体不好。

【延伸】 give away 赠送，出卖，泄露；give back 归还，退还；give off 发出（气味、光热、声音等）；give out 用完，精疲力竭，分发，发出。

as usual “像往常一样”

【归纳】 意为“照常，照例，像往常一样”，常指与以往的行为作比较的某一次的行为或动作。如: As usual, he arrived last. 照例，他最后一个到。

As usual, he stayed up late last night. 像往常一样，他昨晚很晚才休息。

【延伸】 than usual 比平时；out of usual 与众不同，异常。

1. It was my sister who first had the idea to cycle along the entire Mekong River from where it begins to where it ends. (P18)

本句使用了强调句型, 其结构为: It is / was + 被强调部分 + that / who + 原句剩余部分，此句型用来强调除谓语以外的任何成分，强调人时，可用who / that，强调其他任何成分一律用that，使用此结构时，如去掉It is / was... that，该句子仍然成立，如强调特殊疑问词时, 其强调结构为：特殊疑问词 + is / was that + 其他??? 如强调not... until... 结构，则其强调结构为: It is / was + not until... + that...。如:

It was Wang Peng who / that got the first place in the exam yesterday. 是王鹏在昨天的考试中得了第一。 It was not until a week later that they found the lost girl. 直到一周后，他们才找到了这个失踪的小女孩。

2. ... she insisted that she organize the trip properly. (P18)

insist 意为“坚持要求，坚决主张”时，其后的宾语从句的谓语动词用（should） do，should 可省略；当insist 意为“坚持说，坚持认为”时，其后的宾语从句如果说的是事实，则谓语动词用相应的时态。insist- 10 - / 25

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后还可接介词on、 upon，即： insist on / upon (doing) sth.。如：

He insisted that he （should） go to help her take care of her sick mother. 他坚持认为他应该帮助她照顾生病的妈妈。

The old man insisted that the little boy had been here before. 这个老人坚持说这个小男孩以前来过这儿。 She insisted on / upon coming with us.她坚持要求和我们一起来。

3. A determined person always tries to finish the job, no matter how hard it is. (P20)

no matter 是连词词组，意为“不管，无论”，其后可接what, who, whom, which, how, when等疑问词，引导让步状语从句。如：

No matter what you say, I won’t believe you. 不论你说什么，我都不会相信你。

No matter when you want to borrow his car, he will lend you. 不管你什么时候想借用他的车，他都会借给你。

4. To climb the mountains was hard work but as we looked around us, we were surprised by the view. (P22)

在本句中动词不定式短语作主语，动词不定式短语作主语时可放在谓语动词之后，用it 作形式主语放在句首。如：

To learn a foreign language well is very important for us. = It is very important for us to learn a foreign language well. 学好一门外语对我们来说是很重要的。

It is very difficult for children to read such kind of books. 对孩子们来说读这种书是很困难的。

5. Have you ever seen snowmen ride bicycles? That’s what we looked like! (P22)

句中what we looked like为what 引导的表语从句，连接代词what 可根据不同的语境分别转换成a / the + 相应名词 + that。如：

Our school isn’t what it used to be now. 我们的学校今非昔比。

What surprised me most was that he had got the first place in the exam. 使我最吃惊的是他竟然在考试中得了第一名。

transport “运输”

(1) vt. (用交通工具)运输，运送

We need a carriage to transport these goods. 我们需要一个车厢来运送这些货物。

(2) n. 运送，运输

The transport of goods by air is very expensive. 空运货物费用十分昂贵。

(3) n. 运输(交通)工具

I normally travel by public transport. 我出门通常乘坐公共交通工具.

【拓展】 transportation n. 运输，运输工具

“更喜欢” prefer

(1) prefer (doing) sth. 更喜欢(做)某事

Which one do you prefer, an apple or an orange? 你想要哪个，苹果还是桔子？

(2) prefer to do sth. 更喜欢(宁愿)做某事

I prefer to sit by the window. 我更喜欢坐在靠窗的位置。

【注意】 表示“与(做)某事相比更喜欢(做)某事”的两个句型：prefer (doing) sth. to (doing) sth.，prefer to do... rather than do...

【拓展】 preference n. 偏爱，优先

“说服” persuade

(1) persuade sb. 说服某人

Do you think you can persuade me? 你以为你能说服我吗？

(2) persuade sb. (not) to do sth. 说服某人(不)做某事

I persuaded her to help me. 我说服了她，让她帮助我。

(3) persuade sb. that 使某人相信

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I managed to persuade him that it was not his fault. 我设法让他相信了那不是他的错。

【常见搭配】 persuade sb. into (doing) sth. 说服某人做某事；persuade sb. out of (doing) sth. 说服某人放弃(做)某事；try to persuade sb. to do sth. 试图说服某人做某事（但未成功）。

graduate “毕业”

(1) vi. 毕业

I will graduate next spring. 我明年春天毕业。

(2) n. 毕业生

Are you a graduate of this school? 你是这个学校的毕业生吗？

【常见搭配】 a high school graduate 高中毕业生；a college graduate大学毕业生；a post graduate 研究生

【拓展】 graduation n. 毕业

schedule “时间表”

(1) n. 时间表，日程表

Where should I get a bus schedule? 我应该到哪里拿公车时刻表呢?

