1、 Two major elements in European culture: the Greco-Roman/

Judeo-Christian

2、 Democracy means: ―exercise of power by the whole people‖, but by ―the

whole people‖, the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens, and citizenship was a set of rights which a man inherited from his father, women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded, they have no rights.

3、 Homer epics: the Iliad / the Odyssey

4、 Drama developed in the 5th century B.C

Tragedian 悲剧作家

Aeschylus希腊的悲剧诗人埃斯库罗斯— Prometheus普罗米修斯 bound/ Persians / Agamemnon阿伽门农, 特洛伊战争中希腊军队的统帅

Sophocles— Oedipus[希神]俄狄浦斯 the king / Electra / Antigone[希神] 安提歌尼(底比斯王俄狄普斯之女, 因违抗禁令而自杀身亡)

Euripides欧里庇得斯(希腊的悲剧诗人)— Andromache / Medea美狄亚(希腊神话中科尔喀斯国王之女, 以巫术著称, 曾帮助过伊阿宋取得金羊毛) / Trojan 特洛伊women

Comedist 喜剧作家

Aristophanes— Frogs / clouds / Birds wasps

5、 Philosophy

Socrates苏格拉底 : Dialogues <谈话录> 他坚持的观点是人类的美德是一种知识，因此一切恶行都是无知的结果。

Plato柏拉图: Dialogues对话录 / the Apology / Symposium (dealing with beauty and love) / the Republic

Plato’s philosophy is called idealism理想主义, 唯心论.

Aristotle亚里斯多德: Ethics 伦理学/ Politics / Poetics诗论 / Rhetoric修辞学

重点What should be man’s aim in life? Aristotle’s answer was happiness, but not happiness in the vulgar sense, but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason, goodness and contemplation沉思.

6、 Cynics 犬儒主义 P29

Diogenes第欧根尼：希腊哲学家，哲学犬儒学派奠基人，强调自我控制和推崇善行。说他曾提着灯在雅典大街漫步寻找诚实的人, decided to live like a dog and the word ―cynic‖ means ―dog‖ in Greek, he rejected all conventions – whether of religion, of manners, dress, housing, food, or of decency.

7、 Roman history P38

The year 27 B.C divided the history of Rome into two periods: before then, Rome had been a republic, in that year, Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus. Two centuries later, the Roman empire reached its greatest extend, encircling the Mediterranean地中海 , reaching Scotland in the north and spreading into Armenia and Mesopotamia in the east. The emperors relied on a strong army—the famous Roman Legions古罗马军团(约有3000至6000步兵,辅以数百名骑兵) and an efficient bureaucracy官僚机构 to exert their rule, which was facilitated by a well developed system of roads. Thus the Roman enjoyed a long period of peace lasting two hundred years, a remarkable .

8、 Virgil维吉尔(古罗马诗人,公元前70-公元前19)

The greatest of Latin poets, wrote the great epic, 作品the Aeneid《埃涅伊德》.

9、 About Bible P52

The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the old Testament旧约全书 and the new Testament. The former is about God and the laws of God; the latter, the doctrine教义 of Jesus Christ, the word＂Testament＂

means ―agreement‖ –namely the agreement between God and man.

10、 Rise of Christianity P73

At the heart of Christianity is the life of Jesus: how he lived and died to redeem救赎the whole human race.

Why Jesus be crucified十字架钉死?

Jesus propagated传播the faith about God—men should believe in God and love him and behave like God’s children and love another. ―everyone is equal‖ before God.

In AD 30, in Galilee, Jesus was 被认作 a dangerous man that threaten the clique派系in power. At the end of three years, he went with his disciples信徒to Jerusalem耶路撒冷 for the Passover逾越节, but was betrayed by Juda. Jesus was rushed to trial and crucified as a revolutionary preacher and dangerous reformer.

11、 Translations of the Bible P86

Aramaic dialect 亚拉姆语

Hebrew 希伯莱

Vulgate edition 拉丁文圣经

12、 What’s means code of Chivalry骑士制度? P94

As a knight, he was pledged誓言to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and respect women . These rules were known as a code of Chivalry.

13、 基督教是如何成为合法的唯一宗教并被尊为国教 P76

Constantine康斯坦丁大帝, who won war between rivals for the throne君主 and the emperor of Roman. He believed that God had helped him in winning the battle, issued the Edict of Milan in 313. It granted准予religions freedom to all, and

made Christianity legal.

