This is a book of grievous mood. A beautiful young girl’s life was destroyed gradually and really---not by her energy, but by the people who said love to her. What kind of this love is? What make the love destroy its lover? Tess could be a happy girl though her family was very poor. But “noble, status, and money” were strongly in her father’s mind, just because of the discovery that a parson said to him. Without their horse’s carrying load, life became rather difficult. Tess blamed herself completely, and she wondered what she could help her parents. Then Tess obeyed her mother’s idea, to work at the d’Urberville’s home, and met her cousin, Alec d’Urbervilles. This then was the beginning. Tess had to meet the wrong man, and one who was so strongly attracted to her. Yet to the right man, she was only a half-forgotten impression from an evening’s dancing party in a country field. This mistake was to have tragic results. Alec used his clever brain to help Tess’s parents, and this made Tess feel grateful to him. Because of her slackening vigilance, Alec’s intention came true ---Tess would be maiden no more. As the people of her village said, “It was to be.” And from now on, Tess’s life was to be completely different. Tess left Alec’s home, returned her village. But all had changed, Tess wouldn’t be happy, people in village wouldn’t see her as before. After her baby’s death, she had to leave her home, went to a far place. Perhaps at that time we should thank Alec, thank baby’s death, or Tess wouldn’t leave her home and met Angel Clare, her right man in the dairy. Tess was a so lovely girl that Angel was soon crazy for her. At last, they conquered many difficulties and got married. But Tess’s experience was still her mortal wound, Angel couldn’t accept the truth and left her. The story came to its turning point again. When Angel realized his mistake and went back to look for Tess, all was too late, the poor girl again dropped into Alec’s trap. With the intertwine of love and hatred, Tess had to end herself with a tragic results. God played with Tess so much. When her right man appeared, God yet didn’t give her happiness. Tess’s parents loved her, but it was just an instinctive love; Alec said love to her, but it was a evil love; Angel said love to her as well, but it was a immature and selfish love. He wanted Tess to forgive him, but he couldn’t forgive Tess. Tess didn’t make any mistakes, but at last, she born all punishments and sufferings. At first, God had let the two persons miss each other. A tragedy was

doomed. But perhaps no love, no hatred, no dignity, death was the best way for Tess to extricate herself. We have nothing to do but watching world changing, destroying Tess, then continuing changing. The tragedy recurs every day in fact. I can’t help asking, have we missed our happiness?

 

第二篇：从悲观的角度审视哈代的作品_德伯家的苔丝_英文_

第二十二卷第八期　　　　　　　　楚　雄　师　范　学　院　学　报　　　　　Vol122　No18　　20xx年8月　　　　　　　　JOURNALOFCHUXIONGNORMALUNIVERSITY　　　　　Aug12007　　　　

OnthePessimisticViewinHardy’s

3

“TessoftheD’Urbervilles”

刘开富

(楚雄师范学院,云南楚雄675000)

摘　要:Hardy’s“TessoftheD’Urbervilles”isaveryiandenviron2

mentalnovels.Theheroine,Tess,isaclever,pretty,girl,butshewashangedatlast.ThroughthelifeandfateofTess,stwardsinnocentwomen,whowereaweakpartofthesocietyandwecanopessimisticandalsopossessedsomecoloroftragedy.ThroughinHardy’s“TessoftheD’Urbervilles”,wecanknowmorele’slife,people’sattitudetowardsreligionandthefalsemoralsinBth关键词:view;Tess;Hardy’sviewpointtowardssociety

中图分类号:I5611074　文章标识码:A　文章编号:1671-7406(2007)08-0097-06

　　Introduction

TheBritishnovelistHardylivedinaperi2odwhencapitalismwashighlydevelopingandstretchingtothevastcountryside,andtheBritishpeoplewerestrugglingforabrightfuturebravelyanddifficultly.