(2) vt. 安排时间

The meeting is scheduled for Thursday. 会议定于星期四举行。

【常见搭配】 ahead of / on / behind schedule 提前 / 准时 / 推迟

“组织” organize

(1) 组织

The meeting was badly organized. 会议组织得很糟糕。

(2) vt. 筹办，备办

I will invite people if you can organize food and drinks. 如果你能备办饮食，我就负责请人。

【拓展】 organized adj. 有组织的；organizer n. 组织者，筹备者；organization n. 组织，团体，机构。 “可靠的” reliable

I don’t think he is a reliable man. 我认为他不是一个可靠的人。

【拓展】 rely vi. 依靠，依赖，指望；rely on / upon sb. 依靠(依赖)某人。

【链接】 -able常常为形容词的词尾，表示“令人??的”或“能够??的”。如：comfortable舒适的；unbelievable难以置信的；unthinkable无法接受的；unchangeable不能改变的。

现在进行时除了表示“现在”的用法外，还可以表示“将来”，其用法如下：

I. 现在进行时表将来

现在进行时表将来时常有“意图”、“安排”或“打算”的含义。它常表最近或较近的将来，所以动词多是瞬间性的动词，如：go, come, leave, arrive, start等，并常与表示将来的时间状语连用。如：

The Blacks are leaving for Qingdao to enjoy a vacation tomorrow. 布莱克夫妇打算明天出发去青岛度假。 My parents are arriving this afternoon. 我父母今天下午到。

【提示】 表将来的现在进行时也可用于某些延续性动词。如：

What are you doing next Sunday? 下星期天你打算做什么？

【连线高考】 Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane ________. （2006福建）

A. takes off B. is taking off

C. has taken off D. took off

答案：B

II. 现在进行时用于状语从句表将来

同一般现在时一样，现在进行时也可用在时间或条件状语从句中表“将来”，这种进行时也可用在原因状语从句中。如：

① When you are cooking next time, don’t put in so much salt. 下次做菜的时候，不要放这么多盐。（用于时间状语从句）

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② If they are not doing it, what am I to do? 假如他们不干，那我该怎么办呢？（用于条件状语从句）

③ She’s going to the dentist’s tomorrow because she’s having a tooth filled. 她明天要去看牙医，因为她要补一颗牙。（用于原因状语从句）

【连线高考】 Because the shop ________, all the

T-shirts are sold at half price. (2004浙江)

A. has closed down B. closed down

C. is closing down D. had closed down

答案：C

III. 与一般现在时表将来的区别

现在进行时表示的将来动作往往是可以改变的；而一般现在时表示的将来动作则是根据规定预计要发生的事情，因此往往是不可改变或不可随意变动的。如：

She is buying an English-Chinese dictionary this

weekend. 这周末她准备买本英汉词典。

The sports meeting takes place on November l0. 运动会将于十一月十号举行。

right away “立刻，马上”

【归纳】 right away 意为“立刻，马上”。如：

I want it typed right away, please. 请立刻把它打印出来。

You must go to work right away. 你必须马上去上班。

【延伸】 表示“立刻，马上”的短语和词还有：without delay, right now, immediately, at once 等，它们都是副词性质。immediately 还可以作连词，意为“一??就??，相当于as soon as / the moment。如： Return immediately you are done. 事情一做完就回来。

as if “仿佛，好像”

【归纳】 as if 在look, seem等系动词后引导表语从句。如：

She looks as if she were ten years younger. 她看起来好像年轻了十岁。

【延伸】 as if 还有以下重要用法：

1. 引导方式状语从句。如：

The child talked to us as if he were a grown-up. 那孩子跟我们谈起话来像个成年人似的。

2. as if 用于省略句中：如果as if 引导的从句是“主语 + 系动词”结构，可省略主语和系动词，这样as if 后就只剩下名词、动词不定式、形容词(短语)、介词短语或分词。如：

He acts as if (he was / were) a fool. 他做事像个傻子。

Tom raised his hand as if (he was / were going) to say something. 汤姆举起手好像要说什么。

3. as if 从句用虚拟语气的情况。当说话者认为句子所描述的是不真实的或极少有可能发生或存在的情况时，从句用虚拟语气。如：

He talks as if he knew where she was. 他说话的样子，好像他知道她在哪里似的。

The girl listened as if she had been turned into a stone. 那女孩倾听着，像已经变成了石头似的。

Unit 4

at an end “结束，终结”

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【归纳】 be at an end 结束，终结。如：

Everything between them was at an end. 他们之间的一切都已结束。

【延伸】 以end为中心词的几个短语： at the end of表示“在??的尽头，在??的末稍”；by the end of表示“到??末为止，在??结束”时，后面接指时间或事的名词,构成介词短语,作时间状语；in the end表示“最后，终于”，是介词短语，作状语；end in表示“结果是，以??结尾”；end up with表示“以??结束，与??断绝关系”。

in ruins “成为废墟”

