Lord of The Flies

2. What are the symbolic meanings of the four characters:

Ralph, Simon, Piggy, Jack?

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Li tingjie

2012.05.15

Abstract:

Lord of The Flies, as a famous novel by Nobel Prize-winning author William Golding has not only attractive plots but also further profound meanings. The simple story reveals out human being’s humanity. And each character in this novel has its own symbolic meaning. In this passage I will analyze main characters’ symbolic meanings. Key words:

intellectual material true-good-beautiful barbarity humanity the owner of rights

Piggy: the intellectual and material

It’s not difficult to find out that Piggy is an intellectual. He is just like a much younger boy. He has female voice, vulnerable body and weight problem. He always refer to his aunt when he is in trouble. But to some extent, he is the intellectual. He is loyal to his friend and provides many useful suggestion. He has the glasses, by which they can make fire. But at the same time, Piggy has many weakness. He is feeble and timid. He can’t do anything without the help of Ralph. He stick to orders and rules, but he doesn’t know how to be flexible. He is so light in the head that he fails to help to deal with the matters between Ralph and

Jack. In my point of view, there are a large number of this group of people like Piggy in our real life.

Simon: the true-good-beautiful

From my point of view, Simon is the only one who have all the characters of the true, the good and the beautiful. He offer to make a survey of the island with Ralph, find food for younger children of his own accord and go into the forest to check that there is no beast. He support Ralph from beginning to the end. He is so kind and nice that when he is miss-killed by Ralph, readers are all absolutely shocked. It’s unfair but it also imply some phenomenon of our real society —— nice people do not always have good endings. Simon is so different from the other boys, he can see through misconception and always keep cool. So he is also regarded as the symbolization of a Christ figure. The death of Simon symbolize the exterminate of spiritual civilization, and the death of Piggy symbolize the exterminate of material civilization.

Jack: barbarity humanity

In the novel, Jack has a vivid image. He is the representative of the

barbarity humanity. He fights against people, boars and himself.

There’s no denying that Jack was not that bad at the very beginning. He submitted himself to Ralph’s direction. He was a brave pioneer, led his chorists to hunt boars for people to eat. He has the ability to organize and implement. He is toughminded and powerful. But he changed. The reason is that he was blamed by Ralph. He was used to be the leader and he couldn’t undertake being led. He was not satisfied with all these, especially Piggy, whom he thought was weak and useless. He left Ralph to set up his own tribe. After he setting up his tribe, he missed himself. He became more and more barbaric. He tried to kill animals and even Simon , Piggy and Ralph. His kindness was totally replaced by barbaric humanity. And under Jack’s leadship, the other boys also started losing their kindness.

Ralph: the owner of rights

At the beginning of the novel, Ralph is quickly elected as the leader. And the reason is that he has a shell in his hand. Ralph is rational and brave. He suggests to set up fiery pit and regard the shell as the symbolization of democracy. But his right is so flimsy. He can’t provide the fiery and also his friend Piggy.

In the situation of being missing, the dark side in the bottom of his

heart starts replacing the bright one. He attends Jack and miss-kills Simon. Ralph is the symbolization of the owners of rights with weak psychokinesis. Because of his weak mind, the civilization is conquered by barbarian in the end. And Ralph himself is about to lose his life.

In this novel, the author creates four main characters to symbolize spiritual civilization, material civilization, barbarity humanity and the owner of rights. Form the contents we can see that in the course of these four power fight with each other, the first failure is spiritual civilization, the second is material civilization, the next is owner of rights and the barbarity humanity is the winner. And this shows the author’s gloomy understanding of humanity.

 

第二篇：Thesis on Lord of the flies

Abstract

Lord of the Flies is written by William Golding, who is a British writer and the winner of the Nobel Prize for literature. It is an important philosophical novel. The book explores the serious topic of evil human nature by describing the children‘s innocence. In the story, Golding put those children in an isolated island, which is far away from the civilized world and without adults‘ control. The evil nature of human beings explored with the children without the rule of civilization. Children‘s changing from good to evil, is actually the outbreak of the primitive wildness. This paper mainly analyses children‘s changing from good to evil and stresses on the evil human nature by analyzing their psychology and behavior and the use of unique symbolism. And we could find out people‘s wandering between good and evil. Through deep analysis, we could figure out the defects of human themselves, and expose its reasons and results. The purpose of the paper is to warn human beings to watch out for the darkness of one‘s heart, as well as to arouse a better understanding of their own and their human nature. At the same time, it also aims to call for the kindness and justice that should be carried forward forever and appeal to people to think about the future civilization of human.

