tpo1-18阅读重点词汇

THE ORIGINS OF CETACEANS

cetacean [ce·ta·cean || s?'te??j?n]

n. 鲸类动物; 鲸

dolphin [dol·phin || 'd?lf?n]

n. 海豚

gill [d??l]

n. 鳃,腮,嘴巴,菌鳃

v. 用刺网捕; 除去内脏; 被刺网捕住

absence [ab·sence || '?bs?ns]

n. 不在; 缺席; 缺乏

presence [pres·ence || 'prezns]

n. 出席, 存在, 到场

blow·hole (blōhōl)

An opening or one of a pair of openings for breathing, located on the top of the head of cetaceans, such as whales and dolphins. The blowhole is opened by muscles upon surfacing and closed by the pressure of water upon diving.

A hole in ice to which aquatic mammals, such as dolphins, come to breathe.

A vent to permit the escape of air or other gas.

disguise [dis·guise || d?s'ga?z]

n. 假面目, 假装

v. 假装, 隐瞒

affinity [af·fin·i·ty || ?'f?n?t?]

n. 倾向, 喜好, 本性; 密切关系; 姻亲关系; 类同

dwelling ['dwell·ing || 'dwel??]

n. 住处, 寓所, 住宅

otter [ot·ter || 'ɑt?r /'?t?]

n. 水獭, 水獭皮

seal [s??l]

n. 印章, 印信, 图章; 封印纸; 封; 封条#海豹; 海豹皮

v. 封, 密封; 保证; 盖章, 盖印于; 确认; 猎海豹

walrus [wal·rus || 'w??lr?s]

n. 海象, 海象胡须

limb [l?m]

n. 肢; 脚; 臂; 翼#边缘; 叶边; 刻度圈, 分度弧 v. 肢解; 从截去树枝; 给...截肢

envision [en·vi·sion || ?n'v??n]

v. 想像; 预想

intermediate [,in·ter'me·di·ate || ??nt?(r)'m??d?e?td] n. 中间物, 调停者

v. 作中间人; 干预

adj. 中间的, 中级的

transitional [tran'si·tion·al || tr?n'z??n?l]

adj. 变迁的; 过渡期的

officially

adv. 官方地, 正式地

embedded

adj. 植入的; 内含的; 深入的

precious [pre·cious || 'pre??s]

adj. 宝贵的, 珍爱的, 过于精致的

adv. 很, 非常

exact [ex·act || ?g'z?kt]

v. 强要; 急需, 需要; 勒索

adj. 精确的, 精密的, 准确的

detect [de·tect || d?'tekt]

v. 察觉; 侦查; 发觉

shallow [shal·low || '??l??]

adj. 浅的, 肤浅的

skeleton [skel·e·ton || 'skel?tn]

n. 骨骼, 梗概, 瘦如柴的人

adj. 骨骼的; 概略的; 骨瘦如柴的; 最基本的 sediment [sed·i·ment || 'sed?m?nt]

n. 沉淀物, 沉积

exposed [ex·posed || ?k'sp??zd]

adj. 暴露的, 暴露于风雨中的, 无庶蔽的

feature [fea·ture || 'f??t??(r)]

n. 特征, 特色, 容貌; 全长胶片; 吸引; 报纸上的一般栏目; 程序的优点, 专长, 特点 (计算机用语)

v. 是...的特色; 放映; 特写

vestigial [ves·tig·i·al || ve'st?d???l]

adj. 留有痕迹的; 退化的; 残余的

portion [por·tion || 'p?r?n /'p??-]

n. 部分; 一份遗产; 一份, 一客; 命运, 定数

v. 把...分成多份; 给...一份嫁妆; 分配

locomotion [lo·co·mo·tion || ?l??k?'m???n]

n. 运动, 转位, 移动

rear [r?r /r??]

n. 后部, 后面; 后方; 背后, 背面; 后尾

v. 抚养, 培养; 栽种, 培植; 饲养; 竖起, 举起; 高耸; 用后腿站起; 暴跳

adj. 后面的, 背后的, 后部的; 殿后的; 后方的

propulsion [pro·pul·sion || pr?'p?l?n]

n. 推进, 推进力

visible [vis·i·ble || 'v?z?bl]

adj. 看得见的, 显然的, 明显的

even though

即使; 虽然

visible =The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing.

Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whales.

DESERT FORMATION

accelerate [ac·cel·er·ate || ?k'sel?re?t]

v. 使增速; 促使...早日发生; 促进; 使加速; 加快; 增加; 增长

stony [ston·y || 'st??n?]

adj. 多石的, 无情的

particle [par·ti·cle || 'pɑrt?kl /'pɑ?t-]

n. 粒子, 极小量, 点

retain [re·tain || r?'te?n]

v. 保持, 保留

substantial [sub·stan·tial || s?b'st?n?l]

adj. 实质上的, 有内容的, 物质的

penetration [pen·e·tra·tion || ?pen?'tre??n]

n. 穿透; 穿透深度; 穿透能力; 渗透

absorption [ab·sorption || ?b's??p?n]

n. 专心, 热中, 吸收

diminish [di·min·ish || d?'m?n??]

v. 减少, 缩减, 减小; 把减半音; 削弱...的权势, 降低...的声誉; 使成尖顶; 变小, 缩小; 成尖顶; 失势, 被贬低

progressive [pro'gres·sive || pr?'gres?v]

n. 改革论者, 进步论者

adj. 前进的, 进步的, 累进的

deterioration [de·te·ri·o·ra·tion || d??t??r??'re??n]

n. 恶化, 变坏; 堕落; 退化

global warming

地球温室效应; 全球气温上升

subsequent ['sub·se·quent || 's?bs?kw?nt]

adj. 后来的, 并发的

border [bor·der || 'b??d?]

n. 边缘, 边沿; 边界, 国界, 边境; 饰边, 滚边; 应用视窗四面的框架 (计算机用语) v. 与...接壤; 接近; 毗邻, 接界; 近似

environmental [en·vi·ron·men·tal || ?n?va??r?n'mentl]

adj. 环境的; 有关环境的

subject [sub·ject || 's?b??kt]

n. 题目, 科目, 主题

v. 使隶属, 使受到

adj. 受他国统治的, 受制于...的, 未独立的

fuel [fu·el || 'fju??l /'fj??l]

n. 燃料

v. 加燃料; 供以燃料; 得到燃料

phenomenon [phe·nom·e·non || f?'nɑm?nɑn ,-n?n /f?'n?m?n?n]

n. 现象; 非凡的人, 稀有的事, 奇迹

margin [mar·gin || 'mɑrd??n /'mɑ?d??n]

n. 页边的空白; 极限; 边缘

v. 页边的空白; 极限; 边缘

excess [ex·cess || ?k'ses]

n. 过度, 超过, 剩于

adj. 过度的; 额外的

capacity [ca'pac·i·ty || -s?t?]

n. 容量, 才能, 能力

grazing

n. 放牧; 牧草; 牧场

gathering ['gath·er·ing || 'g???r??]

n. 聚集; 收款

density ['den·si·ty || 'dens?t?]

n. 密度

severe [se·vere || s?'v?r /-'v??]

adj. 严厉的, 剧烈的, 严格的

extensive [ex·ten·sive || ?k'stens?v]

adj. 广的, 多方面的, 广泛的

livestock ['live·stock || 'la?vst??k]

n. 家畜; 牲畜

grass [gr?s /grɑ?s]

n. 草, 牧场, 草原

v. 使吃草, 放牧; 在...上种草; 使长满草; 长草

trample ['tram·ple || 'tr?mpl]

n. 踩踏, 蹂躏

v. 踩, 践踏; 蔑视; 蹂躏; 伤害; 踩, 践踏; 蔑视; 脚步沉重地走; 伤害 pulverization [pul·ver·i·za·tion || ?p?lv?ra?'ze??n]

n. 研碎; 彻底摧毁; 粉碎; 毁灭

shrub [?r?b]

n. 矮树; 灌木#甜酒

nutrient [nu·tri·ent || 'nu?tr??nt /'nju-]

n. 营养物, 滋养物

adj. 营养的, 滋养的

excess [ex·cess || ?k'ses]

n. 过度, 超过, 剩于

adj. 过度的; 额外的

drainage [drain·age || 'dre?n?d?]

n. 排水

dissolve [dis·solve || d?'z?lv]

v. 分解; 使融化; 使溶解; 使液化; 分解; 融化; 溶解; 液化

crustal

adj. 地壳的

rigorously ['r?g?r?sl?]

adv. 严厉地; 残酷地

vegetation [veg·e·ta·tion || ?ved??'te??n]

n. 植被, 呆板单调的生活, 植物, 草木

The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the

tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.

Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.

