The Call of The Wild

I About Jack London

Jack London(born Jan. 12, 1876, died Nov. 22, 1916), whose life symbolized the power of will, was the most successful writer in America in the early 20th Century. His vigorous stories of men and animals against the environment, and survival against hardships were drawn mainly from his own experience. An illegitimate child, London passed his childhood in poverty in the Oakland slums. At the age of 17, he ventured to sea on a sealing ship. The turning point of his life was a thirty-day imprisonment that was so degrading it made him decide to turn to education and pursue a career in writing. And his experiences of searching for gold in the Klondike left their mark in his stories. His work embraced the concepts of unconfined individualism and Darwinism in its exploration of the laws of nature.

II Plot

Buck is a dog who leads a comfortable life in a California ranch home with his owner, a judge, until he is stolen and sold to pay off a gambling debt. Buck is taken to Alaska and sold to a pair of French Canadians who were impressed with his physique. They train him as a sled dog, and he quickly learns how to survive the cold winter nights and the pack society by observing his teammates. Buck is later sold again and passes hands several times, all the while improving his abilities as a sled dog and pack leader.

Eventually, Buck is sold to a man, his wife, and her brother who know nothing about sledding nor surviving in the Alaskan wilderness. They struggle to control the sled and ignore warnings not to travel during the spring melt. As they journey on, they run into John Thornton, an experienced outdoors man, who notices that all of the sled dogs are in terrible shape from the ill treatment of their handlers. Thornton warns the trio against crossing the river, but they refuse to listen and order Buck to mush. Exhausted, starving, and sensing the danger ahead, Buck refuses. Recognizing him as a remarkable dog and disgusted by the driver's beating of the dog, Thornton cuts him free from his traces and tells the trio he's keeping him. After some argument, the trio leaves and tries to cross the river, but as Thornton warned the ice gives way and they drown.

As Thornton nurses Buck back to health, Buck comes to love him and grows devoted to him. Thornton takes him on trips to pan for gold. Thornton and his friends go to their camp and continue their search for gold, while Buck begins exploring the wilderness around them and begins socializing with a local wolf pack. One morning, he returns from a three-day long hunt to find his beloved master and the others in the

camp have been killed by some Native Americans. Buck finds some of them in the camp and kills them to avenge Thornton, later finding other members of the tribe, then returns to the woods to become alpha wolf of the pack. Each year he revisits the site where Thornton died, never completely forgetting the master he loved.

III My Opinions

Loyalty, Honor and Love

The dogs in the book are all loyal to their masters. For example, a man makes a wager with Thornton over Buck's strength and devotion. Buck wins the bet by breaking a half-ton sled out of the frozen ground, then pulling it 100 yards by himself. In addition, all dogs have sense of honor. They are all proud of being sled dogs, and devote themselves to the work. For example, Dave, who is going to die, still insists on working. “Sick as he was, Dave resented being taken out, grunting and growling while the traces were unfastened and whimpering when he saw Sol-leks (another dog) in the position he had held and served so long. For the pride of trace and trail was his, and, sick to death, he could not bear that another dog should do his work.”

Both loyalty and honor are based on love which is what touches me deeply. Because of love to Thornton, Buck does such thing that seems impossible to accomplish. Because of sense of honor, Dave insists on working till he dies.

As we know, Buck answers the call of and returns to the wild finally. In my opinion, the call is not from the wild though Buck often hears the howl of the wolves. Instead, it is from the bottom of Buck’s heart. The call is the will or the instinct which makes him want to be himself: A wolf.

I think every one of us has a call in our hearts. The call is our dream, goal or something we really want to do. However, under the pressure of society, we often have to give up our dreams or goals, and do things we are unwilling to do. So we should learn something from Buck: Just follow the call, and be yourself!

 

第二篇：英语师范专业 毕业论文 野性的呼唤的创作特点 the composing characters of the call of the wild

The Composing Characteristics of the Call of the Wild Ⅰ. Introduction

It is often said that London's characters lack depth, but that seems an unfair criticism. While it is true that much of his "hack-work" suffers from superficial character development, his best work reaches deeply into his characters' hearts, sometimes in the form of anthropomorphism, as with Buck, the dog-hero. There is always something powerful and shocks in London’s novel. The Call of the Wild is one of his typical works. London particularly added the elements of naturalism and collective unconsciousness in the creation of the Call of the Wild. He attached importance to the role of genetics and evolution. He did not indulge in details in the description of the novel, nor did he reveal too much personal feeling. In his experience of gold rush life in the north, he observed through the view of Buck that no matter how harsh the natural environment of the north could possibly be, it was still beautiful, just and logical. The world of the north in the Call of the Wild was cold, but it was also brilliant and pure. The pure and endless whiteness is just the prolonged metaphor London produced for the nature of human and animal in the past and present.