Key words: Lord of the Flies; Golding; human nature; good and evil

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摘要

威廉·戈尔丁是获得诺贝尔文学奖的英国著名作家，《蝇王》是他第一步成就显著的小说。《蝇王》借小孩的天真来探讨人性的恶这一严肃的主题。这部小说将一群天真的小孩放到了一个没有大人管制，完全脱离文明世界的荒岛上，最终小孩由文明世界的善转变为在自然环境中的恶，人性最原始的野性爆发出来。本文主要是分析小孩由善到恶的转变，从他们心理以及行为的变化，以及戈尔丁在小说中所运用的独特的象征手法，来探讨《蝇王》中人物徘徊于善恶之间。通过深入分析，使我们能够清楚地认识到人性的缺陷，揭露其产生的原因及其后果。从而告诫我们要警惕自己内心中黑暗，邪恶的一面，同时也让我们充分了解自己的本性，更好的认识自己，呼吁发扬心中的善的一面，思考人类文明的未来出路。

关键词：《蝇王》；戈尔丁；人性；善与恶

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Content

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Lord of the Flies—The Human Nature Wandering between

Good and Evil

Chapter I Introduction

1.1 Introduction to the Author

William Golding, British, is the winner of the Nobel Prize for literature. And Lord of the Flies is his main representative work and is famous all over the world. Golding was drafted into the army in 1940, for the royal navy. He attended many sea battles, fighting bravely. He has commanded torpedo-boats warships closer at war with Germany and also seen a German warship sinking. In 1944, Golding attended the liberation war of France. During the war, Golding witnessed that the Nazi distorted human culture and they murdered the Jews and other people they discriminated. So he has a much deeper feeling about the evil human nature. He has been drafted into the army for about five years. War has suspended his literature career, made him away from the family and took away his five years of precious youth. He has drawn from the war that‖ The basic point my generation discovered about men was that there was more evil in him than could be accounted for simply by social pressure. ‖（引文出处为什么不标注？）, which is also the theme in Lord of the Flies.

The story describes the real situation of human beings, expressing the concerns

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and helplessness for human survival and environment. Golding is very sad about the darkness of the social reality and he thinks it is all because the abstract human nature ―evil‖. As he saying that ―the theme of the story is to trace the defects of society to the defects of human nature.‖（引号的两部分都不一样，为什么？）

1. 2 Introduction to Lord of the Flies

Lord of the Flies was released in 1954, and gained a great reputation around the world. It tells that in the remote future, due to the nuclear war, a plane with a lot of children is crashed on a deserted but very beautiful and natural coral island. There is no adult on the whole island. At first, they want to build a civilized and orderly small society shoulder by shoulder. However, children are eventually divided into two hostile camps:the one symbolizes civilization and justice represented by Ralph;the other symbolizes evil and brutal represented by Jack. In the process of struggle, force and wildness come over reason and democracy . With the death of Simon and Piggy, Ralph is also in danger. In the end, in order to prevent his authority from being violated by Ralph at all costs, Jack sets a fire on the island in which the children have to live and survive. The fire almost destroys the whole island and the human nature thoroughly die out.

The title of the story is Lord of the Flies, which comes from Hebrew Baalzebub, "Baal" in the bible as "evil", in English, "king fly" is the king of uncleanness, which is synonymous with the ugly soul.

Lord of the Flies runs through the whole story, and it shows the change of human

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nature between good and evil.

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Chapter II Changes from Good to Evil

2. 1 Good Human Nature under the Influences of the Civilized World

2. 1. 1 The Continuation of Innocence

When the boys are first deserted on the island, they behave what children should be. They are often emotional and alternate between enjoying their freedom and expressing profound homesickness and fear. Accordingly, the island is coded in the early chapters as a kind of paradise, with idyllic scenery, fresh fruit, and glorious weather. At the beginning of being on the island, children are all very innocent about everything on the island. As children, they don‘t know much about the war and are not aware of the seriousness of their situation . However, in the opinion of the children, everything on the island is very beautiful. Toward noon, as the floods of light fell more nearly to the perpendicular, the stark colours of the morning were smoothed in pearl and opalescence;. . . . . Strange things happened at midday. The glittering sea rose up, moved apart in planes of blatant impossibility; . . . . . . . Piggy discounted all this learnedly as a "mirage";(Novel P54). The scene is really beautiful through Golding‘s detailed descriptions. We could image the beautiful picture about this scenery. Now we, as a adult, would be attracted by this scene, let alone these innocent children. They are very curious about all things on the island. All they want to do is to play freely, because they are the masters here and there are no adults to limit them. We know that small children are willing to be in the play and they are so easy to be satisfied with. They would cry for being away from famliy and homesickness, and

