The Nature of Competitive Market and Contestable Market

A . Compare

1 The Diversification of Retail Format

Western retail after a few circulation revolutions basically formed the department stores and supermarkets the two formats for the backbone levels and forms, At present basically have the following four types: one is the distribution centre as the foundation of the large supermarket chain, mainly through the distribution center radiation a batch of supermarket management network of the formation of the regional. The second is large supermarket as the core, in urban and rural or highway side, many of the stores connected scale shopping center. Three is a large department store is given priority to, including catering, entertainment, housing is a body comprehensive market, this is large and medium cities a major retail format. (Jackson, 20xx) Four is small and medium-sized supermarkets, Convenience store, discount store, boutique retail business network formed. According to the statistics, the global retail industry in the top enterprises in most business two to three kind of format, some enterprises in five formats even in business at the same time. (Viaene and Gellynck, 1995)

With the development of economy and the improvement of income level, the people to form a diversified business service requirements, the inevitable requirement of the variety of commercial with suitable.

2 Management Internationalization and Chain

The business enterprise management of international mainly in the following aspects: the enterprise's economic activities is not limited to country, to have a large proportion in the foreign market; Enterprise operation mechanism, system standard

and consistent international market; Domestic circulation field opening fully realized. The business enterprises of the developed countries have achieved a higher degree of internationalization. It shows at the one hand they will expand their business to foreign markets; open stores in foreign countries and purchase goods in foreign countries. France, for example, one of the main of their business—“Auchant” group has set up a file in the ten countries established more than 200 different sizes of super market, the large and medium-sized supermarkets accounted for about 20%. (Mark and Miti, 20xx)

In grocery industry, efficient sourcing and buying with low cost are the key points. In order to purchase inexpensive commodity and control the cost, most of enterprise in this industry has set up buying offices and department in low labor cost countries, respectively in China, Thailand, Vietnam and other Asia countries where is helpful for sourcing competitive product and creating high profit in market. On the other hand, these countries greatly exploit domestic markets in foreign countries and set up retail enterprises by cooperating with foreign joint ventures and most of large retail enterprise takes chain operation mode.

3 Organization Structure Centralization, Scale

With retail enterprise becoming larger, western retail organization structure is trend of centralization. Large business enterprise unity, concentration, decided it easy to accept the supervision of the public any a branch operation fault will affect the overall credit. (Marsh, 1992) This has prompted enterprises to strengthen self-discipline, guarantee product quality and service level, and can further enhance the enterprises competitiveness.

4 The Circulation Function of the Dominant

The change of the operational manner and the expansion of the scale of the

enterprise, make the business enterprise in the commodity production and circulation of position and function in the important changes. The retail business flow, logistics organization to zero by zero separate integration, production, processing and sales integration, highly organizational change. (Humphrey, 20xx)

B. Examples

In Britain and Ireland, TESCO competition is mainly Max thought class plug supermarket (M&S) and Wal-Mart branch of ASDA brand. Environmental protection organization environmental investigation agency (EIA) was the UK major investigation of supermarkets carbon emissions, and according to score high in environmental protection is given. TESCO because of its environment friendly initiatives and investment placed to be second, just behind Max thought class plug.

In overseas markets, Wal-Mart's “360°Environmental Protection” project began in 20xx. Wal-Mart through the project would be to reduce the environmental protection from simple company itself damage to the environment expanded to employees, suppliers, community and customer participate and share common interests. “360°Environmental Protection” involves the whole company, including customers, suppliers, employees, or the goods on the shelf, or the community service. (Mutch, 20xx)

On one hand, through the plan to save their operating costs, on the other hand also through the continuous improvement of suppliers reduce the purchase of products from suppliers costs, which in general let environmental policy for the company to create the profits. Meanwhile, another retail giant Carrefour to energy saving as the main green management means, “Light” deal with small profit competition in the

 

第二篇：商务英文报告

On the Differences of Chinese and Western Food

Culture

II. Definition of Food Culture

Food culture is an important part of human culture .It has two definitions in broad sense and narrow sense .In the broad sense, food culture has something in common with cooking culture, and it is considered as the counterpart of the latter. Generally speaking, cooking culture refers to the total amount of material and spirit treasure which is created and accumulated during the long period of food production and procession by the human being. "It is about what food human makes and how to make ".It includes the food ingredient, cooking tool, cooking skill and so on. In the narrow sense, food culture refers to the sum-up of material and spirit treasure created and passed down in the long period of human eating the food product. It is about what human eat, and how to eat and why eat such food etc. It includes the variety of food, the tool uses in eating, the customs of eating, and the service of eating act. In a word, cooking culture come to birth in the course of food production and procession. It is a production culture, while food culture in the narrow sense is a kind of consuming culture, which comes to birth in the course of food consuming.

The production and the consumption are tightly connected to each other. If there is no cooking culture, they will be no food culture .The first one is the premise of the latter. The latter is derived from the first one .Thus, we usually define food culture in broad sense that is the sum-up of cooking culture and eating culture.

2.1 Chinese Food Culture

Professor Hu Wenzhong stated in his book that Chinese food culture in this research mainly refers to the one in the Han nationality. As we all know, China

is a nation with 56 ethnic groups, each of which has its unique food, food habits, etc. But the Han nationality and its culture are the mainstream in China due to some historical, political and economic reasons, which, however, are not the main concerns of this research. "Besides, the author herself is brought up in the Han cultural background, which is much more familiar to her than that of any other ethnic group".

