《英美文学》（03119）复习大纲
第一部分 英国文学
一、 课程简介
本课程简要介绍英国各个历史断代的主要文学文化思潮,文学流派,主要作家; 本课程要求学生掌握英国文学史上各个时期的文学特点，出现的文学流派以及该时期一至两位重要作家的文学生涯,创作思想,艺术特色及代表作品；并要求学生做到在掌握有关知识理论的基础上使之转换这能力，即能用有关知识和理论来分析英国文学中的相关问题。
二、 课程重点章节简介： 第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学 1. <<贝尔武夫>> 2. 乔叟及其代表作 第二章: 文艺复兴时期 1. 文艺复兴的定义
2. 萨士比亚的戏剧及十四行诗 3. 培根的代表作
第三章: 十七世纪英国文学 1.
弥尔顿的代表作<<失乐园>>、诗剧<<力士参孙>>的主要内容及<<失乐园>>选短
第四章: 启蒙运动时期 1. 新古典主义 2. 伤感主义 3. 笛福及代表作 4. 蒲伯及代表作 第五章: 浪漫主义时期 1. 浪漫主义时期文学的特点 2. 彭斯的创作特点及代表作 3. 华兹华斯的创作特点及代表作 4. 拜伦诗歌的特点及代表作 第六章: 维多利亚时期 1. 2. 1. 2.
维多利亚时期的文学特点 布朗蒂姐妹的代表作 现代主义文学
汤姆斯.哈代创作特点及代表作
3.
D.H.劳伦斯创作特点及代表作
4. 《鲁滨逊漂流记》中鲁滨逊的人物分析 5. 蒲伯的《论批评》的主题 6. 英文解释《论批评》
第五章: 浪漫主义时期：
1. 浪漫主义时期的界定及文学特点 2. 彭斯的诗歌的特点及其诗作“红玫瑰” 3. 华兹华斯和科勒律治合作的《抒情歌谣
集》的重要意义 4. 华兹华斯的诗歌特点
5. 英文解释华兹华斯“我如行云独自游”
中的句子
6. 拜伦“致希腊”的主题并用英语解释其
中句子
7. 雪莱“西风颂” 的主题并用英语解释其
中句子
第六章: 维多利亚时期 1. 维多利亚时期的文学特点
2. 艾米莉。布朗特的《呼啸山庄》的主题 3. 夏洛特。布朗特的《简。爱》中简。爱
的人物分析
第七章: 现代时期 1. 现代主义文学的特点 2. 哈代的代表作及写作特点 3. 劳伦斯小说的主题及人物分析
三、 本课程重点和难点内容简介 第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学：
1．<<贝尔武夫>>简介及在英国文学史上的意义。
2．乔叟及其代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》对英国文学做出的贡献。 3．名词解释“骑士抒情诗”
第二章: 文艺复兴时期： 1. 文艺复兴时期的时间界定 2. “文艺复兴”的名词解释 3. “人文主义” 的名词解释 4. 莎士比亚的 “Sonnet 18”的主题 5. 哈姆雷特的性格分析 6. 英语解释《论学习》中的句子
第三章: 十七世纪英国文学：
1. 英语解释弥尔顿《失乐园》选段中的句
子
2. 《失乐园》的主要内容和意义 3. 《失乐园》中撒旦的人物分析
第四章: 启蒙运动时期： 1. 启蒙运动时期的界定 2. 新古典主义的基本主特色 3. 伤感主义的名词解释
第七章: 现代时期
四、课程内容疏理及应用领域、应用讲解方法 I. Old and Medieval Period
1．The Anglo-Saxon Period (5th century – 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of English )
Beowulf ：It is the first long poem in English, which is considered the national epic of the English people. Although Beowulf is a national epic of the English people, but it is a story of the Scandinavians 2.The Anglo – Norman Period
1)The most prevailing (主要的) of literature in the feudal England is Romance(骑士抒情诗).
名词解释：Romance
---------Romance is a literature form in middle English literature means a long composition in verse or prose form dealing with the life and
adventures of a noble hero, generally a knight(骑士).The knights are unfailingly devoted to the king and the church. They are commonly described as riding forth to seek adventures, involving in a large amount of fighting for their lords and always encountering romantic love affairs. In romances, loyalty to king and lord is repeatedly emphasized. Romance as a form of literature, is the upper class literature.
2) Geoffrey Chaucer – “the father of English poetry” and “the father of English fiction"
His masterpiece – Canterbury Tale is regarded as one of the monumental works in English literature.
论述题：
Briefly introduce the significance of Chaucer in his Canterbury Tale.
(1) His contribution to English literature can be seen in two aspects:
a. Realism:
All kinds of people except the highest (king and the top nobility) and the lowest (the very poor laboring people) are represented by these 30 pilgrims. Besides being the typical representative of her or his own class, each character has her or his own individual qualities. Therefore it gives a true picture of Chaucer’s time.
b. Humanism:
He highly praises man’s energy, quick wit and love of life, thus he reveals his ideas of humanism.
(2) His contribution to English language:
Ever since Norman Conquest, French and Latin were the languages used by the upper classes. Chaucer chose to use the London dialect of his
day in his masterpiece. In doing so, he did much in making the London dialect the standard for the Modern English speech.
II、The Renaissance Period (14th to mid-17th)
名词解释：
1、Renaissance :The word “Renaissance” means revival, especially between the 14th and mid-17th century, revival of interest in ancient Greek
and Roman culture. Renaissance, therefore, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers made attempts to get ride of conservatism (保守主义) in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.
2.Humanism: Humanism is both the keynote of the Renaissance and the intellectual liberation movement, associate with new attitude to ancient
Greek and Latin literature. The humanists took interest in human life and human activities and gave expression to the neeew feeling of admiration for human beauty, human achievement.
3. Shakespeare
His plays can be divided into four types: historical plays, comedies, tragedies and romantic tragi-comedies.
Shakespeare’s four greatest tragedies are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth
1). Hamlet,例题：
论述题：
What are the main themes in Shakespeare’s tragedies, and analysis the character- Hamlet.( What’s the theme of Hamlet? Analyze the image of Hamlethe whloe nation. The heroes have some weaknesses in their characters, which finally lead to their tragic falls. His tagedies often portray some noble hero who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a diffult situation whose fate is closely connected
Shakespear puts forward the image of Hamlet as a humanist of the Renaissance. He has an unbounded love for the world, nature and man; he lovesand is free from medieval prejudices and superstitions, he shows a contempt for rank and wealth; he is a man of genius, highly accomplished and educatesoldier, and statesman. His image reflects the versatility of the man of the Renaissance. His weakness is his melancholy, but in spite of his melancholy an
2）Sonnet 18
It is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare, the poet holds that the poetry will bring eternity to the one he loves. A nice summer’s day is usually short, but the beauty in poetry can last for ever. Thus Shakespeare has a faith in the permanence of poety.
3）Sonnet 29
In this poem, the poem first complains of his own miseries and dissatisfaction in life and then becomes happy upon the thought of the one he loves. 记住这两首诗及注释。
例题：
1.“For thy sweet love rememb’red such wealth brings,
Ham;et still retains his active energy. His learning, wisdom, noble nature, limitation and tragedy are all representative of the humanists at the turn of the 16th an
That then I scorn to change my statewith kings.”
1)
2)
3)
Answer:
1) Snonnet 29 by Shakespeare
2) Throne
3) In this poem, the poem first complains of his own miseries and dissatisfaction in life and then becomes happy upon the thought of the one he
loves.
4．Francis Bacon(1561 – 1626) is regarded “Father of English Essays”.
He lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than as a basis for obtaining knowledge.
His works : Advancement of Learning ，The great Instauration, New Atlantics, Essays(论说文集)
Of the 58 essays in Essays , “Of Study” is the better known and widely read. In this essay, Bacon tries to discuss the use and abuse of studies, the proper and improper ways to pursue one’s studies, and also the effect of the different kinds of studies upon human character.
记熟此文的名句及注释
例题：“some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others;”
1).What does “curiously” mean?
2) What does “deputy” refer to?
3).From which essay does the above sentense come, what is the easy mainly about?
Answer:
1).carefully, attentively
2).person appointed to act for another
3).This essay is from Bacon’s “of studies”. In this essay, Bacon tries to discuss the use and abuse of studies, the proper and improper ways to pursue one’s studies, and also the effect of the different kinds of studies upon human character.
III. The Seventeenth Century
I John Milton
His major literary works: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes, all of which are based on the biblical legend.
记熟Paradise Lost选段及注释
例题：Give a brief comment on John Milton’s Paradise Lost, and anaylze Satan, the hero in this poem.
Answer: The poet points out at the beginning of the poem that the purpose of the epic is to “assert eternal Providence and justify the ways of God to man.” However, the main idea of the poem shown by the image of Satan, is a revolt against the tyranny’s authority. The defiant spirit of Satan simply shows the proud and sombre political passions of the persecuted revolutionaries after Restoration. In the image of the first two human beings, Adam and Eve, Milton shows his belief in the power of man, and the love between Adam and Eve voices Milton’s own enthusiasm for humanistic elements.