【归纳】 in ruins成为废墟。如：

The castle is now in ruins. 城堡现在已成废墟。

【延伸】 辨析：ruin / destroy / harm / damage

这几个词都有“伤害”的意思，但含义和用法不同：ruin 指毁坏，破灭，瓦解，常常指建筑设施；damage“损失”，主要用于物，表示部分的损失，一般可以修复；destroy“毁灭，消灭”，主要指通过某种有力的或粗暴的手段使之毁灭或无用，一般不能或很难恢复；harm“伤害，损害”，常用于口语，指肉体、精神、健康上的伤害。

burst “爆裂，爆发”

(1) vi. (burst; burst) 爆裂，爆发

The balloon burst and fell to earth. 气球爆了落到了地上。

(2) [C] n. 迸发，爆发

He was greeted with a burst of cheers. 人们以阵阵掌声来迎接他。

【常见搭配】 burst in突然闯入；burst into 突然爆发 / 发作；burst out 突然(哭、笑、叫)起来。

【点拨】 在表达“突然??起来”时，burst into后接名词，burst out后接动名词，含义相同。如: burst into tears = burst out crying; burst into laughter = burst out laughing。

ruin “毁灭”

(1) vt. 毁灭，使破产

The rain ruined my painting. 这场雨把我的画给毁了。

(2) n. 毁灭，(复数) 废墟，遗迹

AD 476 saw the ruin of Roman Empire. 公元476年见证了罗马帝国的毁灭。

We visited the ruins of the temple. 我们参观了那座庙的遗迹。

【常见搭配】 in ruins 成为废墟，遭到毁灭。

“破坏” destroy

(1) vt. 破坏，毁灭

Half of the world’s rainforests have already been destroyed. 世界上的一半热带雨林已经被毁。

(2) （因动物有病或不再需要而）杀死，消灭

The injured cat had to be destroyed. 这只猫受了伤，只能把它杀死。

【拓展】 destroyer n. 毁灭者，驱逐舰。

shock “使震惊”

(1) vt. ＆ vi. （使）震惊，震动

This invention will shock the world. 这项发明将震惊全世界。

(2) n. 休克，打击，冲击

Her death was a great shock to her family. 她的死对她的家人打击很大。.

【拓展】 shocked adj. (用来描述人的感觉) 震惊的； shocking adj. (用来描述事物或情形) 令人震惊的。

【常见搭配】 culture shock 文化冲击；shock wave 冲击波。

“援救” rescue

(1) n. 援救，营救，获救

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We had given up hope of rescue. 我们那时已经放弃了获救的希望。

(2) vt. 援救，营救，抢救

I know he will rescue me. 我知道他将会援救我。

【常见搭配】 a rescue team 救援队； rescue workers 救援人员； come to one’s rescue 赶来营救某人； rescue sb. from... 营救某人脱离??。

trap “使陷入困境”

(1) vt. 使陷入困境

We became trapped by the rising flood water. 我们被上涨的洪水困住了。

(2) n. 困境，陷阱，圈套

The police set a trap to catch the thief. 警察设下了一个捉拿窃贼的圈套。

【常见搭配】 be trapped in 陷入??。

“掩埋” bury

(1) vt. 埋葬，掩埋

Both his grandparents were buried here. 他的祖父母都葬在这里。

(2) 隐藏(感情等)

She had learned to bury her feelings. 她已经学会了感情不外露。

【常见搭配】 bury oneself in 使埋头于??，使专心致志于??； be buried in sth. 专心致志于某事。

1. Now, imagine there has been a big earth-quake. (P25)

there be 结构表示“某人 / 事物在某地”，在此句型中，谓语动词的单复数可以采取就近一致原则。根据语境的不同，there be 结构有不同的形式：There + 情态动词 + be / There appears (seems) to be / There used to be / There + 状态动词（live, stand, exist, remain）。如：

There is a boy and two girls in the classroom. = There are two girls and a boy in the classroom. 在教室里有一个男孩和两个女孩。

There lies a river in front of the village. 在村子前有一条小河。

There used to be a forest here 10 years ago. 十年前这儿曾经是一片森林。

2. In the farmyards, the chickens and even the pigs were too nervous to eat. (P26)

too + adj. + to do sth. 意为“太??以至于不能做某事”，如果too 后形容词为glad, anxious, pleased, eager, willing, delighted, satisfied, ready等，

则too 意为“非常”，表示肯定之意。如：

We were too tired to go any farther. 我们太累了不能再走了。

I am too willing to help my friends out. 我非常愿意帮助朋友摆脱困境。

3. It seems as if the world was at an end! (P26)

It seems as if / as though意为“看样子似乎是、好像是??”，seem常用于以下句型：

There seems to be... 好像有??；sb. / sth. seems to do / to have done 某人、某物似乎要做

?? / 已经做过??；It seems (to sb.) that...（在某人看来）好像??。如：

They seem to have known each other.= It seems that they have known each other. 他们相互之间似乎已经认识了。

It seems as if our neighbors are having a party at home. 我们邻居似乎正在家里举行晚会。

4. Then, later that afternoon, another big quake which was almost as strong as the first one shook Tangshan. (P26) as + adj. / adv. + as 意为“和??一样??”。as... as 结构中间加形容词或副词原形，其否定形式为：not as... as或not so... as，此外as... as 结构还可拓展为“as + adj. + n. + as”。如：