Ⅱ. About the Author

Jack Griffith London, whose life symbolized the power of will, was the most successful writer in America in the early 20th Century. His real name was John Chaney and he was born on January 12, 1876, in San Francisco, 1

California. He was the illegitimate son of Flora Wellman and William Chaney, an itinerant writer, teacher and astrologer. The couple separated soon after he was born, and within a few months Flora married John London, so Flora Wellman's baby boy was christened John Griffith London.

London's vigorous stories of men and animals against the environment, and survival against hardship were drawn mainly from his own experience. London passed his childhood in poverty in the Oakland slums. At fifteen he became a hobo; at sixteen, an oyster pirate and longshoreman. At the age of seventeen, he ventured to sea on a sealing ship. The turning point of his life was a thirty-day imprisonment that was so degrading it made him decided to turn to education and pursue a career in writing. His years in the Klondike searching for gold left their mark in his best short stories; among them, The Call of the Wild, and White Fang. His best novel, The Sea-Wolf, was based on his experiences at sea. His work embraced the concepts of unconfined individualism and Darwinism in its exploration of the laws of nature. He retired to his ranch near Sonoma, where he died at age 40 of various diseases and drug treatments.

London is an avid reader with a voracious appetite for learning. As he says in his own words: "I read mornings, afternoons, and nights. I read in bed. I read at the table. I read as I walked to and from school, and I read at recess while the other boys were playing. "

From his close association with the poor and downhearted, Jack London 2

developed an intense sympathy for all poor people, as well as a life-long inclination toward socialism.

Paradoxically, although his socialist friends deserted him, Jack London throughout his life made vehement protest against the rich class, industrial cruelty and inefficiency, child labor, and corruption in government. As long as he lived he raised a call for justice, sympathy, service, and unselfishness. Whatever the cause, it is clear that London, who played the various roles of journalist, novelist, prospector, sailor, pirate, husband, and father, lived life to the fullest.

Jack London's own life story, in the words of Richard O'Connor, was "an even greater work than any he committed to paper."

Ⅲ.The Summary of the Call of the Wild

Jack London began The Call of the Wild with a calm setting but described it with the words that made the reader imagine they were there. He painted a scene for every situation so well that as if a movie were playing. This is a story about a dog names Buck. Throughout the novel we follow Buck through his journey through the Klondike. When we first met up with Buck, he lived in the Santa Clara Valley, on Judge Miller's property. He was the ruler of his domain, uncontested by any other local dogs. He was a mix between a St. Bernard and a Scotch Shepherd dog. He weighed one hundred and forty pounds, and he carried every one with utmost pride. But one night, while the judge was away at a raisin grower's committee meeting, the 3

gardener, Manuel, took Buck away from his home. Buck was then sold, and thrown in a baggage car. This would be the beginning of a new, cruel life for Buck. No matter how many times Buck tried to lunge, he would just be choked into submission at the end. When Buck arrived at his destination, there was snow everywhere, not to mention the masses of Husky and wolf dogs. Buck was thrown into a pen with a man who had a club. The law of club is quite simple, if there was a man with a club, a dog would be better off not to challenge that man. Buck learned this law after he was beaten half to death by the man who had the club.

Buck was sold off to a man who put him in a harness connected to many other dogs. Buck was bad at first, but eventually, he learned the way of trace and trail. Buck had to learn many things if he was to survive in this frigid land. He had to learn to sleep under the snow, and to eat his food as fast as possible so as not to have it stolen. At about this point in the book, we see Buck start to go through a metamorphosis of sorts. He transforms from a housedog to a more primitive, savage version of his former self. Buck proceeded to lose all the fat in his body and replace it with muscle. Most Southland dogs like him ended up dead because of their inability to conform. But one dog whose name was Spitz was a white wolf dog that was a proven champion in confrontation and was as crafty as they came here. And there is a law of Fang: when two dogs fight and one is knocked to the ground. The rest of the spectators will instantly pounce on the downed dog and make quick work of it.