Though the purpose of this poem is, in Milton’s words, to “ justify the ways of God to man”, yet as Satan tries to justify himself by posing as a rebel against tyrnny, Milton apparently unconsciously makes the devil serves as his own mouthpiece. In this part Satan tells his followers never to submit, but to fight for the bright future. The fiery utterance of Satan to his followers exposes Satan as a revolutionary who is against depression and tyranny and longing for freedom, and shows Milton’s intense hatred of tyranny in the capacity of a bourgeois revolutionary. To Milton, the proud and sobre Saton represented the rebellious spirit against unjust authority.
IV. The Age of Enlightenment
名词解释：
1. Enlightenment
-------- It prevailed the whole 18th century. Its aim was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlighteners put great emphasis on reason, equality and science. They insisted that reason should be the only and the final cause of any human thoughts Identify the poem and the poet. What does the word “state” mean? What is the poem about?
and activities. They call for order, reason and rules. Moreover, they cherished universal education as an important means of enlightening human beings. They believed that human beings were limited, imperfect, and yet capable of reason and perfection through education.
2．Sentimentalism:
--------There were the writers and poets in 18th century who strove for something natural and spontaneous in thought and language. In their literature creation, emotions and sentiments began to play a leading part again. An interest in nature as well as natural relations between man and man was awaken in their literature creation.
3．简答题
What are the characteristics of Neoclassicism?
Answer: 书上P103。
4．Daniel Defoe
(1) He is regarded by many as the first true novelist, and his Robinson Crusoe has a claim to be the first English novel.
(2) The analysis of Robinson:
Robinson represents the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stage of its development. He is most practical and exact, always religious and at the same time mindful of his own profit. He struggles hard against nature and makes her bend to his will. In describing Robinson’s life on the island, Defoe glorifies human labour. Labour saves Robinson from despair and is a source of pride and happiness. He toils for the sake of subsistence, and the fruits of his labour are his own. His every voyage is connected with some commercial enterprise, eg: he labours for his own existence, but as soon as a native makes his appearance, Robinson assumes the role of a master. Here lies colonialism in germ.
5．Alexander Pope
.“Essay on Criticism” is didactic poem. It deplores the depth of true taste among the critics of his time, and tells the poets and critics how to write and appreciate poetry according to the principles set up by the old Greek and Roman writers: go to nature, follow the ancient critics.
The excerpt in our textbook is taken from the second part of the long poem “Essay on Criticism”. It demonstrates the danger of “a little learning” and of the self-conceitedness of some people in learning and emphasizes the importance of learning intensively and extensively.
记熟该诗及注释。
例题：those attain’d, we tremble to survey
The growing labours of the lengthen’d way,
Th’ increasing prospect tires our wand’ring eyes,
Hills peep o’er hills, and Alps on Alps
1). Identify the poem and the poet.
2). What does “survey” mean?
3). What does these lines imply?
Answer: 1) Alexander Pope’s. “Essay on Criticism”
2).find
2) It demonstrates the danger of “a little learning” and of the self-conceitedness of some people in learning and emphasizes the importance of learning intensively and extensively.
V. The Romantic Period（这一章是重点章节，注意所选诗歌的注释及主题）
1.General features of Romanticism
这一部分可能出论述题或简答题（论述题要答约200个字，简答题50-80个字）参见书上P171-174。
例题：How is Romanticism different from the Neoclassicism?
Answer: 先论述Romanticism的特点P171-174，然后论述Neoclassicism特点P103-105。
I) Robert Burns
记熟“Red red rose”
例题（诗歌这种形式出这样的题比较多）：
“Till a’ the seas gang dry, my dear,
And the rocks melt wi’ the sun!
And I will luve thee still, my dear,
While the sands o’life shall run.”
(1) Identify the poem and the poet.
(2) Interpret the meaning of this stanza.
(3) From the characteristics of this stanza, we can deduce which period it belongs to.
Answer:
(1) Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose”
(2) The theme of it is permanent love, which itself is deep, genuine and natural
(3) Romanticism
2) Wordsworth: the representative poet of passive romanticism, Poet Laureate(桂冠诗人) of England.
.The publication of the “Lyrical Ballads” marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, and the beginning of the Romantic revival in England.
Wordsworth, Coleridge and Robert Southey have often been mentioned as the “Lake poets”.
记熟 “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” 及注释、、主题
“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” is regarded as the most anthologized poem in English literature, and one that takes us to the core of Wordsworth’s poetic belifs.
3）Byron:
(1) He created “Byronic Hero” in his works.
(2)“The Isles of Greece”
In this poem, the poet describes Greece with deep passion. He laments her fallen state and speaks of her foreman’s glory and power, her brave men and heroic deeds. With strong passion he tries to arouse the Greek people’s patriotic feelings so that they might rise against the Turkish invasion.
记熟 “The Isles of Greece” 及注释
4）Shelley
“Ode to the West Wind” is one of the most prized of Shelley’s shorter lyrics.
In this poem, Shelly eulogizes the powerful west wind and expresses his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. The main theme of the poem is his call for political and social reform.
记熟 “Ode to the West Wind” 及注释
5）The major novelists of the English Romantic Period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.
VI. The Victorian Period(这一章着重于小说，注意小说的主题是什么，主角是谁，主角的人物分析)
1.Characteristics of this age:
1) an age of prose
Since the wide spread of education, the number of readers has increased and it is the age of newspapers, magazines, and modern novels.
Newspapers, magazines are about the world’s daily life, and novels are the most pleasant form of literature entertainment, as well as the most successful method of presenting modern problems and modern ideals.
2) an age emphasized the moral purpose
The prose seems to depart from the purely artistic standard of art for art’s sake and to be actuated by a definite moral purpose, and the novel seems to sweep away error and to reveal the underlying truth of human life. So Victorian Age is emphatically an age of realism rather than of romance, which strives to tell the whole truth, showing moral and physical diseases as they are, and holding up health and hope as the normal conditions of humanity.
3) an age of doubt and pessimism
Because the scientific discovery and especially the Evolution give people a new conception of man and of the universe, it is customary to speak of this age as an age of doubt and pessimism.
2. Charles Dickens: He is one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age.
The theme of his novels
He has a serious intention to expose and criticize all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy and corruptness he sees all around him. In his work, he attempts to call people’s attention to the existing social problem and thus bring about some reform or amelioration.P293
Oliver Twist: In this noval,Dickens gives a truthful presentation of the sufferance of the poor,and makes a complete exposure of the terrible conditions in the English workhouse of the time and the brutality and corruption of the oppressors under the mask of philanthropy.
1) The Brontes
Charlotte wrote The Professor and Jane Eyre, Anne wrote Agnes Grey., and Emily wrote Wuthering Heights.
The analysis of Eyre: have equal rights with woman. The novel severely criticized the limited options open to educated but impoverished women, and the idea that women "ought to confine themselves to making puddings and knitting stockings, to playing on the piano and embroidering bags." Jane's passionate desire for a wider life, her need to be loved, and her rebellious questioning of conventions, also reflected Charlotte's own dreams. Jane is an "Ugly Duckling", who fulfills all the teenage romantic dreams of passion that breaks all obstacles.
VII．The 20th Century Literature
1. The major changes in attitude and technique in the modern novel:
1）The public values of the Victorian novel gave way to more personally conceived notions of value, dependent on the novelist own intuitions and sensibilities rather than on public agreement.
2）Time was no longer a series of chronological moments to be presented by continuous flow in the consciousness of the individual, with a retrospect merging into anticipation.
3）“Stream-of-consciousness” became a important new technique of the English novel.
4）The theme of modern novels
The theme of modern fiction is the possibility of love, the establishment of a emotional communication in a community of private consciousness.
2．Thomas Hardy
Living at the turn of the century, Hardy is often regarded as a transitional writer. In him we see the influence from both the past and the modern. As some people put it, he is intellectually advanced and emotionally tradition.
Novels
Under the Greenwood Tree (<<绿林荫下>>) 1872
Far from the Madding Crowd (远离尘嚣>>) 1874
The Return of the Native (<<还乡>>) 1878
The Mayor of Casterbridge (<<卡斯特桥市长>>) 1886
Tess of the D’Urbervilles (<<德伯家的苔丝>>) 1891
Jude the Obscure (<<无名的裘德>>) 1895
1. D.H.Lawrence
1) .Main Works
Sons and Lovers
Rainbow
Women in Love
Lady Chatterlay’s Lover
2) Sons and LoversSons and Lovers ( an autobiographical novel)
例题：Make an analyse of the theme of D.H.Lawrence’s work, and an analyse of Paul, the hero of “Sons and Lovers”.
The theme of Hardy’s novels:
He believes that life impulse is the primacy of man’s instinct, and that any conscious repression of such an impulse will cause distortion or perversion of the individual’s personality. In his novels, he traces the psychological development of his characters and criticizes the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature. He claims in his novel that the alienation of the human relationships and the perversion of human nature in the modern society were caused by the whole capitalist mechanical civilization, which turned men into inhuman machines.