Planting this kind of trees doesn’t need as much water as planting that one. 种植这种树不需要像种那种树那样用那么多的水。

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He is not as / so tall as his little brother. 他不如他的弟弟长得高。

We all think he earns as much money as last year. 我们都认为他今年赚的钱与去年一样多。

5. All hope was not lost. (P26)

此句使用了部分否定，当不定代词all, both, every, anything, anyone, anybody, everything, everyone, everybody等与否定副词not连用时，构成部分否定。如表示全部否定，则用none (三者或三者以上)，neither （两者）、nothing、nobody等。如：

All the students in our class didn’t pass the exam. 在这次考试中我们班并不是所有的人都通过了考试。 Everything is not good. 并非什么都好。

Neither of them went to help the poor old man. 他们两个人没有一个去帮那个可怜的老人。

6. Such a great number of people died because the quake happened while they were sleeping. (P27)

a great number of 意为“许多，大量”，用来修饰可数名词复数，a small number of意为“少量的”，a number of +

可数名词复数作主语时，谓语动词用复数；the number of 意为“??的总数目、总数量”，也可用来修饰可数名词，但“the number of + 可数名词复数”作主语时， 谓语动词用单数。如：

A great number of people go to the seaside for holidays every summer. 每年夏天有许多人到海边去度假。

The number of people who have their own cars in China is increasing now. 现在在中国拥有自己车的人数正在增加。

单词篇

1. flow vi. ＆ n.

(1) vi. 流动，流出

Most rivers flow into the sea. 江河大多流入海洋。

(2) n. 流动，流量

I love the still flow of the river. 我喜欢河水静静地流。

【易混词】 flew (fly的过去式) vi.

【常见搭配】 go with the flow 随波逐流。

2. determine v.

(1) 决定，下定决心（做某事）

常用于下列结构：determine to do sth.；determine that / if / whether和determine on sth.。如：

We determined to go to the railway station at once. 我们决定立刻去火车站。

I must now determine whether to go abroad. 我现在必须决定要不要出国。

They determined on an early start. 他们决定早点动身。

(2) 决定，控制，形成，影响

The price of the goods is determined by the market. 物品的价格是由市场决定的。

【拓展】 determined adj. 坚决的，有决心的；determination n. 决心。

【常见搭配】 be determined to do sth. 下定决心做某事。

3. view n. ＆ vt.

(1) n. 风景，视野

There is a view of the river from my window. 在我的窗前可以看到河上的风景。

(2) n. 观点，见解

His view of life is different from yours. 他的人生观与你的不同。

(3) vt. 观看，注视

People stood in the street to view the fireworks. 人们站在街上观看烟花。

【拓展】 viewpoint n. 见解，观点；viewer n. 电视观众，观察者。

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【常见搭配】 in view 看得见；in one’s view 在某人看来。

4. frighten v.

(1) vt. 使惊吓，吓唬

Don’t frighten me. I’m not afraid. 别吓唬我，我不怕。

(2) vi. 惊吓，变得害怕

She doesn’t frighten easily. 她不是轻易能吓倒的。

【拓展】 fright n. 惊吓，恐怖；frightening adj. (描述事物或情形)令人恐惧的；frightened adj. (描述人的感觉) 受惊的，受惊吓的。

【常见搭配】 frighten away / off... 把??吓跑；frighten sb. into doing / out of doing sth. 把某人吓得做 / 不做某事。

5. judge n. ＆ v.

(1) n. 裁判，法官

The judge’s words proved true. 法官的话一点不错。

(2) v. 断定，判断

They judged the situation too dangerous. 他们认定形势很危险。

Try not to judge too quickly. 不要过早地下结论。

【拓展】 judgment n. 判断(力)，判决。

短语篇

1. give in

【归纳】 give in意为“屈服，投降，让步交上”。

In the end the enemy gave in. 敌人最终投降了。

He has given in to my view, which is based on facts. 他屈从于我以事实为基础的观点。

Give in your exercise books before next Friday. 下周五之前把练习册交上来。

【拓展】 give up 放弃（念头、希望等）。如：

Disappointed with city life, she gave up her job and left. 由于对城市生活的失望，她放弃工作离开了。 Not well prepared for it, I have to give up the chance. 由于准备不充分，我只好放弃这次机会。

2. ever since

【归纳】 ever since意为“自从??就一直??，从那以后”，主句常用现在完成时。

I have been writing a play ever since I came over. 从我来了以后我一直在写一部戏剧。

I lost my money and I have been worried ever since. 我的钱丢了，从那以后我一直在担心。

You’ve been reading ever since Li Ming went out. 自从李明出去了你一直在阅读。

3. at an altitude of

【归纳】 at an altitude of意为“在海拔??高处”，此短语中的an不可以换成the。

We are flying at an altitude of 9,000 meters. 我们的飞行高度为9,000米。

【拓展】 at a speed (rate) of 以??的速度。

4. think little of

【归纳】 该短语用于表示对人或者对事物的态度或评价，意为“轻视，对??不以为然，认为??不好”。如：

He thought little of my suggestion. 他不重视我的建议。

All the visitors think little of the service here. 所有的游客对此地的服务印象都不好。

【拓展】 think也可以和其它代词或者副词搭配：think nothing of 轻视，不把??放在心里；think highly / much of 对??评价很高。