EARLY CINEMA

cinema [cin·e·ma || 's?n?m?]

n. 电影院; 电影

emerge [e·merge || ?'m??d?]

v. 浮现, 脱出, 形成

initial [in·i·tial || ?'n??l]

n. 起首字母; 首字母

v. 签姓名的首字母

adj. 开始的, 字首的, 最初的

arcade [ar·cade || ɑ?'ke?d]

n. 拱廊; 长廊商场; 骑楼

permit [per·mit || p?r'm?t ,p?r- /p?'m?t ,p?-]

n. 通行证, 执照, 许可证

v. 允许, 容许

model [mod·el || 'mɑdl /'m?dl]

n. 模型, 模特儿, 模范

v. 使模仿, 塑造; 做模型, 做模特儿

adj. 模范的, 作模型用的

maximize (Amer.) ['max·i·mize || 'm?ks?ma?z]

v. 取...最大值; 最佳化

profit [prof·it || 'prɑf?t /'pr?-]

n. 利润, 利益, 赢利

v. 有益, 赚钱, 获利; 有益于

admission [ad·mis·sion || ?d'm??n]

n. 加入许可; 入场券; 承认, 坦白

device [de·vice || d?'va?s]

n. 装置; 图案; 设计; 可以发送或接受数据的硬件成分 (计算机用语) theater [the·a·ter || 'θ??t?(r)]

n. 剧场; 电影院; 戏院

legitimate [le·git·i·mate || l?'d??t?m?t]

v. 认为正当, 使合法, 立为嫡嗣

adj. 合法的, 婚生的, 正当的

ultimate [ul·ti·mate || '?lt?m?t]

n. 终极, 顶点, 根本

adj. 终极的, 极限的, 根本的

previously ['pre·vi·ous·ly || 'pr??v??sl?]

adv. 事先; 仓促地; 以前; 不成熟地

minstrel [min·strel || 'm?nstr?l]

n. 吟游诗人

spectator [spec·ta·tor || 'spekte?t? /spek'te?t?]

n. 观众, 旁观者, 目击者

entertainment [,en·ter'tain·ment || ?ent?(r)'te?m?nt]

n. 款待; 娱乐表演; 娱乐

assemble [as·sem·ble || ?'sembl]

v. 集合; 装配; 聚集; 集会, 集合, 聚集

substance [sub·stance || 's?bst?ns]

n. 物质, 主旨, 实质

participation [par·tic·i·pa·tion || pɑr't?s?'pe??n /pɑ?'t-]

n. 分享, 参与

manipulation [ma·nip·u·la·tion || m?'n?pj?le??n /-j?l-]

n. 处理; 操纵; 操作

camera [cam·er·a || 'k?m?r?]

n. 照相机, 摄影机; 暗室

relationship [re'la·tion·ship || r?'le??n??p]

n. 关系, 关联; 亲属关系; 人际关系; 姻亲关系

proportion [pro·por·tion || pr?'p?r?n /-'p??-]

n. 比例, 部份, 均衡

v. 使成比例, 分摊, 使均衡

readily [read·i·ly || 'red?l?]

adv. 乐意地, 欣然地; 无困难地, 容易地; 很快地, 立即地

easily [eas·i·ly || 'i?z?l?]

adv. 容易地, 流利地, 轻易地

He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several.

Edison did not want to develop projection technology because it limited the number of machines he could sell.

AGGRESSION(OG)

engage [en·gage || ?n'ge?d?]

v. 使忙碌; 预定; 雇佣; 答应; 交战; 从事

psychologist [psy·chol·o·gist || sa?'kɑl?d??st /sa?'k?-]

n. 心理学者

approach [ap·proach || ?'pr??t?]

n. 门径, 接近

v. 靠近; 动手处理; 接近

numerous [nu·mer·ous || 'nu?m?r?s /'nju-]

adj. 很多的, 多数的, 数目众多的

aggression [ag·gres·sion || ?'gre?n]

n. 进攻; 侵略

hypothalamus

n. 丘脑下部

stimulus ['stim·u·lus || st?mj?l?s /-mj?l-]

n. 刺激, 刺激品, 激励

instinctive [in·stinc·tive || ?n'st??kt?v]

adj. 本能的, 直觉的, 天生的

stereotypical

adj. 陈规的, 老套的

moderate [mod·er·ate || 'mɑdr?t /'m?d-]

n. 温和主义者, 稳健派

v. 节制, 使缓和, 使稳定; 变温和; 静息; 变弱; 主持会议

adj. 适度的, 中等的, 稳健的

instinct [in·stinct || '?nst??kt]

n. 本能, 直觉

offshoot

n. 分支, 支流

sociobiology

so·ci·o·bi·ol·o·gy (sōsē-ō-bī-?l?-jē, -shē-)

n. 社会生物学

The study of the biological determinants of social behavior, based on the theory that such behavior is often genetically transmitted and subject to evolutionary processes. desirable [de·sir·a·ble || d?'za??r?bl]

adj. 值得向往的; 令人满意的; 值得拥有的; 富有魅力的

behavior [be·hav·ior || b?'he?vj?]

n. 行为, 举止; 运转状态, 性能; 态度; 反应, 变化

genetically

adv. 从基因方面; 从遗传学角度

adulthood [a·dult·hood || '?d?lth?d]

n. 成人期

struggle [strug·gle || 'str?gl]

n. 奋斗; 努力; 斗争; 使劲

v. 努力, 挣扎, 奋斗; 尽力使得, 使劲移动

existence [ex'ist·ence || -t?ns]

n. 存在; 生活; 实在

transmit [trans·mit || tr?nz'm?t ,-s-] v. 传输, 传达, 转送; 发射信号, 发报

generation [gen·er·a·tion || ?d?en?'re??n] n. 一代, 产生, 一世

impulse [im·pulse || '?mp?ls]

n. 冲动, 刺激, 驱使

crucial [cru·cial || 'kru??l]

adj. 决定性的, 严厉的, 重要的

frustration [frus'tra·tion || 'fr?'stre??n] n. 挫败; 受挫; 挫折

desire [de·sire || d?'za??]

n. 欲望, 要求

v. 想要, 请求

gratify [grat·i·fy || 'gr?t?fa?]= satisfy v. 使满足

satisfy [sat·is·fy || 's?t?sfa?]

v. 使满意, 符合, 满足; 令人满意, 替人赎罪 in a sense

在某种意义上

explosion [ex·plo·sion || ?k'spl???n] n. 爆发; 爆炸; 发出

furniture [fur·ni·ture || 'f?rn?t??(r) /'f??n-] n. 家具, 附属品

verbal ['ver·bal || 'v?rbl /'v??bl]

n. 准动词

adj. 言语的, 逐字的, 口头的

therapist [ther·a·pist || 'θer?p?st] n. 治疗学家; 特定疗法技师

vent [vent]

n. 通风孔; 出口; 出烟孔

v. 发泄, 给...开孔, 排出

catharsis [ca·thar·sis || k?'θɑ?s?s]

n. 导泻; 净化作用

valve [v?lv]

n. 活瓣, 活门, 阀

tension [ten·sion || 'ten?n]

n. 紧张, 拉紧, 不安

cognitive [cog·ni·tive || 'k?gn?t?v]

adj. 认知的; 有感知的; 认识的

assert [as·sert || ?'s??t]

v. 声称, 断言; 主张拥有; 坚持, 维护; 显示

interpret [in·ter·pret || ?n't?rpr?t /-'t??p-]

v. 解释, 诠释, 说明; 口译, 翻译; 理解; 演奏, 演; 作解释; 作口译, 当翻译 choice [t???s]

n. 选择; 精选品; 抉择

adj. 上等的, 精选的

automatically [au·to·mat·i·cal·ly || ???t?'m?t?kl?]

adv. 自动地; 无意识地, 机械地, 不自觉地

interpretation [in·ter·pre·ta·tion || ?n?t?rpr?'te??n /-t??p-]

n. 解释, 翻译, 演出

assume [as·sume || ?'sju?m]

v. 以为; 认为; 假定为; 承担

inevitable [in·ev·i·ta·ble || ?n'ev?t?bl]= Unavoidable

adj. 不可避免的; 必然的

distort [dis·tort || d?'st??t]= Misinterpret

v. 弄歪; 歪曲; 扭曲

misinterpret ['m?s?n't?rpr?t /-'t??-]

v. 曲解

resent [re·sent || r?'zent]

v. 愤恨, 怨恨, 憎恶

For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime-are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.