In 392 A.D, emperor Theodosius made Christianity, the official religion of the empire and outlawed宣布...为不合法all other religious.

14、 The crusades 十字军 名字的由来？为什么东征及东征的意义P99

To express their religious feelings, many people in the middle Ages went on journeys to sacred神圣的 places where early Christian leaders had lived. The most important of all was Jerusalem耶路撒冷. But in 1071 Palestine fell to the armies of the Turkish Moslems who unlike the Arabs attacked the Christian pilgrims 朝圣者，killing many of them and sold many others as slaves. New of this kind roused 激起great indignation among Christians in western Europe. The result was a series of Holy wars圣战 called crusades十字军东侵which went on about 200years. All the soldiers going to Palestine wore a red cross on the tunics束腰外衣 as symbol of obedience顺从to God.

Significance:

1*although the crusades did not achieve their goal to regain the Holy land, they had an important effect on the future of both the east and west. They brought the east into closer contact with the west, and they greatly influent on history of Europe.

2*crusades helped to break down feudalism封建主义.

3* the crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention.

15、 National Epics P105

The epic was the product of the Heroic Age古希腊的“ 英雄时代” 1*Beowulf (700~750A.D), an Anglo-Saxon盎格鲁-撒克逊人epic.

2* Song of Rolan罗兰之诗—about 12th A.D

It is the most well-known of a group of French epics knows as La Chanson de gestes. P111

16、 Dante但丁Alighieri , Italy, greatest poet. The divine comedy《神曲》P118

17、 Renaissance文艺复兴 means? 14th~mid 17th P129

The word ―Renaissance‖ means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture.

Subject: humanity人权/ Christianity神权

18、 文艺复兴时期的新文学

Giovanni Boccaccio卜伽丘, Decameron《十日谈》,其中收集了以逃避黑死病为忧郁背景的100个故事，100 tales told by on their way to escape the black death of 1348, the tales are witty, licentious放荡的, full of praise of true love and wisdom and also satire讽刺文学 on the hypocrisy伪善 of the priest and the aristocrat贵族.

19、 Martin Luther路德，马丁：(1483-1546) 德国神学家、欧洲宗教改革运

动的领袖。他反对教会阶层的富有和腐败，认为只要在信仰的基础上即可获得超度，而不须借助于教会的典籍，这些观点使他于1521年与天主教会脱离。他肯定了1530年的奥格斯堡忏悔会，成功的建立了堤路德教会and his Doctrines P145

German leader of the protestant reformation欧洲宗教改革运动. He quoted the scripture基督教经文in support of his belief that men are redeemed by faith and not by the purchase（以某种代价）换得of indulgences特许.

20、 John Calvin卡尔文，约翰：(1509-1564) 法裔瑞士新教神学家，他破除

了罗马教会统治（1533年），在今天为人所知的基督教学院 （1536年）中将他自己的神学教义推向前进and Calvinism卡尔文主义：约翰·卡

尔文的宗教教义，强调上帝是万能的，以及仁慈上帝对人的超度作用 p147

French theologian, work: institutes of the Christian religion

Calvinism stressed the absolute authority of the God’s will, holding that only those specially elected by God are saved. He belief was that any form of sinfulness was a likely sign.

21、 Miguel de Cervantes塞万提斯 1547-1616，renaissance in Spain.

1*with the publication of don Quixote <<堂吉诃德>>，the European novel entered a new stage.

2*don Quixote was a parody滑稽satirizing讽刺性描写a very popular type of literature at the time, the romance of chivalry. It’s sources are romantic as well as realistic, truthful and imaginative.

3*it is recognized as the father of the modern European novel, and has had great impact on world literature.

22、 William Shakespeare莎士比亚，威廉：(1564-1616) 英国戏剧家和诗人，

他的作品被认为是英语文学作品中最伟大的戏剧，其中大多在伦敦的全球戏院演出过，包括历史作品，例如理查德二世 ；喜剧包括 无事生非 和 皆大欢喜 ；悲剧包括 哈姆雷特 、 奥赛罗 和 李尔王 。他还作过154首十四行诗。他最早的戏剧集子，第一对开本，包含了36个戏剧，并在他死后出版(1623年）renaissance in England P176

Shakespeare was a man of the late renaissance who gave the fullest expression to humanist ideals.