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1. 【课本原句】 It was my sister who first had the idea to cycle along the entire Mekong River from where it begins to where it ends. (P18)

【高考真题】 It was not until she got home ______Jennifer realized she had lost her keys. （2006全国II）

A. when B. that C. where D. before

【指点迷津】 B。课本原句和高考真题都是强调句，课本原句强调的是主语my sister，所以其后可接who，也可以接that；高考真题强调的是时间状语，因此从句后只能接that。

2. 【课本原句】 Last year, she visited our cousins, Dao Wei and Yu Hang at their college in Kunming. (P18)

【高考真题】 Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class ______ he had to meet his uncle at the airport. （2006重庆）

A. why B. that C. where D. because

【指点迷津】 B。在课本原句中，Dao Wei and Yu Hang at their college in Kunming是前面our cousins的同位语；在高考真题中，that引导的从句是前面his reason的同位语。在实际运用中，同位语是对前面与其同位的名词（或代词）作进一步说明。

3. 【课本原句】 Although she didn’t know the best way of getting to places, she insisted that she orgnize the trip properly. (P18)

【高考真题】 ______ he has limited technical know-

ledge, the old worker has a lot of experience. （2006全国I）

A. Since B. Unless C. As D. Although

【指点迷津】 D。 课本原句和高考真题中都是考查although引导让步状语从句时，后面的主句前不能用but，但可以用yet。

4. 【课本原句】 Imagine your home begins to shake and you must leave it right away. (P25)

【高考真题】 —Shall we go to the art exhibition right away? （2005安徽）

—______.

A. It’s your opinion B. I don’t mind

C. It’s all up to you D. That’s your decision

【指点迷津】 C。课本原句和高考真题中的right away都是“立刻，马上”的意思，这一意思的表达方式还有：at once, in no time, right now, immediately, without delay等。

5. 【课本原句】 Thousands of families were killed and many children were left without parents. (P26)

【高考真题】 The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and employ more people to keep it running, ______ meant spending tens of thousands of pounds. （2006江苏）

A. who B. that C. as D. which

【指点迷津】 D。thousands of表示“数千的，成千上万的”；tens of thousands of表示“数万的”；hundreds of thousands of 表示“数十万的”。

6. 【课本原句】 The number of people who were killed or injured reached more than 400,000. (P26)

【高考真题】 Black holes ______ not be seen directly, so determining the number of them is a tough task. （2006上海）

A. can B. should C. must D. need

【指点迷津】 A。课本原句和高考题干中的the number of都是“??的数目”之意，当它作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。

引导定语从句的关系代词有： that, which, who,

whom, whose等，关系代词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的一个成分。

一、 that的用法

关系代词that指物，也可以指人，在从句中作主语或宾语(作宾语时可以省略)等。如：

This is the house (that) Jack’s grandparents live in.

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The man that is talking to Tom is my English teacher.

二、 which的用法

关系代词which指物，在从句中作主语或宾语(作宾语时可以省略)等。如：

He lives in an old house which was built 50 years ago.

The tomatoes (which) I just bought are very cheap.

【提示】 当先行词是物时，that和which一般情况下可以互换，但在下列情况下只能用that。

① 当先行词是anything, everything, nothing, all, much, few, little, none, the one等不定代词时。

② 当先行词被any, all, few, little, the only, the very, no等修饰时。

③ 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。

④ 当先行词被序数词（含last）修饰时。

⑤ 当先行词既有人也有物时。

⑥ 当关系代词在从句中作表语时。

⑦ 当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时，为避免重复关系代词用that。

⑧ 有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个宜用that。

三、 who, whom的用法

关系代词who(主格), whom(宾格)都指人，其中who在从句中可作主语、宾语（相当于whom）、表语；而whom只能作宾语。如：

The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.

The professor (who / whom) you wish to see has come.

四、 whose的用法

关系代词whose一般置于名词之前，在从句中作定语，表示所属关系，既可以指人，也可以指物。如： Do you know the girl whose watch is lost?

I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea.

【提示】 通常whose可以用of whom（指人）或of which （指物） 来代替，如上述例句可以改为： Do you know the girl the watch of whom is lost?

I’d like a room the window of which looks out over the sea.

Unit5

【典型考例】

We had to wait half an hour ________ we had already booked a table. （2007辽宁）

A. since B. although C. until D. before

解析：B。句意为“虽然我们已经预定了饭桌，但我们还得等半个小时”。根据句意可知前后表示转折，故用although，意为“尽管，虽然”。而since“自从，因为”、until“直到”、before“在??之前”均不合题意。

【常见错误】

误①： Although he is very old, but he can do it.

误②： Einstein cared little for money, although he could have been very rich.

误③： Although they all may fail, they all will try.

误④： They said they would come; they did not,

although.