People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified are more likely to act aggressively than those who believe differently. ARTISANS AND INDUSTRIALIZATION

manufacturing [,man·u'fac·tur·ing || ?m?n?'f?kt??r?? /-nj?'f-]

n. 制造业, 工业

skilled [sk?ld]

adj. 熟练的; 有技能的

artisan [ar·ti·san || ?ɑ?t?'z?n]

n. 工匠; 技工

craft [krɑ?ft]

n. 技艺, 诡计, 手艺

v. 精巧地制作

impart [im·part || ?m'pɑrt /-'pɑ?t]

v. 给予; 告知; 传授

trade [tre?d]

n. 贸易, 交易, 商业

v. 交易, 经商, 买卖; 用...进行交换

apprentice [ap·pren·tice || ?'prent?s]

n. 学徒, 生手

v. 使做学徒

journeyman ['jour·ney·man || 'd??rn?m?n /'d???n-]

n. 学徒期满的职工; 熟练工人

article [ar·ti·cle || 'ɑ?t?kl]

n. 一件; 商品; 物品; 文章; 送到一个新群组的信息 (计算机用语)

v. 订约将...收为学徒

merchant [mer·chant || 'm?rt??nt /'m??-]

n. 商人, 店主

adj. 商业的; 商人的

capitalist ['cap·i·tal·ist || 'k?p?tl?st]

n. 资本家; 资本主义者

unskilled

adj. 不熟练的, 拙劣的, 未成熟的 semiskilled

adj. 半熟练的

availability [a·vail·a·bil·i·ty || ??ve?l?'b?l?t?] n. 有效; 可利用性; 有益; 可得到的东西 credit [cred·it || 'kred?t]

n. 赊帐, 赊欠; 银行存款; 信誉; 信用, 信赖 v. 归功于, 信任, 赞颂

creation [cre'a·tion || -'e??n]

n. 创造; 创立; 创作; 世界, 万物, 宇宙 accustom [ac·cus·tom || ?'k?st?m] v. 使习惯于

occur [oc·cur || ?'k?r /?'k??]

v. 发生, 出现

apprentice [ap·pren·tice || ?'prent?s] n. 学徒, 生手

v. 使做学徒

supervise [su·per·vise || 'su?p?(r)va?z] v. 监督; 指导; 管理

moral [mor·al || 'm?r?l /'m?-]

n. 道德, 寓意, 品行

adj. 道德的, 良心的, 品性端正的

leisurely ['lei·sure·ly || 'l????rl? /'le??-] adj. 悠闲的, 从容的

adv. 从容地, 悠闲地

elegant ['el·e·gant || 'el?g?nt]

adj. 文雅的; 雅致的; 端庄的

pride [pra?d]

n. 自豪, 骄傲, 自尊

v. 使得意, 以...自豪

gave way

退却或者放弃放弃优势或者地位

sense [sens]

n. 感官; 感觉; 官能; 意识

v. 感到, 认识, 理解

necessitate [ne·ces·si·tate || n?'ses?te?t] v. 使成为必需, 需要; 迫使

regiment [reg·i·ment || 'red??m?nt]

n. 团; 大量; 大群

v. 把...编成团; 严密管制, 严格控制

constant ['con·stant || 'kɑnst?nt /'k?n-]

n. 常数; 恒量

adj. 不变的; 坚决的; 持续的

alert [a·lert || ?'l??t]

n. 警报, 警戒; 警戒期间; 警戒状态

v. 向...报警; 使注意; 使警觉; 通知待命 adj. 灵敏的, 警觉的, 留心的

dependable [de'pend·a·ble || -d?bl]

adj. 可信任的, 可信赖的, 可靠的

discipline [dis·ci·pline || 'd?s?pl?n]

n. 训练, 纪律

v. 训练, 惩罚

absenteeism [ab·sen·tee·ism || ??bs?n'ti??z?m] n. 在外地主经济制; 旷课; 旷工

disrupt [dis·rupt || d?s'r?pt]= Upset

v. 使分裂, 使瓦解; 使混乱, 使中断

disrupt= Upset

regiment [reg·i·ment || 'red??m?nt]

n. 团; 大量; 大群

v. 把...编成团; 严密管制, 严格控制

community [com·mu·ni·ty || k?'mju?n?t?] n. 社区, 共同社会; 社会, 公众; 共同体; 共有

emerge [e·merge || ?'m??d?]

v. 浮现, 脱出, 形成

momentum [mo·men·tum || m??'ment?m]

n. 动力; 要素

collapse [col·lapse || k?'l?ps]

n. 倒塌; 失败; 崩溃; 压缩, 现有图书馆下属子目录或图书馆的隐藏 (计算机用语) v. 倒塌; 瓦解; 崩溃; 使倒塌

spearhead =lead

n. 矛头, 枪尖; 先锋部队; 先锋

v. 当...的先锋; 带头; 为...扫清道路

immediate [im·me·di·ate || ?'m??d??t]

adj. 立即的, 近的, 直接的

ethnic [eth·nic || 'eθn?k]

adj. 种族的; 人种学的

racial [ra·cial || 're??l]

adj. 人种的, 种族的; 种族之间的

resent [re·sent || r?'zent]

v. 愤恨, 怨恨, 憎恶

antagonism [an·tag·o·nism || ?n't?g?n?z?m]

n. 对抗; 敌意; 对立, 敌对; 对抗力量

occupational [oc·cu·pa·tion·al || ?ɑkj?'pe??nl /??kj?-]

adj. 职业的, 占领的

loyalty ['loy·al·ty || 'l???lt?]

n. 忠诚; 忠诚的行为; 忠心

tactics ['tac·tics || 't?kt?ks]

n. 战术, 用兵学; 策略, 手段

agent [a·gent || 'e?d??nt]

n. 代理人; 仲介人; 代理商; 间谍, 特工, 密探

fortune [for·tune || 'f?rt?n /'f??t?u?n ,'f??t?n]

n. 财富, 兴隆, 运气

wage [we?d?]

n. 薪水, 代价, 报偿; 工资

v. 开展, 进行

labor

n. 劳动; 分娩, 阵痛; 劳工, 劳方

responsibility [re·spon·si·bil·i·ty || r??spɑns?'b?l?t? /-p?n-]

n. 责任, 负担, 职责

Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior.

The responsibilities of the master to the apprentice went beyond the teaching of a trade. NINETEENTH-CENTURY POLITICS IN THE UNITED STATES presidency [pres·i·den·cy || 'prez?d?ns?]

n. 总统职位, 主席职位, 总裁职位

sweep [sw??p]

n. 打扫, 清扫; 绵亘, 伸展, 延伸; 一挥; 曲线

v. 扫; 扫去; 清扫, 打扫; 清除; 扫, 袭击, 打扫

Democratic Party

民主党派

serve [s?rv /s??v]

n. 发球, 开球

v. 为...服务; 供应; 为...服役; 侍候; 服务; 供职; 服役; 帮佣

administration [ad·min·is·tra·tion || ?d?m?n?'stre??n]

n. 经营, 管理; 行政, 施政; 监督; 管理部门; 行政部门

immeasurably

adv. 不可测量地; 广大无边地

representative [,rep·re'sent·a·tive || ?r??pr?'zent?t?v]

n. 代表, 典型, 众议员

adj. 描写的, 代理的, 表现的

senate [sen·ate || 'sen?t]

n. 参议院; 全体议员; 立法机构; 元老院

elect [e·lect || ?'lekt]

v. 选举; 选择, 决定; 推选; 作选择

adj. 被选的, 选出的

declaration [dec·la·ra·tion || ?dekl?'re??n]

n. 宣告, 宣布, 说明

redefine ['r??d?'fa?n]

v. 重新定义

relationship [re'la·tion·ship || r?'le??n??p]

n. 关系, 关联; 亲属关系; 人际关系; 姻亲关系

opponent [op·po·nent || ?'p??n?nt]

n. 对手, 反对者, 敌手

adj. 敌对的, 反对的

gradually ['grad·u·al·ly || 'gr?dj??l?]

adv. 逐步地, 渐渐地

commerce [com·merce || 'k?m??s]

n. 商业, 贸易, 商务

aristocrat [a·ris·to·crat || '?r?st?kr?t]

n. 贵族; 持贵族观点的人, 主张贵族统治者; 具贵族气派的人; 佼佼者

manipulate [ma·nip·u·late || m?'n?pj?le?t /-j?l-]

v. 操纵, 操作, 利用

sap [s?p]

n. 液, 汁; 边材; 精力, 元气; 笨蛋#坑道; 削弱, 破坏; 挖掘

v. 使大伤元气; 使干枯; 在...下挖掘; 在...下挖掘坑道; 破坏...的基础; 削弱, 逐渐消耗; 挖坑道

virtue [vir·tue || 'v?rtju? /'v??-]

n. 德行, 贞操, 美德

speculation [spec·u·la·tion || ?spekj?'le??n /-j?'l-]

n. 思索; 推测; 沉思; 投机

desire [de·sire || d?'za??]

n. 欲望, 要求

v. 想要, 请求

sacrifice [sac·ri·fice || 's?kr?fa?s]

n. 祭牲, 祭品; 牺牲; 献祭; 牺牲的行为

v. 牺牲; 赔本出售; 献出; 献祭; 献祭; 作牺牲打

feature [fea·ture || 'f??t??(r)]

n. 特征, 特色, 容貌; 全长胶片; 吸引; 报纸上的一般栏目; 程序的优点, 专长, 特点 (计算机用语)

v. 是...的特色; 放映; 特写

agrarian [a·grar·i·an || ?'gre?r??n]

adj. 耕地的, 土地的; 农业的

n. 平均地权论者

dominance [dom·i·nance || 'd?m?n?ns]

n. 优势; 支配, 统治

civilization (Amer.) [civ·i·li·za·tion || ?s?v?la?'ze??n]

n. 文明, 教化

envision [en·vi·sion || ?n'v??n]

v. 想像; 预想

regulate [reg·u·late || 'regj?le?t /-j?]

v. 管理; 为...制订规章; 控制; 校准

inclination [in·cli·na·tion || ??nkl?'ne??n]

n. 倾向, 倾斜度, 意愿

inclination =Tendency

monopoly [mo'nop·o·ly || m?'nɑp?l? /-'n?-]

n. 垄断, 独占事业, 专卖权

philosophy [phi'los·o·phy || f?'lɑs?f? /-?-]

n. 哲学, 原理, 人生观

sphere [sf?r/sf??]