AsfarasHardy’snovelwritingiscon2cerned,itcouldbedividedintothreeperiods.Hisnovelsinthefirstperiodweremainlyre2flectinghisownexperiencesandidealabouttherurality,whichheldtheromanticstyle,suchas“UndertheGreen-woodTree”,and“FarFromtheMaddingCrowd”;themainworksinthesecondperiodweremainlyaboutthesocialcomedieshappenedinWessex,suchas“TheReturnoftheNative”,and“TheMayorofCasterbridge”;themainworksinthethirdpe2riodweremainlyaboutthebankruptfarmers’

3

fateandfutureinWessex,suchas“TessoftheD’Urbervilles”,and“JudetheObscure”.Generallyspeaking,Hardy’snovelsvividlyre2cordedthedestructivehistoryofpatriarchalclansysteminthecountrysideinSouthernEng2landinthe19thcentury.

Fromthepointofliterature,pessimisticfeaturesarethesouloftragedy.Pessimisticcharacterscouldnotbeformedunlessitisinthepessimisticenvironment.Yet,thepessimis2ticenvironmentmentionedherejustmeansthedefinitesituationinwhichthepessimisticper2sonsliveandwhichhelpformthepessimisticcharactersandresultedinpessimisticviews.Manyfamouswritershavewrittenalotofbigtragedies,butnothingelsethanthepessimisticviewinHardy’s“TessoftheD’Urbervilles”canshowthesamesympathyandloveforthe

收稿日期:2007-05-27

作者简介:刘开富(1956—),男,云南禄丰人,楚雄师范学院外语系副教授,主要研究方

向:英汉翻译理论与实践

。

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weakpart-theinnocentwomen.Thegreatauthor,Hardy,wasverygoodandskilledatconstructingaspecialatmospherethroughwhichthereaderscouldobviouslyfeeltherealbeautyoftheart,andthetypicalsceneisal2waysquiteunforgettable.

AnanalysisonthepessimisticviewinHardy’s“TessoftheD’Urbervilles”todaycouldeffectivelyhelpusgetabetterunder2standingoftheauthor’suniquewritingskillandimmortalart.Wecouldalsoimproveourreadingcomprehensionbyfurtherdevelopingthefeelingandimpressiononappreciatingthegreatcharmofthetragedy,atthesatilearningmuchmoreaboutandliteraryvalue.alsseeagaintheritishruralareasthroughwhichgobackintotheBritishsituationofpolitics,economy,people’slivingenvironment,especiallypeople’sviewpointstowardsthesocietyandreligionaftertheIndus2tryRevolutioninBritain.

　　1.EarlyLivingEnvironment

ThomasHardy,thelastgreatnovelistoftheVictorianperiod,andthemostpopularoneofhistime,wasbornandbroughtupinDorset,anagriculturaldistrictinthesouthofEngland,whichhecalledWessexinhisbooks.Thesonofanarchitect,hestartedouttofollowhisfa2ther’sprofession.

AfterstudyinginDorsetandtheninLon2don,hecamebackandsettleddowninhisbirthplace.Havingnorealinterestsinarchitec2ture,heturnedtoliteratureeveninhisLondondays.Buthisfirstattemptatwritingdidnotmeetwithsuccess.“ThePoorManandTheLa2dy”,hisfirstnovelwhichwascompletedin1868,wasturneddownbyonepublishingcom2panyafteranother.Atthetime,Meredith,areaderforoneofthepublishingfirms,hadatalkwithHardyandsuggestedthathewrite

somedifferenttopicsandwarnedhimofstrongattacksfromthepressifthisnovelshouldevenbeprinted.

Takingthegreatwriter’sadvice,HardymadeacompromisebytryingtocopythestyleofWilkieCollinsandpublishedhisfirstnovel,“DesperateRemedies”(1871),thefirstofaseriesofso-called“novelsofingenuity”inwhichemphasiswaslaiduponacomplicatedplotandanexcitingstory.Afterheachievedhisfameasaseriousnovelsen2criticsandacriticalpresenta2.Especiallysevereattackshislaterandpossiblybestnovels,“TessoftheD’Urbervilles”and“JudetheOb2scure”.Hardywasaccusedofimmorality,andthemaliciouscriticismwassooverpoweringthathewasforcedtogiveupthewritingofanymovenovelsafter1896.Heturnedtopoetry,inwhichheexpressedhiscriticaltowardssociety,andhissuccessinverseiscomparabletothatinprosefiction.