He was in London as actor, poet and playwright, with occasional visits to his hometown.

Hamlet 哈姆勒特king Lear李尔王Macbeth 麦克白Othello奥赛罗

As you like it

Anthony Cleopatra

The sonnets十四行诗

23、 Sir Isaal Newton牛顿1642-1727 P193

Of all his achievement in physics, his discovery of the law of the universal gravitation万有引力 is the most important, which states that every body attracts other with force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them.

24、 Francis Bacon培根，弗朗西斯：(1561-1626) 英国哲学家、随笔作家、

朝臣、法理学家和政治家。其作品包括论科学的价值和发展 （1605年）和新工具论 （1620年），在这部著作里他提出了以观察和实验为基础的科学认识理论，作为归纳法理论逐渐为人所知 P196

An English philosopher, essayist and statesman.

Works: the advancement of learning

The new Atlantis

New method新工具

Essays 培根语录

重要Two methods in the novum organum新工具论:

1* induction means reasoning from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion. 归纳法：由特殊的事实或例子推理出的普遍性规律的过程 2* deduction method演绎法 emphasized reasoning from a principle so the unknown and from the general to the specific.从所述前提得出一个结论；从一般推向特殊的推论

25、 John Locke洛克 1632-1704, 英国哲学家 P204

English empiricist经验主义者 and an outstanding political philosopher.

His materialist views唯物主义观点 are expressed明确的 in one of his chief works:

Essay concerning human understanding 1960

His basic theory is that all our ideas are ultimately 根本、最终derived 起源from sensation or from reflection, that these two make up experience and that all our 来自experience.

26、 John Milton 米尔顿1608-1674, 英国诗人 P 212

Epic poems : paradise lost 《失乐园》/ paradise regained / Samson agonist力士参孙

27、 Rene Descartes笛卡尔，莱恩：(1596-1650) 法国数学家，哲学家，因将

笛卡尔坐标体系公式化而被认为是解析几何之父。他的哲学思想基于唯理性的前提“我思故我在”1596-1650 P213

A philosopher, physicist and mathematiciam.

His believed that modern philosophy begins with Bacon培根 in England and with Rene Descartes in France.

Major works: rules for direction of the mind

Discourse on详论 method

Meditations concerning first philosophy and objections and replies

28、 French classicism古典运动 and what is classicism? P127

Classicism implies the revival of the forms and traditions of the ancient word, a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer荷马 to Plato柏拉图 and Aristotle.亚里士多德

But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival. It intended to produce a literature, French to the core, which was worthy of Greek and classical ideals—new classicism. This new classicism reached its

climax顶点 in France in the 17th.

29、 Moliere 莫里哀 p223

The best representative dramatist of French classical comedies.

Tartuffe 伪君子 答尔丢夫

Le misanthrope 愤世嫉俗

L’ Auare 吝啬人

30、 What’s enlightenment?启蒙运动

启蒙运动事18世纪欧洲的哲学运动。起源于17世纪的科学革命及洛克与牛顿的思想，其基本信念是高尚理智，认为理智是一切知识和人类事务的指针。由此产生进步思想和对传统基督教的挑战。

The enlightenment was an intellectual movement originating in France, which attracted with widespread support among the ruling and intellectual classes of Europe and north America in the second half of the 18th century. It characterizes the efforts by certain European writers to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice, unexamined authority and oppression by church or state. Therefore the enlightenment is sometimes called the age of reason. The most important forerunners of the enlightenment were two 17th century English men John Locke and Isaac Newton. Their theories fostered the belief in natural law and universal order and established confidence in human reason.

31、 French philosophy 3 巨头 代表作及观点 p235 孟德斯鸠：法国哲学家和法学家。他是早期法国启蒙运动的杰出人物。著有隐含攻击君主制和古代政体的有影响力的作品如波斯人信札 (1721年）和谴责政府的 论法的精神 (1748年）

Persian letter/the spirit of the laws he believed that the legislative, executive and judicial power must be confided to different individual or bodies, acting

independently.

anglaise/ candied if god did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him. the social contract view: a social contract was established when each individual gave his rights to a general will-as an equal participant in the political life.