n. 球; 球形; 球体; 球面

religion [re·li·gion || r?'l?d??n]

n. 宗教; 宗教团体; 教派; 宗教信仰

humanitarian [hu·man·i·tar·i·an || hju??m?n?'ter??n /-'te?r-]

n. 人道主义者, 基督凡人论者, 博爱者

adj. 人道主义的; 博爱的

liberty [lib·er·ty || 'l?b?(r)t?]

n. 自由; 随意; 特权

section [sec·tion || 'sek?n]

n. 切下的部分, 块, 片; 节; 部分; 款, 项

v. 分段, 切片

foster [fos·ter || 'fɑst?(r) ,'f?- /'f?s-]

v. 养育; 培养; 抚育

legislation [leg·is·la·tion || ?led??s'le??n]

n. 立法, 法律

exclusively [ex'clu·sive·ly || -l?]

adv. 专门地; 独占地; 专有地; 排外地

disproportionate [,dis·pro'por·tion·ate || ?d?spr?'p?r?n?t /'p??-]

adj. 不成比例的

eager [ea·ger || 'i?g?]

adj. 热心的, 热望的, 渴望的

surplus [sur·plus || 's?rpl?s /'s??pl?s]

n. 剩余, 盈余, 过剩

adj. 过剩的, 剩余的

alienate ['al·ien·ate || 'e?l??ne?t]

v. 使疏远; 让渡, 转让; 离间; 使转移, 使转向

entrepreneur [en·tre·pre·neur || ??ntr?pr?'n??]

n. 企业家; 主办人

languishing ['lan·guish·ing || 'l??gw????]

adj. 渐渐衰弱的; 脉脉含情的; 萎谢的; 懒洋洋的

The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas Democrats dominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.

The Democrats' power was greatest in poorer areas while the Whigs were strongest in those areas where the market was already fully operating.

THE EXPRESSION OF EMOTIONS

despondent [de'spond·ent || -d?nt]= Unhappy

adj. 丧气的, 没有精神的, 失望的

apparently [ap'par·ent·ly || -l?]

adv. 显然地

friendliness ['friend·li·ness || 'fren(d)l?n?s]

n. 友谊; 亲切; 友善

approval [ap'prov·al || -vl]

n. 赞成; 承认; 正式批准

hostile [hos·tile || 'hɑstl /'h?sta?l] adj. 怀敌意的, 敌对的

originator [o'rig·i·na·tor || ?'r?d??ne?t?(r)] n. 创作者; 发明人

recognition [rec·og·ni·tion || ?rek?g'n??n] n. 认出, 识别; 承认; 认识; 确认 survival [sur·viv·al || s?r'va?vl /s?'-] n. 留住生命, 残存, 生存

facial [fa·cial || 'fe??l]

n. 美颜术, 脸部按摩术

adj. 脸的, 脸部用的

absence [ab·sence || '?bs?ns] n. 不在; 缺席; 缺乏

concur [con·cur || k?n'k??]= Agree v. 意见相同, 互助, 一致

approach [ap·proach || ?'pr??t?] n. 门径, 接近

v. 靠近; 动手处理; 接近

manifest [man·i·fest || 'm?n?fest] n. 载货单; 旅客名单

v. 表明, 证明, 表现

adj. 显然的; 明白的

disgust [dis·gust || d?s'g?st]

n. 厌恶; 嫌恶

v. 使作呕

indicate [in·di·cate || '?nd?ke?t] v. 指出; 象征; 显示

depict [de·pict || d?'p?kt]

v. 描述; 描写

query [que·ry || 'kw?r? /'kw??r?]

n. 疑问, 质问; 预定; 疑问号; 从资料库取信息的要求 (计算机用语) v. 问; 对...表示疑问; 询问; 把...作为问题提出

tribe [tra?b]

n. 部落, 部族

dwell [dwel]

v. 居住; 踌躇

portray [por·tray || p?r'tre? /p??-]

v. 画; 把...描绘成; 描写; 扮演

participant [par·tic·i·pant || pɑr't?s?p?nt /pɑ?'t-]

n. 关系者; 参与者

multiple [mul·ti·ple || 'm?lt?pl]

n. 倍数; 多路系统; 并联

adj. 复合的; 多人享有的; 多样的; 并联的

intense [in·tense || ?n'tens]

adj. 非常的, 紧张的, 强烈的

psychological [,psy·cho'log·i·cal || ?sa?k?'lɑd??kl]

adj. 心理学的, 心灵的, 精神上的

argue [ar·gue || 'ɑ?gju?]

v. 辩论; 认为, 主张; 议论; 说服; 辩论; 争论

signal [sig·nal || 's?gnl]

n. 信号; 信号器; 暗号; 交通指示灯

v. 向...作信号, 用信号通知, 标志; 发信号, 打信号

muscle [mus·cle || 'm?sl]

n. 肌肉, 臂力

v. 使劲行进

outward [out·ward || 'a?tw?(r)d]

adj. 外面的, 公开的, 外表的

adv. 向外, 表面, 在外

intensify [in'ten·si·fy || ?n'tens?fa?]

v. 加强; 强化

arousal

n. 唤起; 激励; 觉醒

preparedness [pre'par·ed·ness || pr?'perdn?s /-'pe?dn?s]

n. 准备, 充实军备, 觉悟

contraction [con·trac·tion || k?n'tr?k?n]

n. 收缩, 传染, 缩写式

neurotransmitter ['n?r??tr?ns'm?t?(r) /'nj??r??tr?nz-]

n. 神经传递素

The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses.

The Fore exhibited the same relationship of facial expressions and basic emotions that is seen in Western culture when they acted out stories. GEOLOGY AND LANDSCAPE

dynamic [dy·nam·ic || da?'n?m?k]

adj. 动力的; 动态的; 动力学的

continually [con'tin·u·al·ly || -l?]

adv. 不断地; 频繁地

scale [ske?l]

n. 刻度; 刻度尺; 尺度; 比率#天平, 秤; 天平盘, 秤盘#鳞, 鱼鳞; 鳞状物; 介壳; 障眼物 v. 攀登; 向上; 称重; 根据某比率来做; 刮去鳞片; 用石膏盖起来的; 把某物的尺寸改变; 调节图片的尺寸, 重新定图片的尺寸 (计算机用语)

compare [com·pare || k?m'pe?]

v. 比较, 匹敌, 比喻; 相比, 匹敌

n. 比较

feature [fea·ture || 'f??t??(r)]

n. 特征, 特色, 容貌; 全长胶片; 吸引; 报纸上的一般栏目; 程序的优点, 专长, 特点 (计算机用语)

v. 是...的特色; 放映; 特写

epitome [e·pit·o·me || ?'p?t?m?]

n. 梗概; 缩影; 节录; 象征

permanence [per·ma·nence || 'p?rm?n?ns /'p??-]

n. 永久; 持久

Himalayas

n. 喜马拉雅山脉

comparatively [com·par·ative·ly || k?m'p?r?t?vl?]

adv. 比较地; 相当地

relatively ['rel?t?vl?]= comparatively

adv. 相对地, 比较而言; 相当

plateau [pla·teau || pl?'t?? /'pl?t??]

n. 高地, 高原

segment [seg·ment || 'segm?nt]

n. 部分; 切片, 断片; 部门; 线段

v. 分割, 切割; 分割成部分; 切成片

plastic [plas·tic || 'pl?st?k]

n. 塑胶; 信用卡; 塑胶制品

adj. 塑胶的, 有可塑性的, 塑造的

margin [mar·gin || 'mɑrd??n /'mɑ?d??n]

n. 页边的空白; 极限; 边缘

v. 页边的空白; 极限; 边缘

sedimentary [sed·i·men·ta·ry || ?sed?'ment?r? /-tr?]

adj. 沉积的; 沉淀性的

belt [belt]

n. 带子; 地带

v. 用皮带抽打; 用带标明; 用带捆住; 环绕

cascade [cas·cade || k?'ske?d]

n. 小瀑布; 波浪, 波状物, 纺织品或头发的花边; (因特网用语) 在因特网上旧信息被引出文字的附加

v. 使瀑布似地落下; 使串联; 使联成系列; 成瀑布落下

peak [p??k]

n. 山顶, 山峰; 高峰, 最高点, 顶端; 山; 尖端

v. 使尖起, 使成峰状; 使达到高峰; 达到高峰; 耸起; 缩小; 消瘦

destructive [de'struc·tive || -t?v]

adj. 破坏的; 消极的, 无帮助的; 毁灭性的

fragment [frag·ment || 'fr?gm?nt]

n. 碎片, 断片, 破片

v. 使成碎片; 成碎片

deposit [de·pos·it || d?'p?z?t]

n. 存款, 堆积物, 定金

v. 存放; 堆积; 沉淀

sediment [sed·i·ment || 'sed?m?nt] n. 沉淀物, 沉积

represent [rep·re·sent || ?repr?'zent]

v. 描绘, 表现; 表示; 象征; 作为...的代表 penetrate [pen·e·trate || 'pen?tre?t] v. 穿透, 看穿, 渗透; 刺入, 渗透, 看穿 carbon dioxide