误⑤： Child although he is, he can speak two foreign languages.

【主要用法】

A. although的基本用法

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1. although为从属连词，意为“尽管，虽然”，引导让步状语从句，该从句一般放在句首，也可放在句末。如：

Although she was ill, she worked hard. 她虽然病了，但仍努力工作。

She was late for the last train although she hurried. 虽然她拼命赶路，还是没赶上最后一班火车。

2. 由although引导的复合句，主句之前不可有 but, and, however 或so 等并列连词，但有时候主句之前可用副词 yet。如：

Although he is very old, (yet) he can do it. 他虽然很老了，但还可以做这事。（参见“误①”）

3. 表示“然而，可是”，通常用于主句之后引出对前文的补充说明。如：

He is poor, although he is well contented. 他很穷，然而却很知足。

B. although与though及as引导让步状语从句的区别：

1. though 的用法较广泛，既可引导一个陈述事实的从句（如例①），也可以引导一个表示推测或假设的从句（如例②）；当形容词、名词为表语时，为加强语气，还可将表语提前构成倒装语序（如例③）。

例① Though he was poor, he bought a lot of books. 尽管他很穷，他还是买很多书。（陈述事实，可用although） 例② Einstein cared little for money, though he could have been very rich. 尽管爱因斯坦本可以成为非常富有的人，但他对金钱却不感兴趣。（表示假设，不用although）（参见“误②”）

例③They went out, though it was cold. → Cold though it was, they went out. 虽然很冷，他们仍然出去了。

2. although 常与 though 换用（如例①），但 although 的用法较正式，语气较强，当从句置于句首时多用 although。值得注意的是，although 只能引导一个陈述事实的从句，不能引导一个表示推测或假设的从句（如例②）；though可以放在句末，表示“但是”，但although 不能

（如例③）。

例① Although / Though he was ill, he still managed to look careful. 虽然他病了，但他仍尽力显出很注意的样子。

例② Though they all may fail, they all will try. 即使他们可能都失败，他们仍然都愿意一试。(表示推测)（参见“误③”）

例③ They said they would come; they did not, though. 他们说他们会来的，可是他们并没有来。（参见“误④”）

3. though 可与even或as构成短语，即even though（即使）和as though ＝ as if (好像)，但although不能。如：

It is not as though he were poor. 看来他不像贫穷的样子。

4. as 表示“尽管，虽然”，只能用于倒装句，即将表语或状语提至 as 之前；如果表语是单数名词，要省略a。though 也可这么用，although则不能。

Child as / though he is, he can speak two foreign languages. 虽然他是个孩子，他会说两门外语。（参见“误⑤”）

1. A great person is someone who devotes his / her life to help others. (P33)

【归纳】 devote... to... 献身于??，专心于??。此处to是介词，后接名词、代词或动名词。

【延伸】 look forward to 期待; get down to 着手; stick to 坚持; pay attention to 注意; object to 反对; be used to 习惯于; lead to 导致，to都是介词。

【易错点】 devote 是及物动词，后面可跟宾语 (one’s life, time等)，也可用其被动形式(be devoted to)。如： She has devoted all her life to struggling for the world peace and human progress.

His whole life was devoted to teaching.

2. ... and I worried about whether I would become out of work. (P34)

【归纳】 out of work失业。out of意思是“脱离了(状态)”；in意思是“在??状态中”。

【延伸】 in danger 在危险中；out of danger 脱离危险；out of order 发生故障，失调；in order 秩序井然，整齐；in trouble 处于麻烦之中；out of trouble脱离麻烦；in debt 欠债；out of debt还清欠债。

【易错点】 work是不可数名词，job是可数名词，out of work = out of a job。

3. Why did Nelson Mandela turn to violence to make black and white people equal?(P35)

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【归纳】 turn to求助于，致力于，此处to是介词，也可以表达为：turn to sb. for help。

【延伸】 turn off关上；turn on打开；turn up开大，出现，露面；turn down关小，拒绝；turn against 背叛；turn out 结果证明是；turn away 把??打发走；turn in 上缴。

【易错点】 turn to用于定语从句的考查。如：

In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person to whom she could turn for help.

4. He said they should not be stopped from studying for their degrees. (P38)

【归纳】 stop sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事。在主动语态中from可以省略。

【延伸】 类似的表达还有：keep sb. from doing sth. / prevent sb. from doing sth.。

【易错点】 (1) keep sb. from doing sth. 与keep sb. doing sth. 意思相反；(2) stop / prevent sb. from doing sth. 在主动语态中将from省略后意思不变；(3) 当keep / stop / prevent后面的宾语与from后面的动词是被动关系时，用being done形式。如：

We must prevent / stop / keep primeval forests (原始森林) from being cutting.

He was prevented / stopped / kept from going to school because of his illness.

Nothing can stop / prevent him (from) doing so.