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All of these unspoken rules had turned Buck into the Best dog to ever roam the Klondike. Buck did eventually fight Spitz and send him to his death. He was being starved to death by a gold seeking group who had not brought enough food for the dogs. When Buck could finally not move another step, a man from the group started to beat Buck. As the blows grew less and less painful, and he was fading farther and farther, Buck knew he was dying. While Buck was being beaten, a man named John Thornton came forth and took Buck from his attacker. The man nursed Buck back to health, and from that day forward, Buck lived for that man. Buck loved him with all his being. After being with this man for some time, Buck started to hear a call from far away. He started paying more and more attention to this call. He went out for days at a time searching for its source. This call was the call of the wild. He had a will to go off and be with other dogs. He felt the urge to be free from man and catch his own food. One day, Buck finally left for good. He was accepted by a pack of wolves that treated him like a wolf himself. And so the transformation was complete. Buck had changed from a dog, to a beast of nature.

Ⅳ. The Analysis of the Composing Characteristics

A. The Naturalism Elements in the Call of the Wild

1. Naturalism

The term naturalism describes a type of literature that attempts to apply scientific principles of objectivity and detachment to its study of human 5

beings. Unlike realism, which focuses on literary technique, naturalism implies a philosophical position: for naturalistic writers, since human beings are in Emile Zola’s phrase, "human beasts," characters can be studied through their relationships to their surroundings. Zola’s 1880 description of this method studied through their relationships to their surroundings. Zola's 1880 description of this method in Le roman experimental follows Claude Bernard's medical model and the historian Taine's observation that virtue and vice are products like vitriol and sugar--that is, that human beings as "products" should be studied impartially, without moralizing about their natures. Other influences on American naturalists include Herbert Spencer and Joseph Lecanto.

It was a literary movement taking place from 1880s to 1940s that used detailed realism to suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character. It was depicted as a literary movement that seeks to replicate a believable everyday reality, as opposed to such movements as Romanticism or Surrealism, in which subjects may receive highly symbolic, idealistic, or even supernatural treatment. Naturalism is the outgrowth of literary realism, a prominent literary movement in mid-19th-century France and elsewhere. Naturalistic writers were influenced by Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. They believed that one’s heredity and social environment determine one’s character. Whereas realism seeks only to describe subjects as they really are, naturalism also attempts to 6

determine "scientifically" the underlying forces for example, the environment or heredity influencing the actions of its subjects. Naturalistic works often include uncouth or sordid subject matter; for example, ?mile Zola's works had frankness about sexuality along with a pervasive pessimism. Naturalistic works exposed the dark harshness of life, including poverty, racism, sex, violence, prejudice, disease, corruption, prostitution, and filth. As a result, naturalistic writers were frequently criticized for being too blunt.

2. Naturalism in American

In the United States the genre is associated principally with writers such as Abraham Chan, Stephen Crane, Ellen Glasgow, David Graham Phillips, John Steinbeck, Jack London, Edith Wharton, and most prominently Frank Norris, and Theodore Dreiser. The term naturalism operates primarily in counter-distinction to realism, particularly the mode of realism codified in the 1870s and 1880s, and associated with William Dean Howells and Henry James.

Many of the American naturalists, especially Norris and London, were heavily influenced by Zola. They sought explanations for human behavior in natural science, and were skeptical, at least, of organized religion and beliefs in human free will. However, the Americans did not form a coherent literary movement, and their occasional critical and theoretical reflections do not present a uniform philosophy. Although Zola was a touchstone of contemporary debates over genre, Dreiser, perhaps the most important of the 7

naturalist writers, regarded Balzac as a greater influence. Naturalism in American literature is therefore best understood historically in the generational manner outlined in the first paragraph above. In philosophical and generic terms, American naturalism must be defined rather more loosely, as a reaction against the realist fiction of the 1870s and 1880s, whose scope was limited to middle-class or "local color" topics, with taboos on sexuality and violence.

2. The analysis of naturalism in the Call of the Wild

Jack London is an outstanding modern American novelist. His unique writing style through the Call of the Wild has been fully demonstrated. He corroborated the importance of survivability, endurance, and the capacity to beat his enemies through the experience of the hero Buck. He repeatedly stressed the brutality that the fierce competition for survival can not forgive mistakes nor condone the weak. London believed that either the natural instinct or the nature animals are consistent the environment.