二氧化碳

react [re·act || r?'?kt]

v. 起反应, 反抗, 起作用

seep [s??p]= Flows slowly

n. 小泉, 水陆两用的吉普车

v. 渗出, 漏, 渗流

subject [sub·ject || 's?b??kt]

n. 题目, 科目, 主题

v. 使隶属, 使受到

adj. 受他国统治的, 受制于...的, 未独立的 various [var·i·ous || 'ver??s /-ve?r-] adj. 不同的, 多方面的, 各种的

stage [ste?d?]

n. 舞台, 活动场所, 戏剧

v. 上演, 筹划, 表演; 适于上演, 乘驿车旅行 loose [lu?s]

v. 释放; 开船; 放枪; 变松; 开火 adj. 宽松的; 不牢固的; 不精确的 adv. 松散地

debris [de·bris || 'de?bri?]

n. 碎片; 残骸

shattered

adj. 震惊的; 极度疲劳的, 非常虚弱的; 心烦意乱的

frost [fr?st /fr?st]

n. 霜, 冷漠, 冰冻

v. 覆着霜, 结霜, 冻结; 受冻, 起霜

splitting ['split·ting || 'spl?t??]

adj. 裂开似的; 飞也似的; 剧烈的; 滑稽的

grass [gr?s /grɑ?s]

n. 草, 牧场, 草原

v. 使吃草, 放牧; 在...上种草; 使长满草; 长草

relic [rel·ic || 'rel?k]= remains

n. 遗物, 废墟, 遗迹

remains

n. 剩余; 遗体; 遗迹; 遗骨

Hills and mountains are often regarded as the epitome of permanence,

successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature, but in fact they tend to be relatively short-lived in geological terms.

Although they seem permanent, hills and mountains exist for a relatively short period of geological time.

Timberline Vegetation on Mountains（TPO1）

timberline

n. 树带界线

vegetation [veg·e·ta·tion || ?ved??'te??n]

n. 植被, 呆板单调的生活, 植物, 草木

dramatic [dra·mat·ic || dr?'m?t?k] =striking

adj. 戏剧性的; 生动的

tundra

n. 苔原, 冻土地带

steppe [step]

n. 特指西伯利亚一带没有树木的大草原

moisture ['mois·ture || 'm??st??(r)]

n. 湿气, 降雨, 水分

transition [tran·si·tion || tr?n's??n ,-z-]

n. 转变, 过渡时期, 转换

zone [z??n]

n. 地域, 地区, 地带

v. 环绕, 使分成地带

semiarid

adj. 雨量非常少的; 半干旱的

slope [sl??p]

n. 斜坡, 倾斜, 斜面

v. 倾斜, 逃走; 使倾斜; 掮; 使有坡度

tropic [trop·ic || 'trɑp?k /'tr?-]

n. 回归线, 热带

adj. 热带的; 热带地方的

subtropics [,sub'trop·ics || ?s?b'trɑp?k /-r?p-] n. 亚热带, 副热带

deciduous [de·cid·u·ous || d?'s?dj??s] adj. 每年落叶的, 非永久性的

species [spe·cies || 'sp?????z ,-s-]

n. 种类; 形式; 种; 人类

polar [po·lar || 'p??l?(r)]

adj. 两极的, 南辕北辙的, 极地的

moist [m??st]

adj. 潮湿的, 感伤的, 多雨的

twisted

adj. 喝醉了的; 疯狂的, 滑稽的; 古怪的 deformed [de'formed || -md]

adj. 畸形的; 丑陋的; 变形的; 残废的 latitude [lat·i·tude || 'l?t?tu?d /-tju?d]

n. 纬度; 回旋余地, 自由; 纬度地区; 曝光宽容度 attain [at·tain || ?'te?n]

v. 达到; 到达; 获得

ridge [r?d?]

n. 背脊, 屋脊, 山脊

v. 使成脊状; 作垄; 装脊; 成脊状

velocity [ve·loc·i·ty || v?'lɑs?t? /-'l?s-]

n. 速度, 迅速, 速率

prone [pr??n]

adj. 有...倾向的, 易于...的; 倾斜的; 俯卧的, 面向下的; 陡的

altitude [al·ti·tude || '?lt?tju?d]

n. 高, 高度; 高处, 高地; 海拔; 顶垂线, 高线

probably ['prɑb?bl? /'pr?-]

adv. 大概, 或许

smother [smoth·er || 'sm???(r)]

n. 令人窒息的浓烟; 被抑制状态; 窒息状态

v. 使窒息, 使透不过气来; 闷熄; 把...闷死; 闷住; 窒息; 被掩饰; 闷死; 被抑制 avalanche [av·a·lanche || '?v?lɑ?n?]

n. 山崩, 雪崩, 涌到之物

creep [kri?p]

n. 爬, 蠕动, 徐行

v. 爬, 潜行, 蔓延

presence [pres·ence || 'prezns]

n. 出席, 存在, 到场

ultraviolet

adj. 紫外线的

elevation [el·e·va·tion || ?el?'ve??n]

n. 海拔, 提高; 标高

browsing

n. 浏览, 在因特网上阅读文件档案 (计算机用语)

grazing

n. 放牧; 牧草; 牧场

ibex [i·bex || 'a?beks]

n. 野生山羊

shoot [?u?t]

n. 射击, 发射, 芽

v. 发射, 放射; 射出; 开, 放; 射中; 射出, 发出, 射击

bud [b?d]

n. 芽; 花蕾; 叶芽; 萌芽, 未成熟的事物#小孩, 少女

v. 发芽, 抽芽; 啄食嫩芽; 开始生长; 使发芽; 接; 发芽生出

mature [ma·ture || m?'tj??(r)]

v. 使成熟; 成熟; 到期

adj. 成熟的; 充分考虑的; 到期的

alpine [Al·pine || '?lpa?n]

adj. 高山的; 阿尔卑斯山的; 高山生长的

adjacent [ad·ja·cent || ?'d?e?s?nt]

adj. 毗连的, 邻近的, 接近的

n. 近邻, 同另外的装置通过直接连接联在一起的装置 (计算机用语) fairly [fair·ly || 'ferl? /'fe?l-]

adv. 公平地, 清楚地, 相当地

diversity [di·ver·si·ty || da?'v??s?t?]

n. 差异; 多样性

decrease [de·crease || di?'kri?s]

n. 减少; 减少之量

v. 减; 减少, 减小

occasional [oc'ca·sion·al || ?'ke???nl]

adj. 偶然的, 备不时之需的, 临时的

moss [m?s /m?s]

n. 苔藓, 泥沼

lichen [li·chen || 'la?k?n ,'l?t?n]

n. 青苔; 苔藓; 地衣

prostrate [pros·trate || prɑ'stre?t /pr?-]

v. 弄倒, 使俯伏, 使屈服

adj. 拜倒的, 伏地的, 降伏的

cushion [cush·ion || 'k??n]

n. 垫子; 靠垫; 坐垫; 垫状物

v. 加垫褥, 掩盖, 缓冲

snowdrift

n. 被风刮在一起的雪堆, 随风飘飞的雪

striking [strik·ing || 'stra?k??]

adj. 醒目的, 打击的, 惊人的

rigor [rig·or || 'r?g?r /'r?g? ,'ra?g??]

n. 严格; 苛刻; 严厉; 艰苦

permit [per·mit || p?r'm?t ,p?r- /p?'m?t ,p?-]

n. 通行证, 执照, 许可证

v. 允许, 容许

crucial [cru·cial || 'kru??l]

adj. 决定性的, 严厉的, 重要的

insulation [in·su·la·tion || '?ns?'le??n /-sj?l-]

n. 隔离; 绝缘; 孤立

equatorial [e·qua·to·ri·al || ?ekw?'t??r??l]

adj. 赤道的; 酷热的; 赤道附近的

prevalent [prev·a·lent || 'prev?l?nt]= widespread

adj. 普遍的, 流行的

Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes.

The deformed shapes of trees at high altitudes shows that wind velocity, which increases with altitudes, can cause serious hardship for trees.

