with在下列结构中起副词作用：

1."with+宾语+现在分词或短语"，如：

（1） This article deals with common social ills， with particular attention being paid to vandalism.

2."with+宾语+过去分词或短语"，如：

（2） With different techniques used， different results can be obtained.

（3） The TV mechanic entered the factory with tools carried in both hands.

3."with+宾语+形容词或短语"，如：

（4） With so much water vapour present in the room， some iron-made utensils have become rusty easily.

（5） Every night， Helen sleeps with all the windows open.

4."with+宾语＋介词短语"，如：

（6） With the school badge on his shirt， he looks all the more serious.

（7） With the security guard near the gate no bad character could do any thing illegal.

5."with+宾语＋副词虚词"，如：

（8） You cannot leave the machine there with electric power on.

（9） How can you lock the door with your guests in？

上面五种"with"结构的副词功能，相当普遍，尤其是在科技英语中。

接着谈"with"结构的形容词功能，有下列五种：

一、"with+宾语+现在分词或短语"，如：

（10） The body with a constant force acting on it. moves at constant pace.

（11） Can you see the huge box with a long handle attaching to it ？

二、"with+宾语+过去分词或短语"

（12） Throw away the container with its cover sealed.

（13） Atoms with the outer layer filled with electrons do not form compounds.

三、"with+宾语+形容词或短语"，如：

（14） Put the documents in the filing container with all the drawers open.

四、"with+宾语+介词短语"，如：

（15） The young lady with a red ribbon on her head is my former maths teacher.

（16） Do you know the gentleman with both hands in his pockets？

五、"with+宾语+副词虚词，"如：

（17） Is there any water in the kettle with this cover off ？

（18） Out went the boy scouts with their uniforms on.

 

第二篇：介词的用法小结

快到、对、向 towards，工、学、军、城、上、北、南

例：It's getting on towards the end of term now. 现在已快到学期未了。（快到）

Towards midnight my husband came back. 快到半夜了我的丈夫才回来。（快到）

Our teacher was very lenient towards us. 我们的老师对我们很松。（对） What you have invented is really a big contribution towards our company.你所发明的对我们公司确实是一大贡献。（对）

The boy came running towards his mother. 那个男孩向他母亲跑去。（向着）

所谓工、学、军、城、上、北、南，是说 up 和 down 的用法。这也是汉英翻译时要注意的。例如：招工，上大学，参军，进城，上山，向北方等都属于 up。而相反的下乡，向南，落榜等都属于 down。“大军南下，北上抗日”大概由此而来。

but for 否定用虚拟，复合介词待后言。

but for 是“若不是”的意思。

例：But for our great Communist Party, we could never have today's happiness.若没有伟大的共 产 党，我们决不会有今天的幸福生活。

But for this chemical the vapour inside the system would not have been absorbed so completely. 若没有这个化学剂的作用，系统内的蒸汽不可能被吸收得这么彻底。

but for 将在虚拟语气中详讲。

之前讲过一些in, out, by, to 等的用法，但是以下固定搭配不可随意改动： 例：in general 一般说来

in short 简言之

in other words 换言之

in my opinion 依我看

in simple words 简言之

on the whole 基本上

for instance 例如

for short 简称

after all 毕竟

above all 首先

此外考试中常出现的成语前置词也须牢记其用法。 by appearance 从外表

by the aid of 借……的帮助

by far ……得多

by course of ……照……常例

by reason of 由于

by request 应邀

by right of 由于凭借

out of date 过时

out of harmony with 与……不一致

out of harmony with 摆脱困境

out of bounds 超出权限

out of proportion to 与……不相称

out of reach 力量不及

out of one's wits 不知所措

out of question 没问题

out of the question 不可能的

to a great extent 很大程度上

to one's taste 合……胃口

to one's thinking 据……看来

to one's heart's content 尽情地

to the utmost 尽力

behind schedule 不准时

behind the times 过时的

behind the curtain 在幕后

within reach 能力所及

within a hair's breadth 差—点

within a stone's throw of 在附近

beyond description 无法形容

beyond reason 毫无道理

beyond reproach 无可指责

beyond one's expectation 超出……范围

beyond expression 无法表达

ing 型由于、鉴，除了，除外与包含。之后，关于，在……方面，有关介词须记全。

最后，英语中 v.-ing 分词转化而成的特殊介词，更须注意，根据其语法功能，把它们同现在分词，动名词和连同区分开来。即：

respecting 由于, 鉴于; considering 由于, 鉴于; excepting 除了; concerning 关于; excepting for 除外; excluding 除外； without excepting sb. 包含; including 包括，包含； following 在……之后; regarding 关于； respecting 在……方面; concerning 有关;

例：

considering 由于；

Considering that table salt is the commonest source of sodium in food, the diet usually calls for eating salt-free foods. 由于食盐是钠在食物中普遍的来源，医生给病人规定的，饮食通常要求吃无盐食品。

respecting 鉴于:

Respecting the heavy rain, we had to put off the match.鉴于下大雨，我们不得不推迟了这场比赛。

excepting 除了：

excepting 可单独使用，可以与 always 或否定词 not 连用，也可以与 for, without 之类介词连用。

Excepting one of his close friends, they were present at the party.除了他的一个挚友外，他们都来赴宴了。

He is an honest man, excepting for his quick temper.他是个老实人，只是（“除了” 脾气暴躁。（同类比较 except，加 for 异类记心间）。

Everybody is in high spirits, always excepting him. 大家都情绪高昂，唯他“除外”（例外）。

Only a few survivors without excepting him were living in the settlement.包括他在内，只有几个幸存者住在新拓居地。

including 包含：

The new apartment consists of three rooms including the kitchen.这套公寓有三间，包括厨房。

following 在……之后: 相当于 after

The week following his first visit to the newsroom he was appointed editor of the important column. 在拜访该报社编辑部的“第二个”星期，他放任命为该报重要专栏的主笔。

regarding 关于：相当于 about

Regarding research investment and number of researchers engaged in this field of research, the U.S.A. commands an overwhelming

position followed by Japan. “关于”投入该领域研究的投资额和研究人员的数量，美国占压倒优势，其次是日本。

respecting 在……方面：

Respecting education, health, medical care as well as production and labor technological development will have to be evaluated with due thought given to social systems and humanism. “在”教育、卫生、生产劳动“方面”, 评价技术的发展需根据社会制度和人道主义。

concerning 有关：

The following are some of the arguments both pros and cons

concerning computers, thinking, and artificial intelligence. 下面是“有关”计算机、思维和人工智能方面持赞成和反对态度的一些论据。

当然，这些 ing 型的介词，在句子中也有分词、动名词和连词的语法功能。excluding 和 including，表示排除与包含。

Last year British sales to the region were more than $8 billion, while French exports, excluding arms brought in around $3 billion. 去年，英国对这个地区的销售额达80多亿美元，而法国的出口额（武器除外）约为30亿美元。

Stress may deplete vitamin C in your body, as can smoking, drinking and a variety of drugs, not excepting aspirin. 生活紧张会耗尽你体内的维生素C，正如吸烟、饮酒、服用某些药物（包括阿斯匹林）一样。

至于介词与形容词、动词、名词的搭配以及复合介词（又称复杂介词）、介词词组与从句的变换则涉及更多的语法内容，就不在本文中详述了。