“优质的” quality

(1) n. 质量

I regret the quality problem. 对质量问题我深表遗憾。

(2) n. 品质，特性，性质

Coldness is one quality of ice cream. 冰淇淋的一个特性就是凉。

(3) adj. 优质的，高质量的

quality newspapers 高质量的报纸

【易混词】 quantity n. 数量

“专心于” devote

(1) v. 献身

He has devoted his whole life to music. 他将他的一生奉献给了音乐。

(2) vt. 专心于，致力于

He has devoted most of his time to painting. 他把大部分时间用于绘画。

【提示】 devote通常和介词to连用。devote的宾语通常是one’s life, oneself或一段时间或某人的精力、注意力。

【拓展】 devoted adj. 挚爱的，忠实的；devotion n. 挚爱，忠诚，奉献。

【常见搭配】 be devoted to 致力于，献身于。

vote “选举”

(1) v. 投票，选举，表决

Any citizen over 18 can vote. 任何年满18岁的公民都可以投票。

(2) n. 投票

The result of the vote will be announced tomorrow. 投票结果将于明天宣布。

(3) n. 选票

Sometimes one vote can change a nation. 有时一张选票可以改变一个国家。

【拓展】 voter n. 投票人，选民

【常见搭配】 vote for / against sb. 投票赞成 / 反对某人；vote on sth. 就某事投票表决；cast a vote 投票。 “攻击” attack

(1) vt. 进攻，攻击

At dawn the enemy attacked the town. 敌人在拂晓时向这座城镇发起了攻击。

(2) n. 进攻，攻击，抨击

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The city was under attack throughout the night. 这个城市遭到一整夜的袭击。

【易混词】 attract vt. 吸引

【常见搭配】 a heart attack 心脏病突发；a surprise attack 突然袭击。

“平等的” equal

(1) adj. 相等的

There is an equal number of boys and girls in the class. 这个班男女生人数相等。

(2) adj. 平等的

All humans are created equal. 所有人都生而平等。

(3) vt. 与??相等，等于

Five plus three equals eight. 5加3等于8。

【拓展】 equally adv. 平等地，公平地；equality n. 相等，平等。

【常见搭配】 be equal with 与??平等；be equal to与??相等。

escape “逃脱”

(1) vi. 逃脱，逃走

Three people died in the fire, but John escaped through the bedroom window. 三人在火灾中丧生，但约翰从卧室的窗户逃了出来。

(2) vi. (液体等) 泄露

Gas was escaping from the pipe. 管子漏煤气了。

(3) vt. 避开，逃避

She was lucky to escape being punished. 她逃避了惩罚真是幸运。

(4) n. 逃跑，逃避

They had little hope of escape. 他们几乎没有逃跑的希望了。

【常见搭配】 a narrow escape 侥幸逃脱，死里逃生。

“报答” reward

(1) [C] n. 报酬，奖金

You have received a just reward. 你已得到了应有的报酬。

(2) vt. 酬劳，奖赏，报答

How can I reward your help? 我怎样才能报答你的帮助呢？

【拓展】 rewarding adj. 有益的，值得??的，报答的。

1. The time when I first met Nelson Mandela was a very difficult period of my life. (P34)

句中的The time 为先行词，when I first met Nelson Mandela为限制性定语从句，当表示时间的词或短语作先行词时，其后定语从句的关系词不一定用when，如果该关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，则关系副词用when 或介词 + which；如果其在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，则关系代词用that，which。如：

I still remember the day when / on which I joined the army. 我仍然记得我参军的那一天。

He will never forget the days that / which he spent in his hometown. 他永远不会忘记在家乡度过的那些日子。

2. He told me how to get the correct papers so I could stay in Johannesburg. (P34)

how to get the correct papers 为连接代词 / 副词 + to do sth. 结构, 此结构在句中可作主语、宾语和表语，常可转换为该连词引导的从句。如：

I don’t know what to do next. 我不知道下一步该做什么。

When and where to hold the meeting hasn’t been decided. 在何时何地开会还没有决定。

3. We first broke the law in a way which was peaceful. (P34)

a way 作先行词表示“方式、方法”时，其后接的定语从句的关系词有三种情况：that, in which或省略。如： I don’t like the way that / in which you speak to the poor old man. 我不喜欢你与那个可怜的老人说话的方式。 That’s the way she speaks. 那就是她说话的方式。

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4. ... only then did we decide to answer violence with violence. (P34)

only + 状语位于句首，主句采用部分倒装语序，即将助动词、情态动词、系动词放在主语之前，如果only修饰的是主语或宾语时，则即使位于句首也不倒装。如：

Only then did he realize that he had mistaken his best friend. 只有到那时，他才意识到他误解了自己最好的朋友。

Only when you came here did you know what had happened. 只有当你到了这儿，你才能知道到底发生了什么。 Only the doctor can save him. 只有这位医生能救他。

5. I felt bad the first time I talked to a group. (P38)

the first time (that) 表示“第一次做某事”，在句中作从属连词，引导时间状语从句，此类用法的词组有：the last time, the next time, each time, every time。如：

The first time I saw her, she was doing shopping in the supermarket. 我第一次见到她的时候，她正在超市购物。 The next time I see you, I will send my best toy to you. 下次见到你时，我就把我最好的玩具送给你。 句型1: While / When... + 过去分词 / V-ing / 形容词 / 介词短语 / 副词 / 名词, + 主句

【要点提示】 当从句主语与主句主语一致时，while, when, if, although, once 等从属连词的后面可直接加上过去分词、V-ing、形容词、介词短语或名词等，从而省略从句中的其他成分。如:

When published, the novel will become one of the best-sellers of the year.