According to the view of the American critic Mary Kay Dodson, the use of buck is the most vivid description of naturalism by Jack London. As everyone knows, the ancestors of dogs are wolves so it is inevitable for buck to turn from a tame, docile pet dog into a primitive beast. His gene and environmental forces compel him to kill or be killed. Founding the intrinsic reasons of the development of characters from the angle of genetics is a main characteristic of naturalism. In the Call of the Wild, Jack made a clear 8

statement of the biogenic influence on Buck: his father, Elmo, a saint Bernard dog, is a kind of rescue dog in Swaziland snow mountain and his mother Sleep, a Scotland collie, is a kind of dog designed to fight dogs. Both of them are rather strong and have a good cold-resistance. He inherited the strapping posture from his father; however, he is not as huge as him with only about one hundred and forty bounds. His has the mouth and head of a wolf, but so much bigger. His mouth was a mouth of wolf, just slightly larger. His head was much wider than wolf’s, which was a gigantic head of wolves'. His cunning was also the cunning of wolf, a kind of wild cunning. He was as smart as both a shepherd and a St. Bernard dog together. All of this, along with his experience accumulated in the most severe environment makes him hard to cope with, like all the other creatures wandering in the wilderness.

The power of environment on man is another characteristic of naturalism being discussed in the book.

Buck was born in the manor of Judge Miller in California and then was abducted, from comfortable south into harsh north. “He had been taken from the heart of civilization and thrown into the life of primitive”, [1] without the law of mercy and friendship, “All was confusion and action, and every movement was touched with anger.” [2] Because “they were wild and they knew on other law than the law of club and tooth” [3] Witnessed the death of lots of other dogs, Buck knew life there was like a primitive battlefield, and live in it you are either to kill or be killed, there is no other way. To survive, 9

Buck had to adapt to the environment and went back to the primordial instinct. The malicious surroundings activated the wild nature of wolf inside him so some incidents like he provoked the stag happened. And when the provocation, fraud, blood and violence became a potluck, and the former south civilized dog tasted the happiness of killing, a complete beast, the wolf was made. Later, after the death of his beloved master Thornton, he returned to the wilderness and joined the wolves. From all above, it is clear that the element of naturalism is embodied in everywhere of Buck’s transformation.

B. The Collective Unconsciousness in the Call of the Wild

1. Collective unconsciousness

The collective unconsciousness of Carl Gustav Jung was based on Freud’s individual unconsciousness. Jung thought that collective unconsciousness is a racial memory that is inherited by all the members of human beings and to make modern people connect with their earliest ancestors. It is also called "racial unconsciousness", which is a kind of innate unconsciousness form possessed by the entire human and emerged from inherent brain structure. The collective unconsciousness consists of two parts, one is archetype, and the other is instinct. Archetype won’t show directly in consciousness but will show itself in dreams, illusions, megrims, neurosis, artistic creations or appreciations in form of archetype image or symbol. Jung believes there are four most important types of archetype and everyone has the one called “the shadow”, which locates in the deep layer of one’s 10

personality and is inherited by human ancestors. It is the darkest, deepest and most secret content of soul and is the depressed, uncivilized and denied part of collective consciousness, which endows human a furious, provocative and violent tendency. He also deems that certain environment can evoke the hidden collective unconsciousness and activate the shadow of archetype.

2. The analysis of collective unconsciousness in the Call of the Wild

The creative thinking was profoundly influenced by Darwin and Jung, which made him believe importance of heredity. From the view of Jung’s collective unconsciousness, the fate of Buck in the Call of the Wild is the activation of the shadow of archetype hidden inside one’s body.

In the creation of the Call of the Wild, London largely embodied the thought of collective consciousness. The process of Buck’s adaptation of the environment is in fact his returning to his instinct, a representation of collective unconsciousness.

Before Buck was abducted, he lived a life with everything like an aristocracy in the manor of Judge Miller. After his abduction, first, he had to endure two days and two nights’ travel in a train without any water or food, which was the end of his original protection and the beginning of his bitter life. Then his was traded several times. Later, he met the dog trainer in red sweater, who gave Buck his first lesson into the wild world. Buck had never been hit by a club before, however, now, now he was hit to the ground by a 11

club again and again, though he was full of anger, and strong enough, he still can’t fight a man know how to use a club.