An analyse of Paul
Paul is always under the strong influence of his mother in affections, aspiration and mental habits, and sees his father with his mother’s eyes. He depends heavily on his mother’s love which help to make sense of the world around him. In order to becomes an independent man and a true artist he has to make his own decisions about his life and work, and has to struggle to become free from his mother’s influence. However, he is incapable of escaping
the overpowering emotional bond imposed by his mother’s love, so he fails to achieve a fulfilling relationship with girls. Finally, Paul determined to face the unknown future.
第二部分 美国文学
一、课程简介：
《美国文学》是英语专业在高年级开设的一门课程，包括美国文学简史与作家，作品介绍。史的部分在课程中做了简要的概述，作家作品部分有：作家的详细介绍；作品的内容提要；重点文选；注释。在教学中以讲授作品，作家介绍为主。
本课程的目的在与要学生掌握美国文学的基本主流，主要的文学流派，文学作品，以及各时期的代表人物及作品。
二、课程重点章节简介：
第一章： The Literature of Colonial
America
1. Captain John Smith became the first
American writer.
2. The writers of the Southern and Middle
Colonies who followed John Smith made
their greatest contribution to American.
第二章： The Literature of Reason and
Revolution
1. Benjamin Franklin
2. Thomas Jefferson
三、本课程重点和难点内容简介
第一章： The Literature of Colonial America
重点：1.了解美国第一个作家的名字及作品名。
2．了解New England Literature 的概念
3．了解putitan thought的实质
第二章： The Literature of Reason and Revolution
1．了解本时期的历史背景，以及作家Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson的主要作品，以及他们在美国文学史上的地位及贡献。
第三章：The Literature of Romanticism
1. 了解Romanticism的概念
2. 对Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Edgar Allan Poe , ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and
Herman Melville这几位对美国文学做出了杰出贡献的作家，一定要对其姓名，作品，以及相关的文学评论有所了解。
第四章：The Literature of Realism
1.要重点熟悉女诗人Emily Dickinson( 了解其生平事迹，其诗歌特色，在美国文学史上的地位，以及她的代表作品)
2.小说家要重点了解Mark Twain及其作品和作品分析。
第五章： Twentieth-Century Literature
本部分要掌握的内容较多。
1. 要重点掌握的诗人包括：Ezra Pound(包括他的诗歌特色，他的诗歌理论，他与意象派诗歌的关系，他对现代诗歌的影响)。Robert Frost
（包括他的诗歌分析，他的诗歌的含义以及风格）。Thomas Stearns Eliot（当代最伟大的诗人，他的诗歌理念，他的代表作品，以及为什么他在文坛上有如此高的地位等等）
2. 要了解的概念有“垮掉的一代”
3.要掌握的作家有：Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner对于这些现代派作家，大家要了解透彻。
四、本课程内容疏理及应用领域，应用方法讲解
第一章 The Literature of Colonial America Historical Introduction
At the beginning of the seventeenth century, the vast continental area that was to become the Unitd States had been probed only slightly by English and European ecplorers. The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards, Italians, and Portuguese.
The first permanent English settlement in Northe America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.
第三章：The Literature of Romanticism 1. Washington Irving 2. James Fenimore Cooper 3. Edgar Allan Poe 4. Ralph Waldo Emerson 5. Henry david Thoreau 6. Nathaniel Hauthorne 7. Herman Melville 第四章：The Literature of Realism 1. Walt Whitman 2. Emily Dickinson 3. Mark Twain 4. O. Henry 5. Theodore Dreiser 第五章： Twentieth-Century Literature 1. Ezra Pound 2. Robert Frost 3. Thomas Stearns Eliot 4. Scott Fetzgerald 5. Ernest Hemingway 6. William Faukner
The First American Writer
Captain John Smith became the first Amercian Writer.
Works:
1.“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”
Puritan Thoughts
Puritan thought includes:
1. Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices.
2. The Puritans wished to restore simpkicity to church services and the authority of the Bible to theology.
3. Putritans included people frome the humblest to the loftiest ranks of English society.they were thus zealous in defense of their own beliefs but often
intolerant of the beliefs of others.
4. Pututans’ lives were disciplined and hard.
5. Putitan religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of wrathful God and to forget His mercy.
第二章 The Literature of Reason And Revolution Historical Inroduction
By the mid-eighteenth century colonial America was no longer a group of scattered, struggling settlements. It was a series of neighboring, flourishing colonies with rapidly expanding, mixed populations. The growth, particularly the industrial groowth, led to intense strain with England. In the seventies of the 18th century the English colonies in North America rose in arms against their nother country. The War for Independence last for 8 years . the spiritual life in the colonies during that period was to a great degree moulded by the bourgeois Enlightenment.
Benjamin Franklin(1706-1790)
1. Franklin is the only good American author before the Revolutionary War.
2. His best writing if found in his “Autobiography”.
3. Works: “The Autobiography”
Thoma Jefferson(1743-1826)
Works: The Declaration of Independence
Chapter III The Literature of Romanticism Historical Introduction
1. The attitudes of america’s writers were shaped by their New World environment and an array of ideas inherited from the ramantic traditions of
Europe. A new romanticism had appeared in England in the last years of the wighteenth century. It spread to continental Europe and then came to america early in the nineteenth century.
2. Romantic values were prominent in american plitics, art, and philosophy until the Civil War.
3. Transcendentalism
4. Nationalism
5. America, from the early 1800s to the Civil War, was la land of paradoxes, a land stirred by spiritual dreams and shaped by the realities of a growing
materialism. The age had rejected the ruined promise and stale wisdom it saw in eighteenth-century rationalism Americans had sought new liberties and new ideas in life and art, but the excesses and conflicts of their society had culminated in a bloody Civil War.
Washington Irving (1783-1859)
1. He was the first great belletrist, writing always for pleasure.
2. In his “Sketch Book” appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.
3. He was among the first of the moderns to write good his story and biography as literary entertainment.
4. Works: “A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus”, “ A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada”, “ Voyages and Discoveries of
the Companions of Columbus”.
James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851)
1. The first important American novelist began his literary career on a dare.
2. Cooper launched two kinds of immensely popular stories: the sea adventure tale, and the frontier saga.
3. Works: “The Pilot”, “Leatherstocking Tales” “The Deerslayer”, “ The Last of the Mohicans” , “ The Pathfinder”.
Edgar Allan Poe(1809-1849)
熟悉其诗歌作品
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)
1. Ralph Waldo Emerson was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, and he was recongnized throughout his life as the leader
of the movement.
3. Emerson believed above all in individualism, independence of mind, and self-reliance. He admired courage and he was not afraid of changing or
clashing ideas.
4. Works: “Nature”, “ The American Scholar”, “ The Divinity School Address”
Herman Melville (1819-1891)
“Moby Dick”:The Story: (教材p219)
Chapter 4 The Literature of Realism Walt Whitman
熟悉其诗歌作品，并能分析
Eemily Dickinson
1. Emily Dickinson wrote her whimsical, daring verse with sublime indifference to any notion of being a dococratic or popular poet.
2. Emily’s greatedt outpouring of poems occurred in the early 1860s.
3. her poems are short, many of them being based on a single mage or symbol. But within them she writes about some the most omportant things in
life. She wortes about love and a lover, whom she wither never rally found or else gave up. She writes about nature. She writes about mortality and immortality. She wortes about success, which she thought she never achieved, and about failure, which she considered her constant companion.
4. Her poety is read today throughout much of the world and yet its exact wording has not been completely dermined, nor have its arrangement and
punctuation.Since Emily never prepared her poems for publication, one of the betterest battles in American literary history has been fought over who should publish and edit what she wrote. However, regardless of details or conflicts, there is no doubt that the solitary Miss Dicknson of Amherst, Massachusetts, is a Writer of great power and beauty.
熟悉其诗歌作品，并能分析。
Mark Twain
了解其主要作品 “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” 的故事梗概。
了解其主要作品的名称。
O． Henry(1862-1910)
了解其主要作品的名称，了解”The Cop and the Anthem” 的主要内容
Henry James 了解其主要作品的名称。
Jack London 了解其主要作品的名称。
Theodore Dreiser了解其主要作品的名称。
Chapter Twentieth-Century Literature Historical Introduction
1. In 1900 the American arts were poised on the brink of a turbulent modernity.
2. In the years preceding World War I , nineteenth-century realism and naturalism remained vital forces in American literature.
3. The growth of mass-circulation periodicals created a rich marketplace for popular writers.
4. Writers of the forst postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a “Lost Generation.” Devoid of faith and alienated form a
civilization. Yet in the decade of the 1920s American literature achieved a new diversity and reached its greatest heights. The publication in 1922 of T.S.Eliout’s “ The Waste Land”, the most significant American poem of the twentieth century, hekped to establish a modern tradition os leterature rich with learning and allusiove thought. In 1920 Sinclair Lewis published his memorable denunciation of American small-town provincialism in “Main Street”. And in the same year Theodore Drerser bagan writhing his masperpiece of naturalism, “ An American Tragedy” (1925); F.Scott Fitzgerald summarized the experiences and attitudes of the decade in his short stories and in his novel “The Great Gatsby” (1926). Ernest Hemingway wrote “ The Sun Also Rises” (1926) and “ A Farwell to Arms” (1929), and william Faulkner published one of themost influential American novels of the age, “ The Sound and the Fury” (1929).