32、 Wolfgang von Goethe 歌德，约翰·沃尔夫贡(1749-1832) 德国作者和科

学家。精通诗歌、歌剧和小说。他花了50年时间写了二部戏剧长诗浮士德 （出版于1808年和1832年）。他也致力于各个领域的科学研究，在植物学方面享有盛誉，并在几次政府担任职务1749-1832

Greatest of all German poets, outstanding figure of world literature, since the renaissance.

The sorrows of young weather少年维特的烦恼

Wilhelm Meister’s apprenticeship

Wilhelm Meister’s travels

Faust 浮士德：德国传说中的一个魔术师和炼金术士，他将灵魂卖给魔鬼，以换取力量和知识

Poetry and truth

33、 Johann Christoph friedrich vo Schiller席勒，约翰·克里斯托夫·弗雷德

里希·冯：(1759-1805) 德国作家，主要的浪漫主义者，以他的历史剧如唐·卡洛斯 (1787年）和 华伦斯坦 (1798-1799年）及说教长诗著名 p264

The German dramatist, poet, historian and esthetician美学家, ranks as one of greatest of German literary figures.

The robber强盗

Cabal and love阴谋与爱情

Wallenstein华伦斯坦

Wilhelm tell威廉泰尔

34、 What is romanticism? P284

1*romanticism was movement in literature, philosophy, music and art which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

2*starting from the ideas of Rousseau卢梭 in France and from the storm and stress movement in Germany, it held that classicism, dominant since the 16th century, failed to express man’s emotional nature and overlooked his profound inner forces.

3*romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations above those of society.

4*as a reaction to the industrial revolution, it tooked to the middle ages and to direct contact with nature for inspiration.

5*it gave impetus to the national liberation movement in 19th century Europe. 与浪漫主义有关的作家 ;

英国：

Wordsworth华兹华斯，威廉：(1770-1850) 英国诗人，其最重要的全集抒情歌谣 （1798年）同塞缪尔·泰勒柯尔斯基合作出版，为建立英格兰诗歌的浪漫主义风格做出了贡献。他于1843年被授予桂冠诗人

Coleridge柯尔雷基，塞缪尔·泰勒：(1772-1834) 英国诗人批评家浪漫主义流派的倡导者，同威廉·华兹华斯一起出版了抒情歌谣 （19xx年），里面包括了他最为著名的诗歌《老水手的故事》

Blake布莱克(①姓氏 ②William, 1757-1827, 英国漫 画家, 诗人 ③Robert, 1599-1657, 英国海军上将)

积极浪漫主义Keats济慈，济慈，约翰：(1795-1821) 英国最伟大的诗人之一，他的作品音调优美，古典意象丰富，包括“圣爱格妮斯之前夜”、希腊古瓮”和“秋颂”（均写于1819年）: ode to a nightingale

积极浪漫主义Shelley雪莱(1797-1851) 英国作家，以其哥特式小说弗朗肯斯坦，又名现代的普罗米修斯 (1818年）最为著名: ode to the west wind

积极浪漫主义Byron 拜伦 (1788-1824) 英国诗人，被公认为是浪漫主义运动的先驱。那象征着孤独、反抗和沉思的“拜伦式英雄”的形象最早出现在曼弗雷德 （1817年）里。他的其它著作有 查尔德·哈洛尔德游记 （1812至1818年）、 希永的囚徒 （1816年）以及讽刺长诗 唐璜 （1819至1824年）。由于他的恋爱经历和反传统的生活方式，拜伦在当时是名誉扫地的。他死于为希腊脱离土耳其而独立所做的工作中：don Juan 唐璜

德国：歌德 、席勒

法国：Rousseau卢梭(1712-1778), 法国启蒙思想家, 哲学家, 教育家和文学家 、Hugo雨果，维克托·玛丽：(1802-1885) 法国作家，1851年拿破仑掌权后被驱逐，1870年返回法国。他的小说包括巴黎圣母院 (1831年）和 悲惨世界 (1862年）,积极浪漫主义

35、 Aleksander pushkin 普希金 (1799-1837) 俄国作家，他创作了小说叶甫

盖尼·奥涅金 (1831年），剧本 鲍里斯·戈都诺夫 (1831年），以及许多叙事性和散文性诗和短篇小说 p311

Stood in the van of the romantic movement in Russia.