Hisfather,abuilderhimself,wantedhisson,Hardy,tobecomeabuilder.Hehopedthatsomedayhissoncouldtakeoverhisbusi2ness.Sofromanearlyage,hewasboundap2prenticetoanarchitect.Andaccordingtohisfather’swishandarrangement,HardywenttoLondonattheageof22,wherehestudiedar2chitectureforfiveyears.HisdaysinLondondidn’thelpstrengthenhisknowledgeinarchi2tecture,butnurturedhisbiginterestinlitera2ture.Withtheimprovementofhisinterestinwriting,Hardychangedhisoutlookonlife,so2cietyandreligion.Atthattimetherewasakeenargumentbetweenatheistsandtheists,andHardyreadvariousphilosophicalthoughts,whichmadehimsuspectoftheexistenceofGodandshookhisbasicbeliefsinthechurch.Atthesametime,hewaspuzzledbythechaosoftheworldowingtothisshakingofhisfaith.In

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刘开富:从悲观的角度审视哈代的作品《德伯家的苔丝

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ordertogetridofthisdilemma,hereturnedto

hishomevillagetoseekakindofspiritualcon2solationandunderstandingoftheuniverse.Herememberedhisfamily’stalesandthefolklorestoldbyhisgrandmotherandmotheraswellashisancestors’sufferingsandhisownreversesinlife.Outofthesesufferingsandreversese2mergedHardy’spessimisticphilosophy,statingthatmankindissubjecttotheruleofsomehos2tileandmysteriousfate,whichbringsmisfor2tunetohumanlife.Thisviewoflifewasfullypresentedinhisextraordinarilybeautifulandmovingnovel,“TessoftheD’Urbervilles.”

　　2.CapitalistSystemAretheMainReasTessD’isofapov2ertystrickenwho,atthebeginningofthenovel,discoversthatheisthedescendantoftheancientfamilyoftheD’Urbervilles.However,thefamilyisverypoorandunfortu2natelytheirhorseiskilledaccidentally.Tessis,therefore,persuadedbyhermothertovisittheprosperousD’Urbervillesandtoclaimkin2ship.Sheworksthereandisseducedbytheyoungmasterofthehouse,AlecD’Urberville.Inthatembarrassingsituation,shehasnowayoutbuttoreturnhomeindisgrace.Shegivesbirthtoachildwhodiesininfancyandsheisconsideredasinfulwoman.

Shethengoestoworkasawage-laborerforadairyfarmatTaibothdays,andhereforsometimesheisnotunhappy,inspiteofthehardworkatearlyhours.Buthappydaysseemnottobelongforthispoor,innocentwoman.Fateandrealityjustgoagainstgoodwishes.Herrelativelypeacefullifewasdisturbedseri2ously.Someonesteppedintoherlife.AngelClare,sonofaclergyman,alsogoestoworkonthefarmjustfortheexperienceofwork.ThepassingoftimehasbroughtTessandAngeltowalkingtowardseachother.Theyoungmanbe2

comesinterestedverymuchinTess,andfalls

inlovewithher,whoisextremelybeautiful.Heproposestoherwithoutknowingherbitterexperienceandunusualpast.Theyarrangetogetmarriedwithoutmutualunderstanding.Thisisthehiddentroubleforthetwoyoungpersonswhomadlyloveeachother.Theylookforwardtheweddingday,buttheydon’tknowthatwasanotherturning-pointoftheirlives,especiallyforthepure,beautifulandhonestyoungwoman.Outofherprevioustotheofpastrelationsapandthrustsitintowever,thepapergetsmis2underthecarpetofthebedroom,soAn2geldoesnotgetitandthustolosetheopportu2nityofknowinghislover’smiserablepastwhichcouldn’tbeacceptedonthespotfromthepointoffeudalideaandbourgeoismoral.Then,ontheirweddingnight,afterAngeltellsherofhispastrelationswithawantonwoman,TesstellshimthewholestoryaboutAlec.Al2thoughsheforgiveshimreadily,heistoomuchofahypocriteandsnob,andthinkstoomuchofhisreputationandhonortoforgiveher.HeleavesherforBrazil,andshegoestoherfamilyhome.