"After one very strong blow (that might have killed a lesser dog), Buck crawled to his feet. But he was too hurt to charge toward the man anymore. Blood flowed from his ears, nose, and mouth, spraying his beautiful fur" Then the man came toward him and gave him a frightful strike on the nose. All the pain that Buck had gone through before was nothing compared to this. With a roar that sounded almost like a lion’s, Buck again threw himself at the man. But the man, moving the club from his right to left hand, struck Buck under his jaw, sending him to the ground on his head and chest. Buck gathered himself again and the man final throw a final blow that he had been holding back until the right moment. This one knocked all sense out of Buck. He lay motionless on the ground.” [4] "He now understood that he could never beat a man with a club. He had learned a lesson, and he would never forget it his whole life. " [5] But still, Buck kept his dignity, because he had never fawned to his master. They were stronger than him and in this world following the law of jungle, he had to obey them. Later on, Buck saw a dog which was beaten to death because he was not obedient. From then on, Buck was clear that he had to obey the strong ones or he would be killed.

The development of Buck’s character follows the theory of collective unconsciousness, which made him realize adapting to the natural environment 12

was the law. Thus, his vitality was unconsciously strengthened and made him able to survive. Buck was a survivor. "He was beaten but not broken. " [6]

Another lesson Buck took was about his friend, Curly. When Curly was trying to make friends with another dog, he was beaten to death, which forced him to remember the law of survival of the fittest. It is no fair game; once you fall you will be dead. This traumatic memory keeps showing in his dream. He had to learn to dig in the snow, eat real quickly and change his intrinsic moral ideas. To survive, Buck learned to steal. The first time of his steal symbolized that he had adapt the nasty living environment in the north. Without this adaptability would means quick and terrible death. Besides, it also symbolized the crush of Buck’s intrinsic morality, which was not only a totally useless thing but also an obstacle for the struggle for existence. Other moralities Buck got rid of included the sense of justice and mercy, which was prepared for the mild environment. Collective unconsciousness reminded him to watch out for enemies when danger came and provided him with the necessary capabilities to defeat his opponents and survive in the new environment. In the wilderness of north, survival was the primary objective and cruel and merciless was the only approach to it. Buck learned those capabilities from his own experience. His body also had to adapt to the new environment. He abandoned his bad hobbies such picky. He became numb to pain and learned to take full advantage of his large body. His sensation became unusually subtle. The once forgotten instinct was revived inside his body.

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Buck revived his nature of killing in his genetic genes. For flesh-eaters, slaughtering is their most common instinct. London believed that human themselves hasn’t abandoned this instinct and tend to addict themselves in the process of hunting. But, as for Buck, slaughter was his most familiar instinct. He didn’t need any guns or bullets, only his fang was enough. In the Call of the Wild, London provoked Buck’s inherited instinct of killing through the hunting of snow hare. After barbarity and shadow were induced, the fight for leadership between Buck and Spitz is hard to be avoided. Buck knew one of them would certainly die or got killed and in their engagement in the battle, he had to be the survivor. When a crowd of dogs surrounded Spitz after he was defeated and became a cripple, London used the method of personification when describing “Buck was the successful winner, the leader of primitive animal who had made his kill and found it good.”[8] Right now, Buck was fully evolved. Though he still needed to be trained, he had already proved himself able to fit in this kind of environment.

Buck’s new ability, patience out of instinct is also a representation of collective unconsciousness, which is possessed by predators hoping to get a dominant position to win victory through ambush and waiting. The last stage of Buck’s transformation was his getting rid of the work of pulling sled, which is a mysterious and typical example of a surface personality turning unconsciously turned into his potential personality. When the instinct of bloodthirsty grew stronger and stronger inside his body, Buck began to catch 14

and kill larger and larger animals and became more and more like his wild brothers. Buck killed a rather large black bear and a huge dear. In the hunting process of the dear, Buck slinkingly approached him and waited for four entire days, which showed the stubbornness, perseverance, and inexhaustibility of pie-dogs when they are hunting their quarries.

Life was suddenly relax through his living together with his new master, John Thornton when Buck found himself regained his nature in heredity and environmental adaptation, which allowed him a second to loosen his vigilant nerve. However, Buck would never return to his old days, because the conclusion he drew in the barbarous world is he could never gave up his superiority or hesitate in wars. Mercy would be misunderstood as fear or weakness, which would cause his death. He gained this knowledge of survival from the pass of time and they could not be forgot once became his instinctive consciousness. Therefore, life with John could only be an interlude in the development of Buck’s characters. Wild nature had been calling him until he return to the environment of his ancestors and become a part of nature. After the death of John, there was no connection left for Buck with human world. From then on, London let Buck joined and leaded the crowd of wolves freely and lived a wild life, which embodied his potential self adequately.