Ruslan and liudmila鲁斯兰和柳德米拉—first important poem

Boris godunou—best play, historic tragedy历史悲剧

Eugene Onegin 尤金。奥涅金—took his 8 years, be recognized as his masterpiece. It is a verse-novel based on Byron’s 唐璜。Onegin sets up the type

of the super-famous man for the numerous Russian novels to come.

36、 Honore’ de Balzac巴尔扎克，奥诺德：(1799-1850) 法国作家和现实主

义小说奠基人，他在作品集人间喜剧 中描述了法国社会生活的全景 p380

Has been called ― The French dickens狄更斯.‖ , as dickens has been called ―the English Balzac ‖

The human comedy inspired by that of datote’s divine comedy. It is the title given by Balzac to the whole collection of his novels, a series of books, a comprehensive picture of contemporary French socieby.

他决定在人间喜剧的框架内呈现一幅现代文明的完整图画，此套书包括了多部杰作如高老头。

37、 Realism现实主义? P391

The modern philosophical doctrine, opposed to idealism, that physical objects exist independently of their being perceived.

与理想主义相对的一种现代哲学信条，认为外部事物独立于它们的表象而存在的

38、 现实主义作家。 Realism in northern Europe P 407

Ibsen 易卜生，亨利克：(1828-1906) 挪威戏剧作家。他的现实主义作品影响了现代剧的发展。他的主要作品包括《皮尔·英特》 (1867年）， 《玩偶之家》 (1879年）和 《群鬼》 (1881年）

A doll’s house玩偶之家

An enemy of the people人民公敌

The wild duck野鸭

Hedda gabler 海达。加布勒

Bernaid shaw 肖伯纳，1856-1950， 英 爱尔兰 剧作家，散文家won the Nobel

prize in 1925.

Heartbreak house伤心之家

St.joan圣女贞德

Man and super man人与超人

The doctor’s dilemma医生的窘境

The apple cart

Major Barbara巴巴拉少校

Pygmalion皮格马力翁

惠特曼，美 诗人，著《草叶集》

Leaves of grass―― his master piece: I believe a leaf of grass is no less that the journey-work of the stars, and the pismire is equally perfect, and a grain of sand, and the egg of a wren.

When lilacs last in the dooryard bloom：best known poem, expresses his grief over the death of Lincoln.

马克吐温mark twain

Life on the Mississippi

The celebrated jumping frog of caraveras country

The adventures to Huck Leberry Finn

The gilded age

The adventures of Tom sawyer

The prince and the pauper

39、 What is modernism?

现代主义泛指20世纪前半叶在不同艺术中所推行的经验性方法。许多艺术家痛感现存艺术规范的僵化与武断，对人类在世界上的地位和目标抱持怀疑，就是这种经验的起因。 达达主义超现实主义和各种反正统流派都是现代主义

的表现形式。

Modernism was a complex and diverse international movement in all the creative arts, originating about the end of the 19th century. It provided the greatest creative renaissance of the 20th century. It was made up of many facts, such as symbolism, surrealism, cubism, expressionism, futurism etc.

Modernism has been called ―the tradition of the new‖. It provided fresh ways of looking at man’s position and function in the universe.

Modernism has also been called the ―dehumanization非人性的 of art‖， has become the synonym of revolution in form.

40、 自我、本我、超我， 弗洛伊德的现代心理分析。

Freud divided human personality into there functional parts-- Id, ego, super ego. Freudian system:

Id--the container of the instinctual urges. It is concerned with what a person wants to do.

Ego—the rational, thoughtful, realistic, personality process, it is concerned with what a person can do.

Superego—the idealized image that a person builds of himself in response to authority and social pressures.

41、 现代主义文学

Eliot 艾略特 英国诗人1888-1965, 生于美国的英国诗人、剧作家、文艺评论家, 曾获19xx年诺贝尔文学奖

The waste land荒原

The love song of J.Alfred Prufrock

Four quartets

Lawrence 1885-1930劳伦斯， 英国 诗人、小说家

He was considered one of the ―makers‖ of modern English fiction.