Again,thegreatpovertyatherhomeforceshertogoouttoseekwork,andaftermanyvainattemptstosecureemployment,shearrivesatanewfarmatFlintcomb-Ash,wheretheworkingconditionsaretheworstandhardest.Sheisinsultedandoppressedbythemasterthere.Eventually,newsofherfather’sdeathcomestoherandwithittheexpulsionofherfamilyfromtheircottage.AngelClarehas,however,somewhatrepentedofhisharshtreat2mentofTessandnowreturnsfromBraziltobereconciledwithher.However,hefindshertobelivingwithAlexagain.Tess,seeingthatAlec’srelationshipwithherpreventsherfromgoingbacktolivehappilywithAngelforthe

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secondtime,hateshimforruiningherlifeandkillshim.

Afteraverybriefthoughjoyfultimeofbe2ingunitedwithAngel,thepolicecomeafterher.Sheisarrested,tried,convictedandhanged.Hardyendsthestorybywritingsarcas2tically,“Justicewasdone,andthePresidentoftheImmortals(anAeschyleanphrase)hadhissportwithTess.”Hardy’swordsattheendofthestoryshowclearlyhisattitudetowardslifeandhisconfusedcharacter.Inmostsituationshewasonthestandofweakgroupofpeople,buthewassolimitedthathecouldn’tseethepowerandtherealitycompletely.Hetriedmakesomethingbeauty,butstroyed.thepessimmself.

　　3.TheBackgroundofHardy’sWritingStyleandFeature

Hardyisgreatlyinfluencedbythefolkloreandtalestoldtohimbyhisgrandmotherandmotheraswellasbyhisancestors’sufferings.Hisownreversesinlifealsocontributetomakehimmostpessimistic.Heattributesallthosede2featstoakindofmysteriouspowerbeyondahu2manbeing’scontrol.Thepassingimpressionoffateandchanceplayingavitalpartinthedevel2opmentofthestoryaswellassuperstitionintheformofmysteriouspredictionandominousfore2boding-bothappearnotinfrequentlyin“Tess.”

Inordertohelpherfamilyfinanciallyaswellasescapethecriticismofthenarrow-mindedfolksaroundher,shestartstoseekajobasadairymaidonafarm.Fatealwaysplaysgamesonhumanbeings,andTessevidentlycannotescapehistrapsonthedairyfarm.ShemeetsAngelClare,thesonofaclergyman,istakinghisapprenticeshipinagricultureandischarmedbyTess’sbeauty.However,AngelwaslovedbythreeothermaidswhomTessonceworkedwithonherwaytoTrantridge.Perhaps

itwasGod’swilltoletthesefourpoormaidsmeetthisgentlemaninthisParadisewhereTesswasallowedtohaveahappyrelationshipwithAngel.

WecouldnotsaythatTessisnotintriguedbyAngel.Atthebeginningofthestory,TessisupsetbecauseAngeldoesnotdancewithheratavillageparty.Now,fatecausesthemtomeet,andofcourseshecannotescapefrombeingfas2cinatedbyAngel.Beforeweddingday,shewriteshersinsonapandthrowsit’sfatealways,causestoslipunderthecannotfindit.Thusshelo2chancetomakeaconfessiontohersweetheart.ThismakesAngeltoohastytofor2giveherandresultsinhiscruelabandonmentofher.

However,fateplayswithTessforashorttimeallowingherajoyousinterludewithAngelbeforesheisarrestedbythepolice,tried,con2victedandhung.Thus,“Justicewasdone,andthePresidentoftheImmortalshadendedhissportwithTess.”