5. After the First World War a group of new American dramatists emerged, and the American theatre ceased to be wholly dependent on the dramatic
traditions of Europe.Plays by “ advanced” dramatists won large audiences and drew widespread critical acclaim. Early in the 1920s the most prominent of the new American playwrights, Eugene O’Neill, established an international reputation with such plays as “The Emperor Jones” (1920), “Anna Christie” (1921) and “The Hairy Ape”(1922).
6. With the end of the decade came the stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression of the 1930s. Cataclysmic events that shattered public
complacency and transformed American society. American artists of all kinds produced works of political and social criticism.
7. The social wpheavals and the leterary concerns of the Great Depression years ended with the prosperity and turmoil broght by the Second World
War. After the war a new generation of American authors appeared, writing in the skeptical, ironic tradition of the earlier realists and naturalists. The writers of the fifties used a prose style modeled on the works of Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald, narrative techniques derived from William Faulkner, and psychological insights taken from the writing of Sigmund Freud and his followers. In the 1960s and 1970s America’s prose writers turned increasingly to experimental techniques, to absurd humor, and to mocking examination of the irrational and the disordered.
Ezra Pound (1885--1972)
了解其主要作品的名称和其文学理论的大概内容以及其对现代文学的影响。
Robert Frost (1874-1963)
了解其主要作品的名称和其文学理论的大概内容以及其对现代文学的影响，要知道怎样分析书中的诗歌作品， 尤其是 “The Road Not
Taken” and “ Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888--1965)
1. 了解其生平 主要作品 了解其文学理论的大概内容以及其对现代文学的影响。 获诺贝尔文学奖的作品和时间。
F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896--1940)
了解其主要作品 “The Great Gatsby”大概内容以及其对现代文学的影响。
Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961)
1. 了解其生平 主要作品 作品意义 文风 文学地位
William Faulkner (1897-1962)
1. 主要作品 作品意义 文风.
文学地位
第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学
1. <<贝尔武夫>>
2. 乔叟及其代表作
第二章: 文艺复兴时期
1. 文艺复兴的定义
2. 萨士比亚的戏剧及十四行诗
3. 培根的代表作
第三章: 十七世纪英国文学
弥尔顿的代表作<<失乐园>>、诗剧<<
力士参孙>>的主要内容及<<失
乐园>>选短
第四章: 启蒙运动时期
5. 新古典主义
6. 伤感主义
7. 笛福及代表作
8. 蒲伯及代表作
第五章: 浪漫主义时期
5. 浪漫主义时期文学的特点
6. 彭斯的创作特点及代表作
7. 华兹华斯的创作特点及代表作
8. 拜伦诗歌的特点及代表作
第六章: 维多利亚时期
维多利亚时期的文学特点
布朗蒂姐妹的代表作
第七章: 现代时期
4. 现代主义文学
5. 汤姆斯.哈代创作特点及代表作
6. D.H.劳伦斯创作特点及代表作
四、 本课程重点和难点内容简介
第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学：
1．<<贝尔武夫>>简介及在英国文学
史上的意义。
2．乔叟及其代表作《坎特伯雷故事
集》对英国文学做出的贡献。
3．名词解释“骑士抒情诗”
第二章: 文艺复兴时期：
7. 文艺复兴时期的时间界定 8. “文艺复兴”的名词解释 4. 现代主义文学的特点 9. “人文主义” 的名词解释 5. 哈代的代表作及写作特点 10. 莎士比亚的 “Sonnet 18”的主题 6. 劳伦斯小说的主题及人物11. 哈姆雷特的性格分析 分析 12. 英语解释《论学习》中的句子 第三章: 十七世纪英国文学： 4. 英语解释弥尔顿《失乐园》选段中的句子 5. 《失乐园》的主要内容和意义 6. 《失乐园》中撒旦的人物分析 第四章: 启蒙运动时期： 7. 启蒙运动时期的界定 8. 新古典主义的基本主特色 9. 伤感主义的名词解释 10. 《鲁滨逊漂流记》中鲁滨逊的人物分析 11. 蒲伯的《论批评》的主题 12. 英文解释《论批评》 第五章: 浪漫主义时期： 8. 浪漫主义时期的界定及文学特点 9. 彭斯的诗歌的特点及其诗作“红玫瑰” 10. 华兹华斯和科勒律治合作的《抒情歌谣集》的重要意义 11. 华兹华斯的诗歌特点 12. 英文解释华兹华斯“我如行云独自游”中的句子 13. 拜伦“致希腊”的主题并用英语解释其中句子 14. 雪莱“西风颂” 的主题并用英语解释其中句子 第六章: 维多利亚时期 4. 维多利亚时期的文学特点 5. 艾米莉。布朗特的《呼啸山庄》的主题 6. 夏洛特。布朗特的《简。爱》中简。爱的人物分析 第七章: 现代时期
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A Concise History of American Literature
What is literature?
Literature is language artistically used to achieve identifiable literary qualities and to convey meaningful messages. Chapter 1 Colonial Period (3) Everything seems to meet in this one man – “Jack of all
trades”. Herman Melville thus described him “master of each and mastered by none”.
Chapter 2 American Romanticism Section 1 Early Romantic Period
I. Background: Puritanism
1. features of Puritanism
(1) Predestination: God decided everything before things
occurred.
(2) Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and
this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation. (3) Total depravity
(4) Limited atonement: Only the “elect” can be saved. 2. Influence
(1) A group of good qualities – hard work, thrift, piety,
sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature.
(2) It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on
a myth – garden of Eden.
(3) Symbolism: the American puritan’s metaphorical mode
of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American.
(4) With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple
and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.
II. Overview of the literature
1. types of writing
diaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermons 2. writers of colonial period
(1) Anne Bradstreet (2) Edward Taylor (3) Roger Williams (4) John Woolman (5) Thomas Paine (6) Philip Freneau
III. Jonathan Edwards
1. life 2. works
(1) The Freedom of the Will
(2) The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended (3) The Nature of True Virtue 3. ideas – pioneer of transcendentalism
(1) The spirit of revivalism (2) Regeneration of man (3) God’s presence (4) Puritan idealism
IV. Benjamin Franklin
1. life 2. works
(1) Poor Richard’s Almanac (2) Autobiography 3. contribution
(1) He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the
American Philosophical Society.
(2) He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire
(electricity in this case) from heaven”.
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What is Romanticism?
a) An approach from ancient Greek: Plato b) A literary trend: 18c in Britain (1798~1832) c) Schlegel Bros.
(1) Preview: Characteristics of romanticism a) subjectivity
(1) feeling and emotions, finding truth (2) emphasis on imagination
(3) emphasis on individualism – personal freedom, no hero
worship, natural goodness of human beings b) back to medieval, esp medieval folk literature (1) unrestrained by classical rules (2) full of imagination (3) colloquial language (4) freedom of imagination
(5) genuine in feelings: answer their call for classics c) back to nature
nature is “breathing living thing” (Rousseau) (2) American Romanticism a) Background
(1) Political background and economic development (2) Romantic movement in European countries
Derivative – foreign influence b) features
1. American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a
real new experience and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien.
2. There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to
consider. American romantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained.
3. The “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection
with American Romanticism.
4. As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work,
American romanticism was both imitative and independent. (3) Washington Irving
a) several names attached to Irving 1. first American writer
2. the messenger sent from the new world to the old world 3. father of American literature
b) life c) works
1. A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to
the End of the Dutch Dynasty
2. The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a
measure of international recognition with the publication of this.)
3. The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher
Columbus
4. A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada 5. The Alhambra
d) Literary career: two parts (1) 1809~1832
a) Subjects are either English or European
b) Conservative love for the antique (2) 1832~1859: back to US e) style – beautiful
(1) gentility, urbanity, pleasantness
(2) avoiding moralizing – amusing and entertaining (3) enveloping stories in an atmosphere (4) vivid and true characters
(5) humour – smiling while reading (6) musical language
(4) James Fenimore Cooper a) life b) works
I. Precaution (1820, his first novel, imitating Austen’s Pride and
Prejudice)
II. The Spy (his second novel and great success) III. Leatherstocking Tales (his masterpiece, a series of five novels)
The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneer, The Prairie c) point of view
the theme of wilderness vs. civilization, freedom vs. law, order vs. change, aristocrat vs. democrat, natural rights vs. legal rights d) style
(1) highly imaginative (2) good at inventing tales
(3) good at landscape description (4) conservative
(5) characterization wooden and lacking in probability (6) language and use of dialect not authentic e) literary achievements
He created a myth about the formative period of the American nation. If the history of the United States is, in a sense, the process of the American settlers exploring and pushing the American frontier forever westward, then Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales effectively approximates the American national experience of adventure into the West. He turned the west and frontier as a useable past and he helped to introduce western tradition to American literature.