The Origins of Theater（TPO1）

theater [the·a·ter || 'θ??t?(r)]

n. 剧场; 电影院; 戏院

primarily ['pri·ma·ri·ly || 'pra?m?r?l?]

adv. 首先; 首要地, 主要地; 起初, 原来; 根本上

speculation [spec·u·la·tion || ?spekj?'le??n /-j?'l-]

n. 思索; 推测; 沉思; 投机

champion [cham·pi·on || 't??mpj?n]

n. 冠军; 战士; 拥护者

v. 保卫, 拥护

adj. 优胜的, 冠军的; 第一流的

envision [en·vi·sion || ?n'v??n]

v. 想像; 预想

myth [m?θ]

n. 神话, 虚构的人, 虚构的事

ritual [rit·u·al || 'r?t???l]

n. 仪式, 宗教仪式, 典礼

adj. 仪式的, 依仪式而行的

perceive [per·ceive || p?r's??v /p?'-]

v. 察觉; 意识到; 感知; 理解

well being

健康; 幸福

attribute [at·trib·ute || ?'tr?bju?t]=Ascribe

n. 属性; 标志, 象征; 特质, 特性; 定语

v. 归于, 属于

ascribe [as·cribe || ?'skra?b]

v. 归因于; 归咎于

occurrence [oc·cur·rence || ?'k?r?ns /?'k?r?ns] n. 发生, 发现, 事件

undesirable

adj. 不受欢迎的, 不良的

desirable [de·sir·a·ble || d?'za??r?bl]

adj. 值得向往的; 令人满意的; 值得拥有的; 富有魅力的 favor (Amer.) [fa·vor || 'fe?v?(r)]

n. 赞成, 赞同; 偏袒; 偏爱; 善意的行为

apparent [ap·par·ent || ?'p?r?nt]

adj. 显然的; 外观上的

repeat [re·peat || r?'p??t]

n. 重复, 反复

v. 重复; 重说; 重做; 复述, 背诵; 重复; 重说; 重做 formalize (Amer.) ['for·mal·ize || 'f?rm?la?z /'f??m-] v. 正式化; 使形式化; 定形

ceremony [cer·e·mo·ny || 'ser?m?n?]

n. 仪式, 典礼; 形式; 礼仪, 礼节; 虚礼, 客套 ritual [rit·u·al || 'r?t???l]

n. 仪式, 宗教仪式, 典礼

adj. 仪式的, 依仪式而行的

representative [,rep·re'sent·a·tive || ?r??pr?'zent?t?v] n. 代表, 典型, 众议员

adj. 描写的, 代理的, 表现的

supernatural

adj. 超自然的, 不可思议的, 神奇的; 鬼怪的; 神的

n. 超自然物, 不可思议的事, 神奇人物

rite [ra?t]

n. 仪式, 习俗, 典礼

mythical ['m?θ?kl]

adj. 神话的; 虚构的, 杜撰出来的; 神话般的

accompany [ac·com·pa·ny || ?'k?mp?n?]

v. 陪同, 伴随; 随着...发生; 为...伴唱, 为...伴奏; 伴唱, 伴奏 nay [ne?]

n. 拒绝, 投反对票, 反对

adv. 否, 不但如是, 不

autonomous [au·ton·o·mous || ??'t?n?m?s]= independent adj. 自治的; 自主的; 自治权的; 独立存在的

independent [,in·de'pend·ent || ??nd?'pend?nt]

n. 中立派; 无党派者

adj. 独立自主的; 不受约束的

entertainment [,en·ter'tain·ment || ?ent?(r)'te?m?nt] n. 款待; 娱乐表演; 娱乐

aesthetic [aesthet·ic || i?s'θet?k(l)]

adj. 美学的; 艺术的; 美的; 审美的

efficacious [ef·fi·ca·cious || ?ef?'ke???s]

adj. 有效的; 灵验的

mystical ['mys·ti·cal || 'm?st?kl]

adj. 神秘的, 奥秘的

proposed [pr?'p??zd]

adj. 被提议的; 所推荐的

alternative [al'ter·na·tive || -n?t?v]

n. 选择, 二择一; 选择的自由; 供选择的东西

adj. 两者择一的; 替代的; 非此即彼的; 供选择的 feat [f??t]

n. 壮举, 技艺表演, 功绩

pantomime [pan·to·mime || 'p?nt?ma?m]

n. 手势, 舞剧, 哑剧

v. 用手势传达; 演哑剧; 用手势示意

pantomimic [pan·to·mim·ic || ?p?nt?'m?m?k] adj. 哑剧的

gymnastic [gym'nas·tic || 'd??m'n?st?k]

adj. 体操的; 体育的

imitation [im·i·ta·tion || ??m?'te??n]

n. 模仿; 冒充; 效法

adj. 人造的; 伪造的; 仿制的

admiration [ad·mi·ra·tion || ??dm?'re??n]

n. 羡慕, 赞美, 钦佩; 引人赞美的人

virtuosity [vir·tu·os·i·ty || ?v?rt??'ɑs?t? /?v??t??'?s-]

n. 精湛技艺; 艺术爱好者; 对艺术品的爱好; 古董收藏家 grace [gre?s]

n. 优雅, 慈悲, 风度

v. 使优美

performance [per'form·ance || p?r'f?rm?ns /p?'f??-] n. 履行, 成绩, 执行

theatrical [the·at·ri·cal || θ?'?tr?kl]

adj. 剧场的, 戏剧性的, 夸张的

antecedent [,an·te'ced·ent || ?nt]

n. 前事, 前情; 前项; 先行词; 前件

adj. 在先的, 在前的

imitate [im·i·tate || '?m?te?t]

v. 模仿, 冒充, 效法

cease [si?s]

n. 停止

v. 停止, 结束; 停止, 终止

reshape [re·shape || ?r??'?e?p]

v. 改造, 打开新局面, 使成新的形状

satisfy [sat·is·fy || 's?t?sfa?]

v. 使满意, 符合, 满足; 令人满意, 替人赎罪

encounter [en·coun·ter || ?n'ka?nt?]

n. 相会, 遭遇, 相遇

v. 遇见, 会战, 邂逅; 偶然相遇

fiction [fic·tion || 'f?k?n]

n. 小说, 法律的拟制, 虚构的故事

whereby [where'by || hwer'ba? /we?-]

adv. 凭什么, 为何

reality [re·al·i·ty || r?'?l?t?]

n. 现实; 事实, 实际存在的事物; 真实; 逼真

drama [dra·ma || 'drɑ?m?]

n. 戏剧; 戏剧艺术

permit [per·mit || p?r'm?t ,p?r- /p?'m?t ,p?-]

n. 通行证, 执照, 许可证

v. 允许, 容许

narrator [nar'ra·tor || n?'re?t?(r) ,'n?- /n?-]

n. 解说员; 叙述者, 讲述者

impersonation [im·per·son·a·tion || ?m?p?rs?'ne??n /-p??s-] n. 扮演; 人格化; 模仿

storytelling

n. 讲故事; 写故事

virtuosity [vir·tu·os·i·ty || ?v?rt??'ɑs?t? /?v??t??'?s-]

n. 精湛技艺; 艺术爱好者; 对艺术品的爱好; 古董收藏家

penchant [pen·chant || 'p?0303;????0303;??] = inclination n. 强烈倾向; 嗜好; 趣味

inclination [in·cli·na·tion || ??nkl?'ne??n]

n. 倾向, 倾斜度, 意愿

comedy [com·e·dy || 'k?m?d?]

n. 喜剧; 喜剧性事件; 喜剧性, 喜剧成分

detached [de'tached || -t?t]

adj. 超然的, 分离的

comic [com·ic || 'k?m?k]

n. 连环漫画, 杂耍滑稽演员

adj. 滑稽的, 喜剧的, 有趣的

sufficient [suf'fi·cient || s?'f??nt]

adj. 充份的, 足够的

detachment [de'tach·ment || -m?nt]

n. 分离, 分遣队, 分遣

deviation [de·vi·a·tion || ?di?v?'e??n]

n. 背离

entire [en·tire || ?n'ta??]

adj. 全体的, 全部的, 完全的

aesthetic [aesthet·ic || i?s'θet?k(l)]

adj. 美学的; 艺术的; 美的; 审美的

religious [re·li·gious || r?'l?d??s]

adj. 宗教性的, 宗教上的, 虔诚的

n. 修道士; 和尚; 修女; 尼姑

emergence [e'mer·gence || -d??ns]

n. 出现; 露头; 浮现

artistic [ar·tis·tic || ɑ?'t?st?k(l)]

adj. 艺术的; 唯美的; 美术的; 艺术家的

For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their

well-being and abandoned them; nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.

Myths sometimes survived in a society’s tradition because of their artistic qualities even after they were no longer deemed religiously beneficial.

Groundwater（TPO1）

groundwater

n. 地下水

saturate [sat·u·rate || 's?t??re?t]

v. 浸透; 使湿透; 渗透; 使充满

available [a'vail·a·ble || -l?bl]

adj. 有空的, 有用的

abundant [a'bundant || -nt]

adj. 大量的; 丰富的; 充足的; 富裕的

meteoric [me·te·or·ic || ?m??t?'ɑr?k ,-?r?k /-?r?k]

adj. 流星的; 大气的; 疾速的

circulate [cir·cu·late || 's??kj?le?t]

v. 循环, 环行; 传阅; 传播, 流传; 流通; 使循环; 传递; 使传播; 传阅 soak [s??k]

n. 浸泡, 浸渍; 烂醉; 酒鬼

v. 使上下湿透, 吸入, 浸; 浸泡, 渗透

precipitation [pre·cip·i·ta·tion || pr??s?p?'te??n]

n. 猛然落下; 急躁; 猛冲; 鲁莽

solid [sol·id || 'sɑl?d /'s?l-]

n. 固体; 立方体; 固态物; 固体非流质食物

adj. 固体的, 坚固的, 实心的

soak [s??k]

n. 浸泡, 浸渍; 烂醉; 酒鬼

v. 使上下湿透, 吸入, 浸; 浸泡, 渗透

underfoot

adv. 在脚下面, 碍事

beneath [be·neath || b?'ni?θ]

adv. 在...之下

gravel [grav·el || 'gr?vl]

n. 砂砾; 砂砾层

v. 铺碎石, 使搁浅, 使困惑

particle [par·ti·cle || 'pɑrt?kl /'pɑ?t-]

n. 粒子, 极小量, 点

grain [gre?n]

n. 谷物; 谷粒; 谷类

v. 使成粒状; 对粒面进行处理; 使深深渗入; 成粒状, 结晶 pebble [peb·ble || 'pebl]

n. 小圆石, 小鹅卵石

v. 用卵石铺; 在上印卵石花纹; 用卵石连续扔

coarse [k??s]

adj. 粗糙的, 粗俗的, 下等的

steadily

adv. 稳定地, 有规则地, 无变化地

laden ['lad·en || 'le?dn]

adj. 装满的; 苦恼的; 负担重的

consolidated [con'sol·i·dat·ed || -t?d]

adj. 巩固的; 统一的; 团结的

deposit [de·pos·it || d?'p?z?t]

n. 存款, 堆积物, 定金

v. 存放; 堆积; 沉淀

fanwise

adj 呈扇形的

sandbar

n. 沙洲

saturated [sat·u·rat·ed || 's?t??re?t?d]

adj. 饱和的, 深颜色的, 渗透的

pore [p?r /p??]