Although young, he had to live on himself.

句型2： It is / was + 被强调部分 + that / who + 句子其他成分

【要点提示】 此结构用来强调主语、宾语或状语。如被强调句子为现在或将来的某种时态，则强调句用 is，如被强调句子为过去的某种时态，则强调句用was；如被强调部分为人，用who、that 皆可；如强调除人之外的其他成分，则一律用that；如强调not... until... 结构，则其强调形式为：It is / was + not until... + that + 句子其他成分；如强调特殊疑问句中的特殊疑问词，则强调形式为：特殊疑问词 + is / was it + that + 句子其他成分？如:

It was Jack who / that broke the window yesterday.

It was in the park that I met the beautiful girl.

It was not until 9 o’clock that he got up.

When was it that you found your lost pen?

句型3： It is / was + the first (second, third...) time + (that)句子

【要点提示】 此句型表示“是某人第几次做某事了”，句中it可用this、that 代替，first 可用second、last等代替；当主句为现在或将来时，从句谓语用现在完成时；当主句为过去时，从句谓语用过去完成时。如： It is the first time that Mary has travelled alone.

This was the third time that I had gone abroad.

It will be the first time that he has earned so much money.

句型4： 主语 + be + adj. + to do sth.

【要点提示】 在此句型中，主语与动词不定式构成逻辑上的动宾关系，不定式只用主动形式，不用被动形式，可用于此结构的只有少数形容词：easy，difficult，hard，impossible等，此句型可改为 it 作形式主语的结构： It + be + adj. + to do sth.。如:

The question is very difficult to answer. = It is very difficult to answer the question.

The book is hard for the children to understand. = It is hard for the children to understand the book.

句型5： too + adj. + to do sth.

【要点提示】 too + adj. + to do sth. 意为“太??以至于不能做某事”，如too 后的形容词为glad、anxious、pleased、eager、willing、delighted、satisfied、ready等，则too 意为“非常”，表示肯定意思。如： The box is too heavy for the little girl to lift.

He is only too willing to help others.

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句型6：Not all / every / both... + 主语 + 谓语（+...）

【要点提示】表示全部意义的all, both, every等用于否定句时不表示“全部否定”，而是“部分否定”。not置于句首或与谓语动词结合所表达的意义相同。如：

Not all the answers are right. = All the answers aren’t right.

Not everyone is rich in the US. = Everyone isn’t rich in the US.

句型7： Only + 状语 + 助动词 / 情态动词 / be动词 + 主语 + 谓语

【要点提示】 Only + 状语位于句首，主句采用部分倒装语序，即将助动词、情态动词、be动词放在主语之前，如果only修饰的是主语，则即使only位于句首也不倒装。如：

Only when you get there can you know what has happened.

Only in this way will you work out the question.

Only his mother takes care of his sick grandma every day.

produce; production

1. ________ of the new digital camera will start

next month.

2. The market sells a variety of fresh ________.

3. ________ has increased in the last few weeks.

4. They saw several National Theatre ________.

【答案】 1. Production 2. produce 3. Production 4. productions

【点拨】 produce侧重指“农产品”,作不可数名词；production作“生产”解时，是不可数名词，还可表示“产量”，也是不可数名词，还可表示推出的作品（戏剧、作品），是可数名词。

sow，plant和grow来“播种”

sow; plant; grow

1. The farmers ________ seeds in spring.

2. The river sides ________ with bananas.

3. —What does your father do?

—He ________ flowers.

【答案】 1. sowed 2. were planted 3. grows

【点拨】 这组及物动词都有“种”的含意。sow侧重表示种的对象，此对象通常指种子；plant所表示的“种”是一种涉及时间较短的动作或活动，一般指栽入土中的种植、插播或栽培等；grow不仅指“种下”，而且包括其后培育过程的较长的一段时间，强调种的过程或状态。

不同的“土地”

soil; earth; land

1. This kind of corn can grow in dry ________.

2. Many other animals dig holes in the ________.

3. Much ________ has either been changed to farmland or used for building.

【答案】 1. soil 2. earth 3. land

【点拨】 这组不可数名词都与“土”有关。soil指有机物丰富，适于作物生长的“土壤，土地”；earth 指“土地，泥土”，当泛指土地时，可与soil互换；land侧重指土地的状态、性质或用途。

“金色的”不同

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golden; gold

1. Kill the goose that laid the ________ eggs.

2. Tomorrow will be his ________ wedding.

3. My grandma left me three ________ coins.

【答案】 1. golden 2. golden 3. gold

【点拨】 两者作形容词用时都可表示“金黄色的”。golden表示所修饰的物品在外表、色彩或特点上呈“金黄色的，像黄金一样（宝贵）的”，但其物却非黄色，常用于诗歌或文学作品中作比喻；gold表示所修饰的物品是“金质的，金制的”，说明其物的本质，而非外表，但有时也用作比喻，与golden的用法相似，如：gold fish金鱼。

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