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after a while, they may be happy, singing and dancing. Let‘s take the littlun Percival as an example. The littlun Percival had early crawled into a shelter and stayed there for two days, talking, singing, and crying, till they thought him batty and were faintly amused. Ever since then he had been peaked, red-eyed, and miserable; a littiun who played little and cried often. (Novel P54.) We could see that children behave what they want to and make no secret of their feelings.

They are excited about where they are, what they have seen and how they could play. They are so free, and when they are bored, they would go swimming, pick up some wild fruits or play with each other. In a word, they will do things as they want to, as long as it is interesting.

This was fascinating to Henry. He poked about with a bit of stick. . . . And the afternoon sun emptied down invisible arrows. (Novel P55-56) From the example, we could know that originally, as a child, Henry is curious about life, which is the characteristic of all the children. Under the influence of civilization, they are also curious about the creatures and life on the strange and beautiful place. They have compulsions for the life.

All in all, we could figure that everyone here is very innocent. In their eyes, playing is a priority. When they are happy, they laugh; when they are sad or homesick, they cry sadly. At the same time, because they are children, they are easy to be attracted by other things so that they only last the emotion for a very short time.

It‘s not difficult to see that children are very kind and curious about and the value of the life .

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2. 1. 2 The Existence of Wisdom

Speaking to wisdom, we could find that children come from the civilized world and they more or less have received some education. Among all the children, the most knowledgeable person is Piggy---we even don‘t know his real name. He is a fat and has asthma. He always believes his aunt and he believes in science –he is totally scientific. He doesn‘t think that there is a monster because science can‘t explain it. He has a lot of knowledge. He also explains to other children some difficult things and share what he has. He may explain the mirage phenomenon just as in the Chapter four when they come across the beautiful and strange phenomenon on the sea. When other children pick up a large number of woods and make a big fire, he says they were wasting the materials but nobody listen to him. He is the one who could think about things carefully and totally. Even he always gives some accessible advice to Ralph. He has a pair of glasses, which is the symbol of the wisdom. The glasses symbolize the voice of reason and logic among the boys. The glass of his goes through the whole story. In addition to the symbol of the knowledge and the civilization, it can also be used to concentrate the sunlight on the leaves to make fires, so that children could bake the meat and have the chance to be rescued.

The other wise child on the island is Simon. He is a silent and weak child, and he seldom speaks so that he couldn‘t express himself very well. But he is a reasonable man. He refuses to guess whether there is a beast on the island. Instead of playing with others, he takes action to prove it . And he is the only person in the story pointing

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out that ―maybe the only monster on the island is ourselves‖, though there is nobody to listen to him.

2. 1. 3 The Maintenance of Civilization

Because these children come from the civilized world, more or less, they are influenced by the civilized world such as the rules, thoughts and other things. At the beginning, having separated from the adults‘ control, they can also observe the orders or rules in the civilized world. For example, they pick up a leader—Ralph to administrate them. Ralph makes some rules that everyone on the island must comply with. Ralph uses his authority to establish rules, protect the good of the group, and enforce the moral and ethical codes of the English society the boys were raised in. He insisted that we all keep the island clean; when the other children play, he, Simon and Piggy are hard to set up tents for other young people off wind and rain; when other children indulge in inaugural killing, he insists on keeping the fire on; faced by the island of hardships and difficulties, he always believes that they could finally return to the civilized world.

Through the novel, we could also see the maintenance of civilization by the Golding‘s descriptions about the conch shell, which is associated with Ralph, and also is the symbol of democracy. This shell has called all the children together. The conch shell is a powerful marker of democratic order on the island, confirming both Ralph's leadership-determined by election-and the power of assembly among the boys. At the beginning, all the children including Jack and Roger could respect the authority of the

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shell. When they are in the meeting, whoever could take the floor or make some suggestions as long as he could hold the shell. From this, we could conclude that at first when they are on the island, they have been influenced by the civilized world, done a lot of things and struggled to build a civilized social construction.