n. 毛孔; 细孔; 气孔

v. 注视, 凝视; 默想, 沉思; 钻研, 熟读

gap [g?p]

n. 缝隙, 间断, 缺口

cement [ce·ment || s?'ment]

n. 水泥; 接合剂

v. 接合; 巩固; 用水泥涂; 粘牢

percolate [per·co·late || 'p?rk?le?t /'p??-]

v. 过滤; 使浸透; 使渗出; 过滤; 浸透; 渗出

consolidation [con·sol·i·da·tion || k?n?s?l?'de??n]

n. 巩固, 强化, 加强; 合并; 联合, 统一; 变坚固 porous [po·rous || 'p??r?s]

adj. 多孔的, 多孔性的, 有气孔的

proportion [pro·por·tion || pr?'p?r?n /-'p??-] n. 比例, 部份, 均衡

v. 使成比例, 分摊, 使均衡

crystalline [crys·tal·line || 'kr?st?la?n]

adj. 水晶的, 结晶性的, 透明的

volcanic [vol·can·ic || vɑl'k?n?k /v?l-]

adj. 火山的, 猛烈的, 象火山的

bubble [bub·ble || 'b?bl]

n. 泡沫, 幻想

v. 冒泡, 沸腾; 使冒泡, 滔滔不绝地说

porosity [po·ros·i·ty || p?'rɑs?t? /p??'r?-]

n. 多孔性, 有孔性

permeability [per·me·a·bil·i·ty || ?prm??'b?l?t? /?p??-] n. 渗透; 可透性; 渗透性; 导磁性

cavity [cav·i·ty || 'k?v?t?]

n. 洞; 腔; 空穴

crevice [crev·ice || 'krev?s]

n. 裂缝

basalt [ba·salt || 'b?s??lt]

n. 玄武岩

consist [con·sist || k?n's?st]

v. 组成, 构成; 一致, 符合; 在于, 存在于

instantly [in·stant·ly || '?nst?ntl?]

adv. 立即地; 即刻地

film [f?lm]

n. 软片, 影片, 薄膜

v. 覆以薄膜, 拍摄; 生薄膜, 拍电影

relative [rel·a·tive || 'rel?t?v]

n. 亲戚, 关系词 adj. 有关系的, 比较的, 相对的

if the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.

Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops pf water in rocks with large pores but is strong enough to hold to thin films of water in rocks with small pores. DESERT FORMATION（TOP2）

approximately [??pr?ksim?tli]

ad.近似地，几乎正确地

expansion [ik?sp?n??n]

n.扩大，扩张，扩展；膨胀

previously [?pri:vi?sli]

ad.预先；以前

stabilize [?steibilaiz]

v.(使)稳定，(使)稳固

subsequent [?s?bsikw?nt]

a.随后的，后来的

accelerate [?k?sel?reit]

v.(使)加快，(使)增速

erosion [i?r?u??n]

n.腐蚀，侵蚀，磨损；削弱，减少

stony [?st?uni]

a.多石的；多核的

particle [?pɑ:tikl]

n.微粒，颗粒，粒子；小品词，语助词

ridge [rid?]

n.脊，山脊；垄，埂，脊状突起

substantial [s?b?st?n??l]

a.可观的；牢固的，结实的；实质的

penetration [.penitrei??n]

n.侵入, 渗透, 突破, 洞察力

absorption [?b?s?:p??n]

n.吸收；[化]吸收作用

diminish [di?mini?]

vi.变少，变小，降低 vt.减少，减小，降低 cycle [?saik?l]

n.自行车；循环 vi.骑自行(摩托)车；循环 deterioration [di.tiri?'rei??n] n.恶化, 退化, 变坏

established [is't?bli?t]

adj.确定的, 建立的, 制定的

动词establish的过去式和过去分词形式 devoid of

没有

crop [kr?p]

n.作物；收成；一批 vt.剪短，修剪 density [?densiti]

n.密集，稠密；密度

removal [ri?mu:v?l]

n.除去，消除；移动，搬迁

overgraze [.?uv?'greiz]

vt. 使过度放牧

bordering ['b?:d?ri?]

n. 边缘(设立疆界, 边界标志物) capacity [k??p?siti]

n.容量；才能，能力；身份，职位 livestock [?laivst?k]

n.[总称]家畜，牲畜

dominant [?d?min?nt]

a.占优势的，统治的；居高临下的，高耸的 trample [?tr?mp?l]

vt.踩，践踏；无视，伤害，侵犯

fuel [fju?l]

n.燃料，燃烧剂 vt.加燃料(油)；刺激

conditioner [k?n'di??n?]

n.调节器, 调节装置

sink [si?k]

v.陷入，衰退；下沉；降低；掘 n.水槽

dissolve [di?z?lv]

vi.溶解；消失，减弱 vt.使溶解；解散

crustal ['kr?stl]

adj. 地壳的, 外壳的

underlying [.?nd?'laii?]

adj.潜在的, 隐含的, 在下面的, 基本的, <经>优先的动词underlie的现在分词

millennia [mi'leni?]

n. 一千年

名词millennium的复数

as well as

conj.既 ... 又, 和 ... 一样

prep.也, 而且

reversing [ri'v?:si?]

adj. 回动的, 反向的

动词reverse的现在分词形式

rigorously ['rig?r?sli]

adv. 严格地

Architecture（TOP3）

practical [prac·ti·cal || 'pr?kt?kl]

adj. 实际的, 实用性的, 现实的

symbolic [sym·bol·ic· || s?m'bɑl?k /-'b?l-]

adj. 象征的, 象征性的; 象征主义的; 作为象征的; 符号的 purpose [pur·pose || 'p?rp?s /'p??-]

n. 目的, 决心, 意向

v. 意欲, 计划, 企图

aspiration [as·pi·ra·tion || ??sp?'re??n]

n. 渴望; 热望

visual [vis·u·al || 'v????l]

adj. 看的, 形象的, 视觉的

determine [de·ter·mine || d?'t??m?n]

v. 决定; 判决, 裁定; 使决定, 使下决心; 确定; 决定; 判决; 终止 three-dimensional

adj. 三维的

Of, relating to, having, or existing in three dimensions.

Having or appearing to have extension in depth.

utilize [u·ti·lize || 'ju?tla? /-t?l-]

v. 利用

texture [tex·ture || 'tekst??(r)]

n. 质地, 肌理, 纹理

harmony [har·mo·ny || 'hɑrm?n? /'hɑ?m-]

n. 协调, 调和, 和睦

variety [va·ri·e·ty || v?'ra??t?]

n. 变化, 种种, 多样性

instinctively

adv. 本能地; 凭直觉地

shelter [shel·ter || '?elt?(r)]

n. 遮盖物; 避难所; 躲避处; 掩蔽, 遮蔽

v. 掩蔽, 遮蔽; 保护; 庇护; 躲避; 避难

feasible [fea·si·ble || 'f??z?bl]= achievable

adj. 能实行的, 适宜的, 可行的

achievable

adj. 可完成的; 可有成就的; 可达到的

architectural [ar·chi·tec·tur·al || ?ɑ?k?'tekt??r?l]

adj. 建筑学的; 符合建筑法的; 有关建筑的

mediocre [me·di·o·cre || ?m??d?'??k?(r)]

adj. 不好不坏的, 平凡的, 中等的

trace [tre?s]

n. 痕迹; 丝毫, 微量; 遗迹; 图形, 记录#挽绳, 缰绳

v. 跟踪; 查出, 探出; 调查; 一个一个主题地跟踪一个程序过程 (计算机用语) client [cli·ent || 'kla??nt]

n. 客户, 委托人, 顾客

architect [ar·chi·tect || 'ɑ?k?tekt]

n. 建筑师; 缔造者, 创造者; 设计师

devise [de·vise || d?'va?z]

v. 设计; 图谋; 发明

gravity [grav·i·ty || 'gr?v?t?]