Section 2 Summit of Romanticism – American Transcendentalism
(1) Background: four sources (1) Unitarianism
(1) Fatherhood of God (2) Brotherhood of men (3) Leadership of Jesus
(4) Salvation by character (perfection of one’s character) (5) Continued progress of mankind (6) Divinity of mankind (7) Depravity of mankind (2) Romantic Idealism
Center of the world is spirit, absolute spirit (Kant) (3) Oriental mysticism
Center of the world is “oversoul” (4) Puritanism
Eloquent expression in transcendentalism (2) Appearance 1836, “Nature” by Emerson
(3) Features 1. spirit/oversoul
2. importance of individualism 3. nature – symbol of spirit/God
4.
garment of the oversoul
focus in intuition (irrationalism and subconsciousness) (4) Influence
(1) It served as an ethical guide to life for a young nation
and brought about the idea that human can be perfected by nature. It stressed religious tolerance, called to throw off shackles of customs and traditions and go forward to the development of a new and distinctly American culture.
(2) It advocated idealism that was great needed in a rapidly
expanded economy where opportunity often became opportunism, and the desire to “get on” obscured the moral necessity for rising to spiritual height.
(3) It helped to create the first American renaissance – one
of the most prolific period in American literature. (5) Ralph Waldo Emerson (1) life (2) works (1) Nature
(2) Two essays: The American Scholar, The Poet (3) point of view
One major element of his philosophy is his firm belief in the transcendence of the “oversoul”.
He regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man, and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent God in nature.
If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself and brings out the divine in himself, he can hope to become better and even perfect. This is what Emerson means by “the infinitude of man”.
Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world, and that he makes the world by making himself.
(4) aesthetic ideas
He is a complete man, an eternal man. True poetry and true art should ennoble.
The poet should express his thought in symbols.
As to theme, Emerson called upon American authors to celebrate America which was to him a lone poem in itself. (5) his influence
(6) Henry David Thoreau (1) life (2) works
A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River Walden
A Plea for John Brown (an essay) (3) point of view
a. He did not like the way a materialistic America was
developing and was vehemently outspoken on the point. b. He hated the human injustice as represented by the
slavery system.
c. Like Emerson, but more than him, Thoreau saw nature
as a genuine restorative, healthy influence on man’s spiritual well-being.
d. He has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual
grace of man.
e. He was very critical of modern civilization. f. “Simplicity…simplify!”
g. He was sorely disgusted with “the inundations of the
dirty institutions of men’s odd-fellow society”.
1. 2.
3.
4.
I. II. III. IV.
1. 2. 3.
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h. He has calm trust in the future and his ardent belief in a
new generation of men.
Section 3 Late Romanticism
a. Nathaniel Hawthorne
? life ? works
commented upon and praised.
His works are symbolic and metaphorical.
He includes many non-narrative chapters of factual background or
description of what goes on board the ship or on the route (Moby Dick)
Romantic Poets
a. Two collections of short stories: Twice-told Tales,
Mosses from and Old Manse b. The Scarlet Letter
c. The House of the Seven Gables d. The Marble Faun
? point of view
1. Evil is at the core of human life, “that blackness in
Hawthorne”
2. Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be
passed from generation to generation (causality). 3. He is of the opinion that evil educates. 4. He has disgust in science.
? aesthetic ideas
(1) He took a great interest in history and antiquity. To him
these furnish the soil on which his mind grows to fruition.
(2) He was convinced that romance was the predestined
form of American narrative. To tell the truth and satirize and yet not to offend: That was what Hawthorne had in mind to achieve. ? style – typical romantic writer
I. the use of symbols II. revelation of characters’ psychology III. the use of supernatural mixed with the actual IV. his stories are parable (parable inform) – to teach a lesson V. use of ambiguity to keep the reader in the world of uncertainty
– multiple point of view b. Herman Melville
a) life b) works
(1) Typee (2) Omio (3) Mardi (4) Redburn (5) White Jacket (6) Moby Dick (7) Pierre
(8) Billy Budd
c) point of view
(1) He never seems able to say an affirmative yes to life:
His is the attitude of “Everlasting Nay” (negative attitude towards life).
(2) One of the major themes of his is alienation (far away
from each other).
Other themes: loneliness, suicidal individualism (individualism causing disaster and death), rejection and quest, confrontation of innocence and evil, doubts over the comforting 19c idea of progress
d) style
Like Hawthorne, Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity
through employing the technique of multiple view of his narratives.
He tends to write periodic chapters.
His rich rhythmical prose and his poetic power have been profusely
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(1) Walt Whitman
(1) life
(2) work: Leaves of Grass (9 editions) 1. Song of Myself
2. There Was a Child Went Forth 3. Crossing Brooklyn Ferry 4. Democratic Vistas 5. Passage to India
6. Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking
(3) themes – “Catalogue of American and European
thought”
He had been influenced by many American and European thoughts: enlightenment, idealism, transcendentalism, science, evolution ideas, western frontier spirits, Jefferson’s individualism, Civil War Unionism, Orientalism. Major themes in his poems (almost everything): 1. equality of things and beings 2. divinity of everything 3. immanence of God 4. democracy
5. evolution of cosmos 6. multiplicity of nature 7. self-reliant spirit
8. death, beauty of death 9. expansion of America
10. brotherhood and social solidarity (unity of nations in the
world)
11. pursuit of love and happiness
(4) style: “free verse” a) no fixed rhyme or scheme
b) parallelism, a rhythm of thought c) phonetic recurrence
d) the habit of using snapshots e) the use of a certain pronoun “I”
f) a looser and more open-ended syntactic structure g) use of conventional image
h) strong tendency to use oral English
i) vocabulary – powerful, colourful, rarely used words of
foreign origins, some even wrong
j) sentences – catalogue technique: long list of names, long
poem lines (5) influence
a) His best work has become part of the common property of
Western culture.
b) He took over Whitman’s vision of the poet-prophet and
poet-teacher and recast it in a more sophisticated and Europeanized mood.
c) He has been compared to a mountain in American literary
history.
d) Contemporary American poetry, whatever school or form,
bears witness to his great influence. (2) Emily Dickenson a) life b) works
(1) My Life Closed Twice before Its Close (2) Because I Can’t Stop for Death (3) I Heard a Fly Buzz – When I died
(4) Mine – by the Right of the White Election (5) Wild Nights – Wild Nights
c) themes: based on her own experiences/joys/sorrows
(1) religion – doubt and belief about religious subjects (2) death and immortality
(3) love – suffering and frustration caused by love (4) physical aspect of desire (5) nature – kind and cruel
(6) free will and human responsibility d) style
? poems without titles
? severe economy of expression ? directness, brevity
? musical device to create cadence (rhythm) ? capital letters – emphasis
? short poems, mainly two stanzas
? rhetoric techniques: personification – make some
of abstract ideas vivid
(3) Comparison: Whitman vs. Dickinson a) Similarities:
1. Thematically, they both extolled, in their different ways, an
emergent America, its expansion, its individualism and its Americanness, their poetry being part of “American Renaissance”.
2. Technically, they both added to the literary independence of
the new nation by breaking free of the convention of the iambic pentameter and exhibiting a freedom in form unknown before: they were pioneers in American poetry. b) differences:
(1) Whitman seems to keep his eye on society at large;
Dickinson explores the inner life of the individual.
(2) Whereas Whitman is “national” in his outlook,
Dickinson is “regional”.
(3) Dickinson has the “catalogue technique” (direct, simple
style) which Whitman doesn’t have.
Edgar Allen Poe I. Life II. Works
(1) short stories 1. ratiocinative stories
a) Ms Found in a Bottle
b) The Murders in the Rue Morgue c) The Purloined Letter 2. Revenge, death and rebirth
a) The Fall of the House of Usher b) Ligeia
c) The Masque of the Red Death 3. Literary theory
a) The Philosophy of Composition b) The Poetic Principle
c) Review of Hawthorne’s Twice-told Tales
III. Themes
1. death – predominant theme in Poe’s writing
“Poe is not interested in anything alive. Everything in Poe’s writings is dead.”
2. disintegration (separation) of life 3. horror
negative thoughts of science
IV. Aesthetic ideas
1. The short stories should be of brevity, totality, single effect,
compression and finality.
2. The poems should be short, and the aim should be beauty, the
tone melancholy. Poems should not be of moralizing. He calls for pure poetry and stresses rhythm.
V. Style – traditional, but not easy to read VI. Reputation: “the jingle man” (Emerson) VII. His influences
Chapter 3 The Age of Realism
(1) Background: From Romanticism to Realism
(1) the three conflicts that reached breaking point in this
period
(1) industrialism vs. agrarian
(2) culturely-measured east vs. newly-developed west (3) plantation gentility vs. commercial gentility
(2) 1880’s urbanization: from free competition to
monopoly capitalism
(3) the closing of American frontier (2) Characteristics
I. truthful description of life II. typical character under typical circumstance III. objective rather than idealized, close observation and
investigation of life
“Realistic writers are like scientists.”