In nowadays, China’s concept of eating is just like U.S. when people face the tasty dishes, they will say that this dish was "delicious”, or that dish was “delicious". However To further ask what "delicious," why "tasty" and "delicious" Where, it maybe difficult to answer that clearly. This shows that Chinese people's pursuit of the diet is a difficult Yan Zhuan "mood", that is, people often use the word "color, smell, taste, shape” to judge the food.

2.2 Western Food Culture

Pamela and Kathryn studied on western food culture in their food culture research and stated that western food culture is mainly concerned with the one in the English-speaking countries, especially in America and Britain due to the fact that their cultural patterns and influence have become dominant in the West, which is generally recognized by the international community. On the other hand, most of the materials and information on food culture collected by the author are all about American or British people's food, food habits, etc.

No one will deny that the West is a rational concept of diet, whether the food color, smell, taste, shape, and nutrition must be assured that day to stress how much intake of calories, vitamins, protein and so on. Not only size-fits-taste, but also must Chi Xiaqu as nutritious. This diet with the Western concept of the whole philosophy is in line. Metaphysics is the main characteristics of Western philosophy. Western philosophy on the subject by the rationale for things, things often the rationale for the arguments of metaphysics,

metaphysics coherent rationale for each other, they form a metaphysical philosophy. "This philosophy brought vitality to the Western culture, so that in the natural sciences, psychology, the methodology of achieving a rapid development. But in other respects, this philosophy that has greatly hampered, such as food culture". The banquet, the tableware can stress, stress the materials used, stress, stress-shaped dishes of raw materials, with the color, but no matter how high-end luxury, from Los Angeles to New York, steak only a taste, no art at all. As dishes, chicken is chicken, steak is steak, although a match, it is also in the session, a "French Yangpai", side-mashed potatoes, next to Reliance Yangpai, the other side with cooking peas, plus several film Tomato into it. "On the sharp contrast color, but in the taste of various raw materials separate, reconcile, is the entire flavor, simple and clear.”

China pays great attention on “the taste”, while the West focuses on a kind of rational diet idea. No matter food color, smell and tastes, shape how, but the nutrition needs certainly to obtain the guarantee, is fastidious about one day to absorb how many quantity of heat, Vitamin, protein and so on. Even if the taste is stereotyped, must certainly eat, because it has the nutrition. This diet idea is adapts with the Western entire philosophy system. Metaphysics is the Western philosophy main feature.

The western philosophy studies the principle of the thing; principle of the thing often is the metaphysics principle, the metaphysics principle links up mutually, in the process of forming philosophy. This philosophy the culture brings the vitality for the West, caused it in the natural sciences, the psychology, the methodology to realize the development which progressed by leaps and bounds. But in another some aspects, this philosophy advocated that the big earth played the hindrance role, like diet culture. At the banquet, may be fastidious about the tableware, is fastidious about the needed materials, is fastidious about the service, is fastidious about raw material of the vegetable shape, color aspect matching; But no matter how luxurious upscale, from Los

Angeles to New York, the beefsteak only be served as a kind of flavor, does not have art to be possible to say. As the cooked food, the chicken is the chicken, the beefsteak is a beefsteak, even if has matching, that is also carries on the plate, “the Buddhist ritual procedures mutton chop”, puts the mashed potatoes at the same time, side relies on the mutton chop, in addition matches at the same time boils the green beans, adds several piece of tomato then it will become contrast distinctively in color, but each raw material is mutually irrelevant in the taste, is well distributed, each is each taste, simple perspicuity.

III. The Differences between Chinese and Western Food

Culture

“China has a long history of 5000 years, while the west has one of about six hundred years .China has a food culture that is colorful, profound and excellent, while the west has its own special culture”5. Now we’d like to talk about the differences between these two cultures from the following aspects.

3.1 The Difference of Idea about Food

What Chinese people care about is the deliciousness of food .They emphasize the idea of using some cooking skills to unite and harmonize the tastes of foods which have different natural properties, Chinese people value the similarity of different things. According to their traditional idea, they tend to seek the relationship between two different objects, and make them change to each other. So they value the unity of different tastes and they always try to harmonize food of different natural properties into one .For example, in Shandong dishes, pork and soybean oil are interdependent and their combination can almost make all dishes be of fantastic smell of pork and color of soybean. Thus it makes food of different natures get unification. So we see, mediocrity is the theme of Chinese cooking culture. Since the westerners believe in separation of the universe and human in their cultural spirit and

thinking model, emphasize the form and structure and value the clearness, they form a special idea about the food science. The very idea is that ecological belief in separation of the universe and human world, proper idea of balanced nutrient. In their opinion, one should choose his food only according to his need as an independent individual and the balanced requirement of all kinds of nutrients for each part of his body. "They think it is important to make the proper match of food by the criterion of variety and quantity. Through cooking of the raw materials, they display the nice taste of all kinds of materials" .What they want is to meet the physiological need of the body .For example, the taste of crab lobster and sea fish live completely different, the westerners will definitely not mix the tastes of them when they prepare the dish with them.

3.2 The Differences of Cooking Skill