InhisprefacetoTess,HardyquotedGlos2ter’sspeechtoKingLear:

“Asfliestowantonboysarewetothegods;

Theykillusfortheirsport.”ThisreflectsHardy’spessimisticphiloso2phywhichdominatesallhisWessexnovels,i.e.,novelsdescribingthecharactersandenvi2ronmentofhisnativecountryside.

TessoftheD’UrbervillesbelongstotheclassofHardy’s“NovelsofCharacterandEn2vironment”.Thereisastrongnoteofpessi2misminthisnovel,asinmanyofhisotherno2vels.Thecharactersinthenovelshavetheiras2pirations,desiresandhopes,butinmostca2ses,thingstowrongandtheirlivesendintrag2edy.Hardy’sexplanationseemsalwaystopointtosomemysteriousforceinnature,ap2

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pearingintheformoffateorchance,thatisal2

wayshostiletohumanbeings.Therefore,hegenerallyportrayshumanbeingsashelplessbe2forethismysteriousforce,showinghisgreatpity..Thelandscapeiscontinuallybroughttolife,notforitsownsake,butlikeasounding2board,inordertodeepenandintensifywhatev2eritisthatTessisexperiencing.EachstageofTess’slifeissetinitsappropriatelandscape;herinnocenceinthetamemildvaleofBlack2moor;herseductionintheChase,theoldestwoodinEngland;then,heridyllicloveaffairwithAngelinthesensualparadisegardenofTalbothays,inthevaleofthePigDairies;nally,hersacrificialconsustoneofStJustas“Iwanttoseethedeeperthescenic,theexpressionofwhataresometimescalledabstractimaginings.”

ThisistypicalofHardy’smethodallthroughoutTess;heusesthescenarytocreateanechoingdimensionforthenarrow,folk-balladtragedyinwhichTessistrapped.

AsdescribedinthenovelinChapter39,“TheoutskirtofthegardeninwhichTessfoundherselfhadbeenleftuncultivatedforsomeyears,andwasnowdampandrankwithjuicygrasswhichsentupmistsofpollenatatouch;andwithtallbloomingweedsemittingoffensivesmells———weedswhoseredandyellowandpurplehuesformedapolychromeasdazzlingasthatofcultivatedflowers.Shewentstealthilyasacatthroughthisprofusionofgrowth,gatheringcuckoo-spittleonherskirts,crackingsnailsthatwereunderfoot,stainingherhandswiththistle-milkandslugslime,andrubbingoffuponhernakedarmsstickyblightswhich,throughsnowwhiteontheapple-treetrunks,mademadderstainsonherskin;thusshedrewquiteneartoClare,stillunobservedofhim.”

Theartandfeatureofthewritingisnoton2lyinthepeoplethemselves,butalsointhede2tailsofthescene;thesoundofAngel’sharp,withits“starkqualitylikethatofnudity”,the“damp”,“rank”,“juicy”undergrowththroughwhichTessmoves“stealthilyasacat”,the“gatheringcuckoo-spittleonherskirts...stainingherhandswiththistle-milkandslugslimeandrubbingoffuponhernakedarmsstickyblightswhich...mademadderstainsonherskin.”Itisasthoughthevegeta2tionitselfcontainedallsmellsandofon.Hardy’swasclosertostothatoftheBookofGenesis.

isapessimisticcharacterunderthepenofHardyinthenovel.ThemainpurposeofcreatingtheimageofTessismainlytotellusthefactthatinthecapitalistsocietyinnocenceandsincerecan’thelponefindasuitableposi2tioninlife;industrialrevolutiondidnothelpcommonpeoplegetridofpoverty;religioncouldnothelpthepoorpeoplegetoutofdiffi2cultiesandtroubles.Accordingtotheauthor,poorpeopleareeagertojumpoutofthebitterseaoflife,butthebitterseahasnobankforthem.Atthesametime,theauthormayalsotellusthatcommonpeopleshouldn’trelyonfateandreligionbutthemselves.Ofcourse,forthelimitationoftimeandenvironment,theau2thorcouldn’tseeclearlythatthemainreasons———therootsofpovertyandmiserablelifearecapitalistsystem.Yetfromthepointoflitera2tureandnovelwriting,thisabsolutelycouldnotreducethecolorandlightofartofthenovel.