IV. open-ending:
Life is complex and cannot be fully understood. It leaves much room for readers to think by themselves. V. concerned with social and psychological problems, revealing
the frustrations of characters in an environment of sordidness and depravity
(3) Three Giants in Realistic Period
(1) William Dean Howells – “Dean of American Realism”
? Realistic principles
(1) Realism is “fidelity to experience and probability of
motive”.
(2) The aim is “talk of some ordinary traits of American
life”.
(3) Man in his natural and unaffected dullness was the
object of Howells’s fictional representation.
(4) Realism is by no means mere photographic pictures of
externals but includes a central concern with “motives” and psychological conflicts.
(5) He condemns novels of sentimentality and morbid
self-sacrifice, and avoids such themes as illicit love. (6) Authors should minimize plot and the artificial
ordering of the sense of something “desultory, unfinished, imperfect”.
(7) Characters should have solidity of specification and be
real.
(8) Interpreting sympathetically the “common feelings of
commonplace people” was best suited as a technique to express the spirit of America.
(9) He urged writers to winnow tradition and write in
keeping with current humanitarian ideals.
(10) Truth is the highest beauty, but it includes the view that
morality penetrates all things.
(11) With regard to literary criticism, Howells felt that the
literary critic should not try to impose arbitrary or
4.
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subjective evaluations on books but should follow the detached scientist in accurate description, interpretation, and classification. ? Works
I. The Rise of Silas Lapham II. A Chance Acquaintance III. A Modern Instance
? Features of His Works
1. Optimistic tone
2. Moral development/ethics
3. Lacking of psychological depth
(2) Henry James a) Life
b) Literary career: three stages (1) 1865~1882: international theme (1) The American (2) Daisy Miller
(3) The Portrait of a Lady
(2) 1882~1895: inter-personal relationships and some
plays
(4) Daisy Miller (play)
(3) 1895~1900: novellas and tales dealing with childhood
and adolescence, then back to international theme (5) The Turn of the Screw (6) When Maisie Knew (7) The Ambassadors
(8) The Wings of the Dove (9) The Golden Bowl c) Aesthetic ideas
1. The aim of novel: represent life 2. Common, even ugly side of life 3. Social function of art
4. Avoiding omniscient point of view
d) Point of view
I. Psychological analysis, forefather of stream of consciousness II. Psychological realism III. Highly-refined language
e) Style – “stylist”
1. Language: highly-refined, polished, insightful, accurate 2. Vocabulary: large
3. Construction: complicated, intricate
(3) Mark Twain (see next section)
Local Colorism 1860s, 1870s~1890s I. Appearance
1. uneven development in economy in America
2. culture: flourishing of frontier literature, humourists 3. magazines appeared to let writer publish their works II. What is “Local Colour”?
Tasks of local colourists: to write or present local characters of their regions in truthful depiction distinguished from others, usually a very small part of the world.
Regional literature (similar, but larger in world) 1. Garland, Harte – the west 2. Eggleston – Indiana 3. Mrs Stowe 4. Jewett – Maine 5. Chopin – Louisiana III. Mark Twain – Mississippi
a) life
works
(1) The Gilded Age
(2) “the two advantages” (3) Life on the Mississippi
(4) A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court (5) The Man That Corrupted Hardleybug c) style
1. colloquial language, vernacular language, dialects 2. local colour
3. syntactic feature: sentences are simple, brief, sometimes
ungrammatical 4. humour
5. tall tales (highly exaggerated)
6. social criticism (satire on the different ugly things in society) IV. Comparison of the three “giants” of American Realism
a) Theme
Howells – middle class James – upper class Twain – lower class b) Technique
Howells – smiling/genteel realism James – psychological realism
Twain – local colourism and colloquialism
Chapter 4 American Naturalism
1. Background
(1) Darwin’s theory: “natural selection” (2) Spenser’s idea: “social Darwinism” (3) French Naturalism: Zora 2. Features
1. environment and heredity
2. scientific accuracy and a lot of details
3. general tone: hopelessness, despair, gloom, ugly side of the
society
3. significance
It prepares the way for the writing of 1920s’ “lost generation” and T. S. Eliot.
4. Theodore Dreiser
(1) life (2) works 1. Sister Carrie
2. The trilogy: Financier, The Titan, The Stoic 3. Jennie Gerhardt 4. American Tragedy 5. The Genius
(3) point of view
(1) He embraced social Darwinism – survival of the fittest.
He learned to regard man as merely an animal driven by greed and lust in a struggle for existence in which only the “fittest”, the most ruthless, survive.
(2) Life is predatory, a “game” of the lecherous and
heartless, a jungle struggle in which man, being “a waif and an interloper in Nature”, a “wisp in the wind of social forces”, is a mere pawn in the general scheme of things, with no power whatever to assert his will.
(3) No one is ethically free; everything is determined by a
complex of internal chemisms and by the forces of social pressure. (4) Sister Carrie (1) Plot (2) Analysis
b)
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(5) Style
(1) Without good structure (2) Deficient characterization (3) Lack in imagination (4) Journalistic method (5) Techniques in painting
Chapter 5 The Modern Period Section 1 The 1920s Introduction
The 1920s is a flowering period of American literature. It is considered “the second renaissance” of American literature. The nicknames for this period: I. Roaring 20s – comfort II. Dollar Decade – rich III. Jazz Age – Jazz music Background
a) First World War – “a war to end all wars”
(1) Economically: became rich from WWI. Economic
boom: new inventions. Highly-consuming society. (2) Spiritually: dislocation, fragmentation.
b) wide-spread contempt for law (looking down upon
law)
c) Freud’s theory
Features of the literature
Writers: three groups 1. Participants 2. Expatriates
3. Bohemian (unconventional way of life) – on-lookers Two areas:
1. Failure of communication of Americans 2. Failure of the American society Imagism
I. Background
Imagism was influenced by French symbolism, ancient Chinese poetry and Japanese literature “haiku”
II. Development: three stages d) 1908~1909: London, Hulme
e) 1912~1914: England -> America, Pound f) 1914~1917: Amy Lowell
III. What is an “image”? An image is defined by Pound as that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time, “a vortex or cluster of fused ideas” “endowed with energy”. The exact word must bring the effect of the object before the reader as it had presented itself to the poet’s mind at the time of writing.
IV. Principles
(1) Direct treatment of the “thing”, whether subjective or
objective;
(2) To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to
the presentation;
(3) As regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of
the musical phrase, not in the sequence of a metronome.
V. Significance
五、 It was a rebellion against the traditional poetics which failed to
reflect the new life of the new century.
六、 It offered a new way of writing which was valid not only for the
Imagist poets but for modern poetry as a whole.
七、 The movement was a training school in which many great poets
learned their first lessons in the poetic art.
八、 It is this movement that helped to open the first pages of modern
English and American poetry.
VI. Ezra Pound
7. life
8. literary career 9. works 15. Cathay 16. Cantos
17. Hugh Selwyn Mauberley 10. point of view
7. Confident in Pound’s belief that the artist was morally and
culturally the arbiter and the “saviour” of the race, he took it upon himself to purify the arts and became the prime mover of a few experimental movements, the aim of which was to dump the old into the dustbin and bring forth something new.
8. To him life was sordid personal crushing oppression, and culture
produced nothing but “intangible bondage”.
9. Pound sees in Chinese history and the doctrine of Confucius a
source of strength and wisdom with which to counterpoint Western gloom and confusion.
10. He saw a chaotic world that wanted setting to rights, and a humanity,
suffering from spiritual death and cosmic injustice, that needed saving. He was for the most part of his life trying to offer Confucian philosophy as the one faith which could help to save the West. 11. style: very difficult to read
Pound’s early poems are fresh and lyrical. The Cantos can be notoriously difficult in some sections, but delightfully beautiful in others. Few have made serious study of the long poem; fewer, if anyone at all, have had the courage to declare that they have conquered Pound; and many seem to agree that the Cantos is a monumental failure.
12. Contribution
He has helped, through theory and practice, to chart out the course of modern poetry.