Take human relationship, especially that men and women, as his major theme. Sons and lovers儿子与情人

Women in love 恋爱中的女人

Lady chatterley’s love 查泰莱夫人的情人

The rainbow 虹

The lost girl 迷失的少女

James Joyce1882-1941 乔伊斯，意识流小说，英爱尔兰作家，他创新的文学手法对现代小说有着深远影响。

His works are characterized by experiment with language, symbolism and such narrative techniques as interior monologue内心独白 and stream of consciousness.意识流

Vlysses 尤利西斯

A portrait of the artist as a young man 一个青年艺术家的画像—自传性质

Ernest Hemingway 海明威，美国作家。第一次世界大战期间先后做过救护车司机、新闻记者、探险家和被驱逐者，本世纪20年代移居巴黎从事短篇小说和小说的写作，作品有太阳照样升起 (19xx年）， 表钟为谁鸣 (19xx年），及 老人与海 (19xx年）等，作品大都描写英勇无畏而孤独的人物，带有精炼的文学风格。他19xx年获诺贝尔文学奖

He was awarded the Nobel prize in 1954 for his mastery of the art of modern narration.现代叙事手法

The sun also rises太阳照样升起

A farewell to arms永别了武器

For whom the bell tolls 丧钟为谁鸣

Albert Camus 加缪，作品充满荒诞：(1913-1960) 法国作家和存在主义哲学

家，其作品如陌生人 （19xx年）及 瘟疫 （19xx年）涉及人类自身状况的荒谬性。他获得了19xx年的诺贝尔文学奖

He received the Nobel prize in 1957.

In his books, Camus was interested in philosophical problems, such as the meaning of life and man’s search for values.

One famous theme in his book is that of the ―absurd‖荒谬, which according to him is a gulf between man’s desire for a happy world governed by reason, and the actual irrational world. Camus thought man should not simply accept this ―absurd‖ world, but should revolt against it.

His representative works is his novel : the strange 局外人

42、 Literature and philosophy since 1945

Angry young men in England.英格兰的愤怒青年

It was a term referring to a group of English writer who found themselves to be social misfits.不适应社会的人

其中的代表者：

Kingsley Amis 1922-1995金斯利。艾米斯，作品《幸运的吉姆》lucky Jim John Osborne 1929-1994 约翰。奥斯本 ，《愤怒中回顾》look back in anger. Beat generation in America 美国的颓废一代

It was a name adopted by some American young sters who refused to accept ―respectability‖ and conventional social behaviour and who cultivated a rootless manner of civing.

重点Their features：they used a special slang language and love jazz; many of them were drug addicts; they often kept an appearance of deliberate neglect in clothing and personal hygiene.

代表者representative figures：

Allen Ginsberg 1926-1997 艾伦。金斯堡

Howl 《嚎叫》：focuses on the evils of materialism唯物主义 and calls attention to the insulted and the injured of the earth.

Jack Kerous杰克。凯鲁亚克

On the road《在路上》 a formless book.一群美国年青穷鬼的流浪 they love life, beauty, jazz, sex, drugs, etc, and hate the traditional, conventional and generally auepted way of life.

Nathalie Sarraute 娜塔丽。莎罗特

One of leading theorists of the antiroman新小说，a creator of the anti-novel Portrait of a man 一个陌生人的肖像

43、 Existentialism 存在主义

A philosophy that emphasizes the uniqueness and isolation of the individual experience in a hostile or indifferent universe, regards human existence as unexplainable, and stresses freedom of choice and responsibility for the consequences of one's acts.

一种强调在怀有敌意或冷漠的世界中个人经历的独特性和孤立性的哲学，它认为人的存在是不可解释的，并强调选择的自由和对自己行为的结果负责

44、 The theatre of the absurd 荒诞剧

The ―theatre of the absurd‖ is a term referring to the works of some European, particularly French, playwrights of the 1950s and 60s. The word ―absurd‖ originated from the works of Camus, who saw human situation as ―absurd‖. They instead the idea that human existence is purposeless, meaningless, and that in this world man feels constantly bewildered , trouble and threatened.

Representative figures:

Samuel Beckett塞缪尔。贝克特--Waiting for Godot等待戈多: human life is

meaningless

Eugene Ionesco 尤金。尤奈斯库 –the bald prima Donna 秃头歌女

45、 Black humor

Black humor is a term derived from black comedy, and a kind of desperate humor. It is the laughter at tragic things. In this meaningless world, according to black humorists, man’s fate is decided by incomprehensible powers, we can’t do anything about it, therefore we may as well laugh.

Representative figure

Joseph Heller约瑟夫。海勒

Catch-22第22条军规