Besides, they are united as one and cooperate with other children . Ralph says they must make fires so that they could have the opportunity to be rescued, then children available go to find the trees and woods. He also divides their group into a hunting team, which Jack is the leader, and the team building the tent. At first, Jack is also very kind and enthusiastic though he is impulsive. When Ralph suggests that we should have some rules, Jack agrees totally.

“I agree with Ralph. We’ve got to have rules and obey them. After all, we’re not savages. We’re English; and the English are best at everything. So we’ve got to do the right things. ’

He suggests that they need to eat meat no more than wild fruits. As the leader of the chorus, he has some ability of setting up. When Ralph proposes they should make fires, he also works very hard to find woods and move them. All the children do these things together and eventually find many woods. Then they think about the ways to make fire and even make some smog. They have all taken part in the activities and made concerted efforts to come up with the good idea. We could see that they are united as a social community.

All of these we could figure out the maintenance of the civilization. Children still maintain the rules and orders in the civilized world under the influence of their

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previous environment.

2. 2 Evil Human Nature in the Condition of Complete Nature

2. 2. 1 The Fear of the Unknown

Fear is the most fundamental emotion in one‘s feelings. More or less, we might feel very lonely and scared if we are left in a deserted place, where maybe there is nothing to treat their lives or to be afraid of . However, we might have a bee in our head, and will continue to imagine something terrible. We, as adults, are so frightened, let alone these little children, because they have a much better imagination and they don‘t have much life experience. The atmosphere of fear covers the most of the story. Children are all afraid of the monster.

Since the boys are thrown on the island, far away from the population and civilization, they are attacked by the sense of isolation. Anxiety drives them into defending themselves from all kinds of fear. For such a group of boys in an unknown world away from the population, fear is inevitable. The increasing fear of the unknown can be a powerful force. Their fear is provoked by the beast and is an illusion of imagination and myth. At the very beginning, this fearsome beast initially takes form in their imaginations as a snake-type animal that disguises itself as jungle vines. Then they think there are monsters in the water and in the sky, because they see something dark and shadows, they will mistake them as something very terrible.

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Children believe that there must be some monster, though Ralph and Jack are struggling to convince others that there are no monsters, they, themselves can‘t believe in themselves, because one time they want to make this thing clear, they are frightened by the shaking and flowing shadow. When feeling fear that they cannot explain, the boys tend to find all kinds of forms to represent it and defendants themselves from them by different reactions.

Among all the children, Piggy is the only one that thinks there are not any monsters, because he believes in science totally and science doesn‘t allow any rumours like beast or monster existing in the world. As for Simon, he is the only person in the whole story realizing that the monster is ourselves and the real monster is in ourselves.

The Lord of the Flies, which is the central symbol of the book, is a pig's head that has been cut off by Jack, put on a stick sharpened at both ends, stuck in the ground and left as an offering to the "beast". Lord of the Flies means that the king of the flies, from Hebrew Baalzebub, "Baal" in the bible is seen as "evil", in English, "king fly" is the king of unclean, is synonymous with the ugly soul. Lord of the flies is a bloody head of the sow from external form, that is Jack gives the ?beast‘ as an offering (actually it is just the polite‘s body). In the story, the lord of the flies is not only the external expression of the beast and the symbol of the evil force, but also has become the image of Satan type, awakening the evilness in the mind of each animal including these children.

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When Simon walks across the forest, he meets with the Lord of the Flies. They have a ―conversation‖, which have foreseen the future and the destiny of Simon.

"You are a silly little boy, " said the Lord of the Flies, "just an ignorant, silly little boy. "

. . . . . . . . . . .

Simon was inside the mouth. He fell down and lost consciousness. (novel P139-140)

Lord of the Flies tells Simon that the evil lies within every human heart and promises to have some ―fun‖ with him. The words of lord of the flies shows that what children are afraid of is the evilness, which is not external but it is the part of the people and exists in human nature. ‖That thing don‘t progress is its responsibility‖ suggests that it is the source of all evilness. It will find pleasure on the island, or it will cause a bad slaughter. Simon‘s panic and fainting shows that ―lord of the flies‖ represents a kind of terrible destructive power, which comes from the original human beast. By this way, the Lord of the Flies becomes a manifestation of the beast, a symbol of the power of evil, and a kind of Satan figure who evokes the beast in each human being‘s inner heart.