13. The Cantos – “the intellectual diary since 1915”
Features:
Language: intricate and obscure Theme: complex subject matters Form: no fixed framework, no central theme, no attention to poetic rules
VII. T. S. Eliot life works poems The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock The Waste Land (epic) Hollow Man Ash Wednesday Four Quarters Plays Murder in the Cathedral Sweeney Agonistes The Cocktail Party The Confidential Clerk Critical essays The Sacred Wood Essays on Style and Order Elizabethan Essays The Use of Poetry and The Use of Criticisms After Strange Gods point of view The modern society is futile and chaotic. Only poets can create some order out of chaos. The method to use is to compare the past and the present. Style Fresh visual imagery, flexible tone and highly expressive rhythm Difficult and disconnected images and symbols, quotations and
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allusions Elliptical structures, strange juxtapositions, an absence of bridges The Waste Land: five parts The Burial of the Dead A Game of Chess The Fire Sermon Death by Water What the Thunder Said VIII. Robert Frost life point of view All his life, Frost was concerned with constructions through poetry. “a momentary stay against confusion”. He understands the terror and tragedy in nature, but also its beauty. Unlike the English romantic poets of 19th century, he didn’t believe that man could find harmony with nature. He believed that serenity came from working, usually amid natural forces, which couldn’t be understood. He regarded work as “significant toil”. works – poems
the first: A Boy’s Will
collections: North of Boston, Mountain Interval (mature), New Hampshire
style/features of his poems Most of his poems took New England as setting, and the subjects were chosen from daily life of ordinary people, such as “mending wall”, “picking apples”. He writes most often about landscape and people – the loneliness and poverty of isolated farmers, beauty, terror and tragedy in nature. He also describes some abnormal people, e.g. “deceptively simple”, “philosophical poet”. Although he was popular during 1920s, he didn’t experiment like other modern poets. He used conventional forms, plain language, traditional metre, and wrote in a pastured tradition. IX. e. e. cummings “a juggler with syntax, grammar and diction” – individualism, “painter poet”
Novels in the 1920s F. Scott Fitzgerald life – participant in 1920s works This Side of Paradise Flappers and Philosophers The Beautiful and the Damned The Great Gatsby Tender is the Night All the Sad Young Man The Last Tycoon point of view He expressed what the young people believed in the 1920s, the so-called “American Dream” is false in nature. He had always been critical of the rich and tried to show the integrating effects of money on the emotional make-up of his character. He found that wealth altered people’s characters, making them mean and distrusted. He thinks money brought only tragedy and remorse. His novels follow a pattern: dream – lack of attraction – failure and despair. His ideas of “American Dream”
It is false to most young people. Only those who were dishonest could become rich.
Style
Fitzgerald was one of the great stylists in American literature. His prose is smooth, sensitive, and completely original in its diction and metaphors. Its simplicity and gracefulness, its
skill in manipulating the relation between the general and the specific reveal his consummate artistry.
The Great Gatsby
Narrative point of view – Nick
He is related to everyone in the novel and is calm and detected observer who is never quick to make judgements. Selected omniscient point of view
Ernest Hemingway life point of view (influenced by experience in war) He felt that WWI had broken America’s culture and traditions, and separated from its roots. He wrote about men and women who were isolated from tradition, frightened, sometimes ridiculous, trying to find their own way. He condemned war as purposeless slaughter, but the attitude changed when he took part in Spanish Civil War when he found that fascism was a cause worth fighting for. He wrote about courage and cowardice in battlefield. He defined courage as “an instinctive movement towards or away from the centre of violence with self-preservation and self-respect, the mixed motive”. He also talked about the courage with which to face tragedies of life that can never be remedied. Hemingway is essentially a negative writer. It is very difficult for him to say “yes”. He holds a black, naturalistic view of the world and sees it as “all a nothing” and “all nada”. works In Our Time Men Without Women Winner Take Nothing The Torrents of Spring The Sun Also Rises A Farewell to Arms Death in the Afternoon To Have and Have Not Green Hills of Africa The Fifth Column For Whom the Bell Tolls Across the River and into the Trees The Old Man and the Sea themes – “grace under pressure” war and influence of war on people, with scenes connected with hunting, bull fighting which demand stamina and courage, and with the question “how to live with pain”, “how human being live gracefully under pressure”. “code hero”
The Hemingway hero is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent, a man of action, and one of few words. That is an individualist keeping emotions under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place. These people are usually spiritual strong, people of certain skills, and most of them encounter death many times.
style simple and natural direct, clear and fresh lean and economical simple, conversational, common found, fundamental words simple sentences Iceberg principle: understatement, implied things Symbolism Sinclair Lewis – “the worst important writer in American literature” life works Main Street Babbitt Arrowsmith Dodsworth Elmer Gantry point of view – satirical critic of American middle class
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Lewis showed the villagers to be narrow-minded, greedy, pretentious and corrupt. He attacked middle class for its indifference to art and culture, and its assumption that economic success made it superior. style photographic, verisimilitude colloquialism characterization: he often created a type of character rather than an individual old fashioned in theme lack in psychological exploration Willa Cather life works Alexander’s Bridge O Pioneers The Song of the Lark My Antonia features of her works She was one of the few “uneasy survivors of the nineteenth century”. Hanging onto the traditional values, she was never able to come to terms with modernity. Old west becomes in most of her novels the centre of moral reference against which modern existence is measured. She withdraws in her later fiction into the historical past. She often uses women protagonists in her novels. Southern Literature Heritage
American southern literature can date back to Edgar Allen Poe, and reach its summit with the appearance of the two “giants” – Faulkner and Wolfe. There are southern women writers – Katherine Anne Porter, Eudora Welty, and Flannery O’Connor. Southern Myths – guilt, failure, poverty Chevalier heritage Agrarian virtue Plantation aristocracy Lost cause White supremacy Purity of womanhood
Southern literature: twisted, pessimistic, violent, distorted Gothic novel: Poe William Faulkner life literary career: three stages 1924~1929: training as a writer The Marble Faun Soldier’s Pay Mosquitoes 1929~1936: most productive and prolific period Sartoris The Sound and the Fury As I Lay Dying Light in August Absalom, Absalom 1940~end: won recognition in America Go Down, Moses point of view
He generally shows a grim picture of human society where violence and cruelty are frequently included, but his later
works showed more optimism. His intention was to show the evil, harsh events in contrast to such eternal virtues as love, honour, pity, compassion, self-sacrifice, and thereby expose the faults of society. He felt that it was a writer’s duty to remind his readers constantly of true values and virtues.
themes history and race
He explains the present by examining the past, by telling the stories of several generations of family to show how history changes life. He was interested in the relationship between blacks and whites, especially concerned about the problems of the people who were of the mixed race of black and white, unacceptable to both races.
Deterioration Conflicts between generations, classes, races, man and environment Horror, violence and the abnormal style/features of his works complex plot stream of consciousness multiple point of view, circular form violation of chronology courtroom rhetoric: formal language characterization: he was able to probe into the psychology of characters “anti-hero”: weak, fable, vulnerable (true people in modern society)
He has a group of women writers following him, including O’Connor and Eudora Welty
Section 2 The 1930s Radical 1930s Background
Great Depression (1929 “Black Thursday”) Literature Writers of the 1920s were still writing, but they didn’t produce good works. The main stream is left-oriented. Writers of 1930s social concern and social involvement revival of naturalistic tradition of Dreiser and Norris John Steinbeck life works Cup of Gold Tortilla Flat In Dubious Battle Of Mice and Men The Grapes of Wrath Travels with Charley Short stories: The Red Pony, The Pearl point of view His best writing was produced out of outrage at the injustices of the societies, and by the admirations for the strong spirit of the poor. His theme was usually simple human virtues, such as kindness and fair treatment, which were far superior to the dehumanizing cruelty of exploiters. style poetic prose regional dialect characterization: many types of characters rather than individuals dramatic factors social protect: spokesman for the poverty-stricken people The Grapes of Wrath
Chapter 6 The Post-War Period: 50s & 60s Historical Background – multi-faceted
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Cold War McCarthyism (persecution of communists) Korean War Civil Rights Movement Counter-culture Movement – political, economical and military achievement Literature in the 1950s Regional literature emerged from the south, etc. Many women writers appeared. Dramatists wrote about everyday people, e.g. Arthur Miller. Minority literature developed quickly. Literature in the 1960s
This period is the rising period of post-modern literature. Many forms of post-modern fiction appeared, such as metafiction, surfiction, parafiction, self-reflexive fiction, self-begetting fiction, anti-novel, etc. The literature in this period is considered as “multi-cultural” literature. The same mood in this period is despair, but continuing to search absurdity of modern life; lonely, but searching for the meaning of existence; identity. Section 1 Poetry Features Some poets found inspiration in the past. Poetry became more attuned to political and social issues of the period. Poets became more visible in American public life. There was no prescribed form for poetry. Poets became more political. Themes such as homosexuality, racism, etc. are included in the poems. In 1960s, poetry became more and more political. Schools of Poetry (time, representatives, major features) Confessional Poets: Robert Lowell
The greatness of Lowell lies in the fact that, in talking candidly about himself, he is examining the culture of his nation. The identification of personal experience with that of an age has always ensured greatness and even immortality as it did.
Black Mountain Poets: Charles Olson
There is an emphasis on the importance of the moments of awareness. It portrays a world of “awakened, contemplative awareness”, one in which civilization appears alien, cold, and almost unreal.
Beat Generation: Alien Ginsberg
In the fifties, there was a widespread discontentment among the post-war generation, whose voice was one of protest against all the mainstream culture America had come to represent.
Section 2 Fiction General Features matter of fact frank, amazingly detailed about war experiences lacking social consciousness Overview Post-war Realism: Cheever, Oates Black Novel: Richard Wlight, Ralph Ellison, James Baldwin, Malcolm, Leroi Jones Jewish Novel: Saul Bellow Post-War Realism Features Naturalistic depiction has become explicit: old-fashioned realism is combined with modernism.