Thus,Hardy’sskillatcharacterizationisclearlyevidentinhisportrayalofTessherself.Thelanguageofthenovel,particularlymuchofthedialogue,attimesseemscumbersometothemodemreader.Hisdescriptions,however,areimaginativeandfusedwithsymbolism,over2tonesandsubtletiesofmood,helpedinpartbytherhythmofthelanguageitself.

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　　4.Conclusion

Asthelimitationofsocietyandhistory,especiallythelimitationoftheauthor’slivingsituationandtheconventionalviewpointofreadingthesourcesofthecommonpeople’sfate,Hardyfailstoseecapitalismastherootofthetragedyofmanyhumanlives.Heonlyre2gardsTess’fateastheironyoffateorchance,asthatmysterioussomethingentirelybeyondhumanintelligenceandcontrol.Thus,Hardyinthisnovel,asinhisothernovels,againtriestoexplainthetragicfateoftheheroineastheresultofthemachinationsoffate.HeattributesmuchofthetragedytotheaccidentalbyTess’fatheroftheir.fatedirectmuchbetweenTess.Yet,therealisticunfoldingofthebythenovelistpracticallydefeatshisownconclusionandpointsdefinitelytothedisintegrationofEnglishpeasantryandthehypocriticalmoralityofbourgeoissocietyastheobviouscausesofthetragedy.

Throughtheaboveanalysis,wecanseeclearlytheinfluenceandartofHardy’sgreatwork.Hiscreativeformofartisquiteunique.Evennowadays,thisartcangiveusasenseofdeepenjoymentandtrainustoseethebeautyinlife.Thisnovelisextremelythought-pro2voking.Meanwhile,thenovelisalsoavivid

picturefromwhichwecanagainseeandfeel

thesocialrealities,economicsituations,andpeople’sviewpointstowardslifeinmanyas2pectsinthelate19thcenturyinBritain.Andwhat’smore,wecanlearnthataftertheIndus2trialRevolution,someBritishpeopleseemedtorealizethenatureofreligion,theybegantolosetrustinthefalsemoralandthecruelrealitythatthefate,andlifeofcommonfarmerslikeTessisnotcontrolledbysomethingmysteriousbutbytherealityandsociety.Zuo-liang,LiFu-ning,Zhou-liang,etal1(eds.),AnAnthologyofEng2lishLiteratureAnnotatedinChinese[M]1Beijing,TheCommercialPress,1991.

[2]ZhaoTai-he(ed.),AModemEng2lishLiteratureCourse.Bejing,BeijingNormalUniversityPress,1990.

[3]ThomeyG.G.,RobertsG1(eds.),AnOutlineofEnglishLiterature,Britain,Long2manWorldPublishingCorporation,1989.　

[4]HuanYuang-shen,ZhuZhong-yi.(eds.),English(ForEnglishMajorstudentsinNormalUniversity)[M]1Book5,Shanghai,Shang2haiForeignLanguageEducationPress,1996.

(责任编辑　徐成东)

从悲观的角度审视哈代的作品《德伯家的苔丝》

刘开富

(楚雄师范学院,云南楚雄675000)

摘　要:《德伯家的苔丝》是托马斯?哈代最为重要的代表作品和情境小说之一。女主人公苔丝是一个聪明、漂亮、勤劳而善良的女孩,但最终她却被处以绞刑。从苔丝的生活和命运我们可以看出,哈代对待弱势社会中纯洁少女的态度,也可以看出作者自身的悲观态度和某些悲剧色彩。从悲观的角度审视托马斯?哈代的作品《德伯家的苔丝》,我们能更多地了解19世纪英国社会、经济、人民生活和人们对待宗教和虚伪道德的态度。

关键词:悲观的角度;苔丝;哈代的社会态度

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