2. 2. 2 The Pleasure of the Killing

After a peaceful period of life, there are contradictions among children. There are two trends among the children : one is a democratic administration represented by Ralph calling for civilization and reason ; the other one is the hunting team

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represented by Jack, aiming to play, eat and drink. Most of the children driven by the hope of survival, hunger, fear and other instinct, dismiss from Ralph‘s democratic rule, and take part in the Jack‘s evil aunt. . However, Jack wants to haunt everyone. He has been crazy about the hunting.

Jack, recovering could not bear to have his story told. He broke in quickly. . . . . . .

"I cut the pig's throat--"

hunters, circling still, pretended to beat him. As they danced, they sang. . . . . . . "_Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Bash her in. _"

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

He turned away and walked off, down the mountain. (novel P68-69)

Boys in Lord of the Flies ever try to seek pleasure by swimming, playing games with other people working together to build tents and making a signal fire. However, later, they change. They are gradually indulged into hunting. Jack makes his face colored so that he could be out of shame and self-consciousness. And he leads his men out to hunt wild pigs. At first, it is normal to catch animals in order to make them eat meat.

However, with the process of hunting, his animal human nature comes out gradually. They become more and more savage and extremely bloodthirsty. According to the description of the hunting and the craze of hunting listed, we could see that Jack has become much cruel and more crazy. When Jack talks about the process of the hunting, we could clearly see the excitement of killing animals, which is also a hint

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that reminds the savagery in the future.

With the explosure of aggressive human nature little by little, hunting becomes killing gradually. Then it becomes that the children kill each other and take this kind of murder as entertainment. Children are always singing a song "_Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Bash her in. _"(P68) , which has been used to kill human life . It has completely shown the evil human nature in the complete nature. This is the behaviour giving out the beast of anger. They become more and more savage and almost go back into the ancient times.

Then there is a dance to ―evolution‖, in which the hunters ―kill‖ the little guys straightly, shaking and howling. It is a practice of killing human beings instead of a game. They ―evolute‖ from the slaughter wild boar to the slaughter of their companies. They are indulged in these kinds of killing and they have found the pleasure of killing. All of them have lost their reason and been completely full of wildness. They kill the saver---Simon with their teeth and claws;then, they use the giant rock to kill Piggy who stands for reason and knowledge;finally, they want to use all possible ways to kill Ralph. They torture the twins to ask the hiding place, and use the Rolling Stone encircle and suppress Ralph, however, it all fails. In order to eliminate people who would do harm to him, Jack no longer hesitate to destroy their own survival environment and light the island forest, which is not only the upgrading of hunting and killing, but also is the upgrading of the beast and savagery of human nature.

When we use the moral standard of modern civilization to measure them, we could see that Jack is increasingly degradating as well as the most of the children.

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However, all these things happen---Jack‘s forces grow and striving for the survival of the business flourish, besides the defects of human beings, it also results from the wild construction of the society, it is because that this kind of civilization is not enough to supress the beast island environment, which makes him fall.

2. 2. 3 The Drop of the Civilization

Children are all influenced by the civilized world, more or less. Therefore, when they come to the isolated island at the beginning, they all want to build the world with civilization and harmony. They would like to build a social system. And they all make their effortsto reach this goal. They choose Ralph as the leader;they do their best to collect the wood and set fire in order to be rescued;they help to build the tents to be away from the cold and rain. However, they soon give way to the emotion of shame, disgust, fear, loneliness, anger and savagery. So with the increase of inner darkness, all symbols of the civilization are gradually destroyed. At first they take of the school uniforms and wear the another ―clothes‖—they color themselves. Then they indulge in hunting and their life almost go back to the ancient times and they also become more cruel and wilder. Later, they have fun in killing animals and become excited about the slaughter of human beings. Then, they kill the reasonable person—Simon who wants to tell them the truth but is killed by the sticks disorderly in the dancing night. When Piggy and Ralph go to return the glass, Roger uses the rolling rocks to kill Piggy, and at the same time, the conch shell also has been destroyed. Now children on the island has become pathologically crazy, and they all become greedy

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and selfish. N order to survive and their instinct desire, one‘s ugliness of human nature is exposed completely. The bodies always betray their souls.