C. Reality based characters

Jack London continued his usual criticism for society in the creation of 15

the Call of the Wild, but he didn’t make direct critics about the social problems back then through his characters and dogs. On the background of "gold rush" in 1897, London made a dramatic description about the fossickers in the area of Klondike. Apart from the judge, the representatives of Klondike became Buck’s master after his new life had begun one after another in four groups in the novel. The first was the fair-minded and outdated government postman Francois and Perrault. Then was the Scotsman, who responsible for the traffic of postal service. He also treated Buck fair-and-square with his companions. Although the physical environment was rather severe, the respected Buck and tried their best not to let him bear too much sufferings. However, his last two groups of masters were just on the contrary. First were the self-willed, ignorant, greedy and hypocritical Mercedes, Charles and Haier. They didn’t respect Buck and represented the worst fossickers in the gold city in the north. The last one was the ideal dog master, John Thornton, who "concerned about the happiness of the dogs, treating them as his own children and he couldn’t help but demonstrating this". [7]

Obviously, it was impossible for London to reflect the whole or part of the society of the fossickers in Klondike with the huge number of almost two hundred and fifty thousand through the view of a dog. He could only typically criticize the social reality and the harsh physical environment in the north of the fossickers in Klondike from his own experience which he was familiar with.

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During his gold washing life in the north, besides reading the Origin of Species and the Lost Paradise he had brought there, he liked to exchange books to read with his companions. The activities he loved most were talking and debating. He asked questions eagerly to the pioneers and the predecessors of fossickers and listened to their adventurous experience greedily until the images of all kinds of characters in the wild times of Alaska could emerge clearly in his mind and walked into his novels through his pens.

In the north, the person who left the deepest impression on London was his partner traveling with him together, Louis Svart, who was a quiet French Canadian. He provided material and inspiration for London’s modeling of Francois and Perrault in the Call of the Wild. Another partner of London, Emil Jason, became the archetype of John Thornton. He was fifteen years older than him and was not only kind-hearted and also always ready to help others. Nobody really knew how much experience London had with the dogs in the north. There were many dogs in the area of Dawson. London saw some strong malamutes passed the gate of his little cabin constantly and some top-ranked dogs pulled the sleds out of the thick ice. He was also familiar with two foreign dogs, one is a Newfoundland and the other is a Saint Bernard. It was the dog of Louis Bo Ender’s that he appreciated the most, which was a half-bred variety of Saint Bernard and Scotland shepherd dog. Buck, the hero in the Call of the Wild was this kind of dog.

He had been to the north himself, observing the local dogs and getting 17

familiar with the reality of their lives there. Those secondary data was only to fill the blank of his knowledge and provide lifelike details to enhance the sense of reality.

Jack London is an outstanding modern American novelist. His unique writing style through the Call of the Wild has been fully demonstrated. He corroborated the importance of survivability, endurance, and the capacity to beat his enemies through the experience of the hero Buck. He repeatedly stressed the brutality that the fierce competition for survival can not forgive mistakes nor condone the weak. London believed that either the natural instinct or the nature animals are consistent the environment.

Ⅴ. Conclusion

By analyzing the composing characteristics of The Call of the Wild, the comprehension about this novel would walk into the readers’ minds more deeply. Buck’s story has come to a pause but never stopped. In Buck, London endows all of the cunning and savagery that he feels lurks not only in animal, but in human beings as well. Buck’s transformation into a ferocious animal is London's attempt to argue his “survival of the fittest” philosophy; the beast has the potential of the primitive instinct. London feels that the primitive instinct is hidden in each individual. However, London’s great love for animal and nature inspired him to always write of the loyalty, affection, and excitement experienced by Buck. This adventurous, emotion-packed novel seems to capture all of these qualities in a powerful way. The “call” of the 18

wild is still haunting in readers’ hearts. Does the “call” really cause our instinct deep in our soul? It seems that this strong sound will never diminish and it will go on forever.

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Note

[1] Jack London, THE CALL OF THE WILD, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1994, 16

[2] I bid, 17

[3] I bid, 18

[4] I bid, 10

[5] I bid, 12

[6] I bid, 11

[7] I bid, 53

[8] I bid, 46-47

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Bibliography

Jack London. A Daughter of the Snows [M].Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1902.

李怀波：《杰克·伦敦的哲学与信仰追求》，《外语研究》， [J] 南京：南京大学外国语学院，2004.

杰克·伦敦《: 野性的呼唤》，[M]杨春晓译，湖北:长江文艺出版社，2007. 邓黎娟：《融合现实主义的自然主义———解读杰克·伦敦与〈野性的呼唤〉》《, 文教资料》, [M] 河南:2009

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