While following the realistic and naturalistic tradition, these writers borrowed various experimental forms and techniques in probing the inner world in detail. It has been a search for a way to connect an oppressed response to society and history and an awareness of individual loneliness. J. D. Salinger Life Point of view
One of his frequent themes is young people longing for simplicity and truth instead of complexity and hypocrisy of the life they observed around them. In his novels, he questions the moral foundations of society and often places innocent idealist characters in setting where a vicious, corrupt society could destroy them. Although his stories are often pessimistic, the characters represent hope rather than despair. They want to affirm truth. They deplore the lies with which the society conceals its own corruption. They withdraw the society, become drop-outs rather than participants in the society.
Catcher in the Rye Black Humour definition: to deal with tragic things in comic ways to make it more powerful and more tragic.
It refers to the use of morbid and absurd for darkly comic purpose. It carries the tone of anger, bitterness in the grotesque situation of suffering, anxiety, and death. It makes the reader laugh at the blackness of modern life. The writers usually do not laugh at the characters.
Features Comic way to express tragic situations Creation of anti-hero Illogical narrative structure Joseph Heller Life Catch-22
It is not only a war novel, but also a novel about people’s life in peaceful time. This novel attacked the dehumanization of all contemporary institutions and corruptions of individuals who gain power in institutions. Armed-forces are the most outrageous example of the two evils.
Language: circular conversation, wrenched cliché
Jewish Literature Definition
Jewish literature refers to published creative writings by American Jews about their American experiences. This kind of writings is shown in Jewish perspective. Historical Background Emergence: after WWII Jewish Point of View Jews believe that God has sent perpetual sufferings to his chosen people to strengthen and purify them, and they are the “chosen people”. Humour is a prominent aspect of Jewish point of view. It is often a twisted kind of comedy to keep them from despair. Jews are able to laugh at themselves, so some of their best humour is self-mocking. Jews lay emphasis upon the power of intellects. The power to understand their own experience to judge their own life rationally to think well is considered a high virtue. Self-teaching is at the heart of almost all Jewish novels. The Jewish
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heroes often try to seek a rational interpretation of the world through their own experience in it. Saul Bellow life works Dangling Man The Adventures of Augie March Henderson the Rain King Herzog Mr. Sammler’s Planet Humboldt’s Gift The Dean’s December point of view Saul Bellow’s strength lies in his faith in man and man’s ability to offer a “spirited resistance to the forces of our time”. As he sees it, modern man has lived through frustration and defeat, managed to grapple with destructive historical pressures, and striven for “certain durable human goods” – truth, freedom, and wisdom. He is highly critical of modern life in which the old value system is no longer functioning. His major characters are all concerned to find a way that would keep American civilization from going under. They body forth Bellow’s credo that art has “something to do with the achievement of stillness in the midst of chaos”, and that “a novelist begins with disorder and disharmony and goes toward order by an unknown process of the imagination”. characteristics of his heroes
Most of Saul Bellow’s heroes are marginal men, alienated or absurd characters caught between their own inadequacies and those imposed upon them by their friends and society. Most of them are Jewish intellectuals or writers who try to discover the queerness of existence and overcome it. Struggling with the impersonality of the physical world, agonized by their own awareness of morality, his protagonists laugh at their own deficiency with irony because it relieves despair. The hunger for community, yet they hold back because that world have to betray the sanctity of their private self in order to achieve it.
style: realism + modernism Chapter 7 American Drama Brief Introduction 17th century Ye Bare and Ye Cubb (1665) by William Darby 18th century American subjects began to be treated seriously. The first tragedy is The Contrast (1787) by Royal Tyler. It is considered “typical American play” about American soldiers. 19th century poetical plays, esp in the first half of a group of playwrights after civil war: realism, melodrama, emotional incidents (domestic melodrama), with simple plots 20th century
separation from the old tradition
1920s: “Little Theatre Movement” began after 1912, Washington Square Players, Provincetown Players (New York City, Greenage Village). They are freed from the conventional theatre and can be as experimental as they like. 1930s: Eugene O’Neil, Clifford Odets Post-war: second climax of American drama, Arthur Miller: Death of a Salesman 60s: Theatre of the Absurd, Edward Albee
Eugene O’Neil life works
Bound East for Cardiff Beyond the Horizon
The Emperor Jones The Hairy Ape Desire under the Elms The Iceman Cometh Long Day’s Journey into Night point of view
His purpose is to get the root of human desires and frustrations. He showed most characters in his plays as seeking meaning and purpose in their lives, some through love, some through religion, some through revenge, all met disappointment. The characters seem to share O’Neil’s perplexities of human nature. As a result of his tragic and nihilistic view of life, his works, in general, indicated chaos and hopelessness.
The Hairy Ape
Yank
style O’Neil was a tireless experimentalist in dramatic art. He paid little attention to the division of scenes. He introduced the realistic or even the naturalistic into the American theatre. He borrowed freely from the best traditions of European drama, especially the stream of consciousness. He made use of setting and stage property to help in his dramatic representation. He wrote long introduction and directions for all the scenes, explaining the mood and atmosphere. He sometimes wrote the actors’ lines in dialect. His position
He was the first playwright to explore serious themes in theatre. With him, American drama developed into a form of literature. And in him, American drama came of age (mature). He came only after Shakespeare and Bernard Shaw in the world of drama.
Tennessee Williams life point of view and themes
He writes about violence, sex, homosexuality (taboos in drama). Some of his plays rooted in southern social scene. The characters are often unhappy wanderers; lonely, vulnerable women indulged in memory of the past or illusion of the future. He was attracted to bizarre characters and their predicament. He looked deeply into the psychology of the outcasts of society. He saw life a game which cannot be won. Almost all his characters are defeated.
his plays The Glass Menagerie A Streetcar Named Desire Summer and Smoke Cat on a Hot Tin Roof style combination of coarseness and poetry vivid southern speech He helped to break taboos, long imposed on the American literature. Arthur Miller life theme: dilemma of modern man in relation to family and work his plays The Man Who Had All the Luck All My Sons
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Death of a Salesman The Crucible A View for the Bridge Theatre of the Absurd introduction: existentialist philosophy, mainly in Europe four founders: Samuel Beckett, Eugene Ionesco, Jean Genet, Arthur Adamov What is “absurd”?
Humorous and meaningless
features The basic assumption: human life lacks coherence and is chaotic. Life operates without any rules. The world is meaningless, so the play appears meaningless. It examines the problems of life and death, of isolation and communication. It satirizes people who are unaware of the ultimate reality (death). In absurd drama, situation is more important than characters and events. The dramatist wants to show people what their situation in their life is. Therefore, he constructs a play which presents a picture of the universal situation. One result of these is that the characters are often comic and humorous. Edward Albee Life Works Zoo Story Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Chapter 8 Black American Literature Overview
Negro – coloured (legally free) – black (after civil rights movement) oral tradition songs and ballads spirituals: sorrow of the singers’ earlier condition and longing for freedom blues: after civil war, derived from work songs – loneliness, separation, losses, wonderings, love, desperation, sense of doom jazz: after WWI, developed from blues, died out in the Great Depression written literature (from 1760s) poetry: religious, enduring, patient to the white slave narrative: autobiographical experience of the person 1920s: Harlem Renaissance – New York, black – black dialect and black folklore – “the new negro” – representatives: Langston Hughes (“black poet laureate”), Huston, Claude McKay 1940s: Richard Wright, Ralph Ellison 50s~60s: a lot of black writers emerged in the civil rights movement: James Baldwin, Brooks, Jones 70s~80s: publishing of “Root” (Alex Haley), Walker – “The Colour Purple”, Morrison (the second woman writer and the only black who won Nobel Prize) Richard Wright life works Uncle Tom’s Children: Four Novellas Native Son Black Boy The Outsider (the first novel of existentialism in America, published in France) themes and subjects
His common theme is to condemn racism, urge reform,
criticize evils of society. His books focus on racial conflict and physical violence. They review the devastating effect of institutionalized hatred (hatred brought by social system) and humiliation on black males’ psyche. They affirmed dignity and humility of society’s outcasts.
writing techniques – realism, naturalism
He tries to show that people cannot escape from society. Therefore, society must be changed. He is a father figure, especially to the writers of violence.
Ralph Ellison life works: Invisible Man
It has a universality of theme (problems of all modern people), not only regional dilemma of existence.
attitude: complexity of art – the best art makes good politics, not vice versa. James Baldwin life works Go Tell It on the Mountain Notes of a Native Son Nobody Knows My Name The Fire Next Time point of view
Baldwin calls for the blacks to resort to means including force so as to bring about the nation’s self-realization. He saw love and understanding as difficult but necessary way to overcome racial conflict.
themes: race, homosexuality Alice Walker life works Once (a collection of poems) In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens (“womanism” instead of feminism) The Colour Purple (epistolary) Toni Morrison life works The Bluest Eye Sula Song of Solomon (the best black novel after Native Son and Invisible Man) Tar Baby Beloved Jazz Love (trilogy) themes: love, guilt, history, individual, gender, race, religion purpose: to empower the black people to act for themselves, to recognize for their own world, own history, own reality style – many kinds of factors: naturalism, realism, fantasy, reality, magical realism
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