With the disappearance of these symbols representing the civilization, the whole social system has collapsed and the drop of the civilization.

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Chapter III Consequences of the Change

3. 1 Turning Paradise to Hell

Before children come to the island, the nature on the island is very primitively beautiful. At the very beginning, the land is ―roughly boat-shaped‖(P. 25), and covered with a thick forest of ―candle bushed‖, or ―green candles‖(p. 26-27). There is a clean pool in which all children could swim. There are also other detailed descriptions about the beautiful scenery on the island, all of which has shown that the nature here is an inhabited, undisturbed, primitive and pure virgin soil. The island is a paradise.

However, after these children come here, all of these have changed gradually. Children want to make fire, then they pick up a lot of wood and make a so big fire and they almost fire the whole forest on the hill. No sooner children come to the island, then they have made mistakes and disturbed the nature. The longer children live on the island, the more destruction they have made. At the end of the story, Jack has set fire to the whole forest where the other children must live. We could find that there are anger, desire and savagery in Jack‘s eyes and he is completely covered by the excitement of slaughtering people. The whole island has been in the big fire, and such beautiful paradise has been destroyed by the fierce fire, becoming the hell. All of these happen because of the stimulus of the outside environment and the inner darkness and evil in one‘s deep heart.

Although the children are rescued by the officer of the navy, it cannot change the fact that has happened. It cannot make Simon and Piggy alive, and it cannot restore

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the original look of the island.

At last, children will be brought to the civilized world again. However, they mirror the warlike behavior of the adults of the Home Counties: they attack, torture, and even murder one another without hesitation or regret. The loss of the boys' innocence on the island runs parallel to, and informs their descent into savagery, and it recalls the Bible's narrative of the Fall of Man from paradise. Ralph bursts into tears and cry for the death of the children‘s innocence and the darkness of the human nature, which makes us think deeply about our human nature. We could see our evil human nature. And other children are all affected by the atmosphere and cry sadly, which although happen to the children, we must think deeply about the reflect of the adults in the civilized world.

3. 2 Purpose of Author

In the story, children on the island are very kind and have a curious heart at the very beginning thanks to the shadowy influence of the civilization. However, then these children‘s brutal natures replace the nature of civilization in the heart, because there is no mandatory implementation of civilized norms. Therefore, in order to fully limit the human savagery, we should force the implementation of the code of conduct to cultivate the nature of human civilization gradually.

Though in the book, there are lots of the description of evilness. However, its purpose is to carry forward good human nature. In Golding‘s opinion, people could recognize the evilness in human nature. That Ralph is rescued by the adults shows

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Golding‘s expectations towards the human future. Golding wants to express the idea that though there is the dark side of human nature, if under the influence of different environment, people may tend to be good or evil. Under the restriction of civilization, the good side of human nature may be in the dominant place. In the wild environment, evil in human nature prevailed. Evil human nature has its reason, but its destructive power. Golding writes depravity and evil of human nature, he is using negative side to put forward his hope that changing evil human nature to good, which is a progress.

When Golding was awarded the Nobel Prize, he made a speech expressing this expectation for the future of humanity, he thinks that human needs more humanity and more love. While some people hope to make some sort of political system to create it, others want to use love to create this kind of system. But his belief is : the future of humanity lies in both of them. Because there is love between man and woman, and with this foundation of love, people can create a relatively perfect system, then the future of human beings could be bright and promising.

Therefore, according to the whole story, the author calls for people to know about the human nature and the source of the evilness. Lord of the Flies aims to warn people to know their own inner darkness and calls on people to carry forward the kindness and justice in a peaceful, harmonious and civilized society.

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Conclusion

This paper analyses that human nature could change between good and evil interval by analyzing different characters in the story. We can know that all our evilness in human nature comes from ourselves. When we are exposed to the civilized situation, we could have a good human nature, so we are innocent, civilized and wise; otherwise, when we are under the completely natural environment, the evil part of

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human nature may become visible, then we are savage, cruel, greedy and selfish as well as our fear from or of the depth of our heart. As I said in the front of the passage, we should improve and strengthen our construction of civilization so that it can make a big difference to us, instead of being totally exposed to the natural environment where it might evoke the bad part of human nature.

Generally speaking, human nature is always wandering between good and evil interval. We are calling for the trend towards good.

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