n. 地心引力; 重力

withstand [with'stand || w??'st?nd ,w?θ-]

v. 抵抗, 经得起, 对抗

compression [com'pres·sion || -e?n]

n. 浓缩; 压榨; 压缩

combination [com·bi·na·tion || ?k?mb?'ne??n]

n. 结合; 团体; 联合; 联盟

structure [struc·ture || 'str?kt??(r)]

n. 结构, 建筑物, 构造

v. 建筑, 组织, 构成

integral ['in·te·gral || '?nt?gr?l]= essential

n. 积分, 整数

adj. 整体的, 积分的, 整数的

essential [es·sen·tial || ?'sen?l]

adj. 必要的, 本质的, 重要的

arduous [ar·du·ous || 'ɑ?dj??s]

adj. 艰巨的; 困难的; 费力的; 努力的

permanence [per·ma·nence || 'p?rm?n?ns /'p??-]

n. 永久; 持久

availability [a·vail·a·bil·i·ty || ??ve?l?'b?l?t?]

n. 有效; 可利用性; 有益; 可得到的东西

piling ['pa?l??]

n. 打桩; 打桩工程

ruin [ru·in || 'r??n]

n. 毁灭, 废墟, 崩溃

v. 使毁灭; 使成废墟; 毁坏; 使破产; 毁灭, 毁坏; 破产; 变成废墟; 堕落 thick [θ?k]

adj. 厚的, 浓的, 粗壮的

adv. 厚厚地; 浓浓地; 密集地; 强烈地

n. 最浓处, 最密集处, 最厚处

beam [bi?m]

n. 梁; 横梁; 桁; 秤杆, 天平横杆; 光线

v. 照射, 照耀; 堆满笑容, 眉开眼笑; 以梁支撑; 将...对准; 用...照射; 流露, 发出 invention [in'ven·tion || ?n'ven?n]

n. 发明, 虚构的故事, 创作能力

limitation [lim·i·ta·tion || ?l?m?'te??n]

n. 限制, 限制因素; 极限, 限度; 局限; 追诉时效

arch [ɑ?t?]

n. 拱门, 弓形

v. 使成弧形, 拱起, 使成弓形; 呈拱形覆盖; 形成弧形; 呈弧形移动

adj. 调皮的, 淘气的; 为首的, 主要的

segment [seg·ment || 'segm?nt]

n. 部分; 切片, 断片; 部门; 线段

v. 分割, 切割; 分割成部分; 切成片

aboveground [?'b?v'gra?nd]

adj. 在地上的; 未葬的; 还活着的

semicircular

adj. 半圆的

horizontal [hor·i·zon·tal || ?hɑr?'zɑntl /?h?r?'z?ntl]

n. 水平线, 横的位置, 水平面

adj. 地平线的; 水平的

curved [-vd]

adj. 弯曲的, 曲线形的

brick [br?k]

n. 砖; 砖块状物; 砖块; 积木

v. 用砖砌

vertical ['ver·ti·cal || 'v?rt?kl /'v??t-]

n. 垂直线, 竖向, 垂直面

adj. 垂直的, 顶点的, 直立的

divert [di·vert || da?'v??t]

v. 使转向; 转移; 使改道; 使分心; 转向; 转移

In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them-even while building materials have changed dramatically.

Unlike building materials, the methods of support used in architecture have not changed overtime because they are based on physical laws.

Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer(TPO3)

depletion [de·ple·tion || d?'pli??n]

n. 消耗; 用尽

aquifer

n. 含水土层, 地下蓄水层

grassland

n. 牧草地; 草原

settlement [set·tle·ment || 'setlm?nt]

n. 解决; 殖民; 清算, 结帐; 定居

intensity [in·ten·si·ty || ?n'tens?t?]

n. 强烈, 强度, 紧张, 紧张的程度; 力气, 能量; 感情的强度; 极度; 深沉; 清晰, 从图像装置或像素发出光的量, 亮度 (计算机用语)

ranch [r?nt? /rɑ?nt?]

n. 大牧场, 农场; 饲养场

v. 经营牧场; 在牧场工作

wheat [hw??t /w-]

n. 小麦, 淡黄色, 小麦色

plain [ple?n]

n. 平原, 草原

adj. 简单的, 平常的, 明白的

adv. 清楚地

aquifer

n. 含水土层, 地下蓄水层

quantity [quan·ti·ty || 'kwɑnt?t? /'kw?-]

n. 量, 总数, 数量

inhabited

adj. 有人居住的

ensuing [en'su·ing || -??] = subsequent

adj. 接着发生的; 接踵而至的

subsequent ['sub·se·quent || 's?bs?kw?nt]

adj. 后来的, 并发的

expansion [ex'pan·sion || -n?n]

n. 扩充; 膨胀; 开展

device [de·vice || d?'va?s]

n. 装置; 图案; 设计; 可以发送或接受数据的硬件成分 (计算机用语)

spray [spre?]

n. 浪花, 飞沫, 水花; 喷雾状物; 喷雾; 喷雾器#小树枝, 小花枝; 枝状物; 枝状花饰; 花叶饰物

v. 喷洒, 喷涂; 喷, 溅散

geometric [ge·o·met·ric || ?d????'metr?k]

adj. 几何学的, 几何学图形的, 几何学上的

circular [cir·cu·lar || 's??kj?l?]

n. 通知, 公告; 传单

adj. 圆形的; 循环的

sorghum

n. 高粱, 蜀黍; 高粱糖浆, 过甜的东西

wheat [hw??t /w-]

n. 小麦, 淡黄色, 小麦色

grain [gre?n]

n. 谷物; 谷粒; 谷类

v. 使成粒状; 对粒面进行处理; 使深深渗入; 成粒状, 结晶

beef cattle 菜牛

fatten ['fat·ten || 'f?tn]

v. 养肥; 使肥沃; 长肥; 变肥沃

resource [re·source || r?'s?rs ,-z- /-'s??s ,-z-]

n. 资源, 办法, 财力

negligible [neg·li·gi·ble || 'negl?d??bl]

adj. 可以忽略的, 无用的, 不足取的

virtually ['vir·tu·al·ly || 'v?rt??l? /'v??t-]

adv. 事实上, 实质上

unprecedented = unlike anything in the past

adj. 空前的

precedent [prec·e·dent || 'pres?d?nt]

n. 先例, 前例

adj. 在前的, 前面的, 在先的

virtually ['vir·tu·al·ly || 'v?rt??l? /'v??t-] = almost

adv. 事实上, 实质上近乎几乎是

almost [al·most || '??lm??st]

adv. 差不多; 几乎

replenish [re·plen·ish || r?'plen??]

v. 把...装满; 给...添加燃料; 把...再备足, 补充; 再装满, 充满

inevitable [in·ev·i·ta·ble || ?n'ev?t?bl] = unavoidable

adj. 不可避免的; 必然的

unavoidable [un·a·void·a·ble || ??n?'v??d?bl]

adj. 不可避免的, 不能作废的, 不得已的

philosophy [phi'los·o·phy || f?'lɑs?f? /-?-]

n. 哲学, 原理, 人生观

Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.

Despite the current impressive size of the Ogallala aquifer, the region’s climate keeps the rates of water addition very small.

pipeline

n. 管道, 管子; 一系列连接的管; 资料在中央处理单位被传送的通道 (计算机用语) incentive [in·cen·tive || ?n'sent?v]

n. 动机

adj. 激励的

concentrate [con·cen·trate || 'k?ns?ntre?t]

v. 集中; 浓缩; 聚集, 集结; 集中; 全神贯注; 聚集, 集结; 全力以赴

crisis [cri·sis || 'kra?s?s]

n. 危机, 紧要关头, 危险期

scheme [sk??m]

n. 方案, 图谋, 体制

v. 计划; 策划, 密谋; 设计; 拟订计划; 搞阴谋

tenfold

adv. 十倍地

uncompetitive

adj. 不竞争的

inject [in·ject || ?n'd?ekt]

v. 注射; 注入

compressed [com'pressed || -st]

adj. 被压缩的; 扁平的

partial [par·tial || 'pɑr?l /'pɑ?-]

adj. 部分的, 偏爱的, 偏袒的

strain [stre?n]

n. 过度的疲劳; 张力; 紧张#血缘, 世系; 种, 品种; 族; 气质, 倾向

v. 拉紧; 伸张; 拖紧; 尽力睁大; 尽力, 使劲; 紧拖; 紧拉; 不肯接受, 以为不可 Deer Populations of the Puget Sound(TPO4)

species [spe·cies || 'sp?????z ,-s-]

n. 种类; 形式; 种; 人类

mule [mju?l]

n. 骡; 杂交动物; 固执的人; 电力牵引机#无后跟的拖鞋

prairie [prai·rie || 'prer? /'pre?r?]

n. 大草原, 牧场

marshy [marsh·y || 'mɑr?? /['mɑ???]

adj. 沼泽般的; 湿软的; 生于沼泽的

cousin [cous·in || 'k?zn]

n. 堂兄弟姊妹; 表兄弟姊妹

diet [di·et || 'da??t]

n. 饮食, 食物; 特种饮食#议会, 国会

v. 进规定的饮食; 节食; 忌食; 照规定饮食

browse [bra?z]

n. 嫩叶, 嫩芽, 嫩枝; 浏览; 吃草

v. 吃叶; 浏览, 随便翻阅; 吃; 吃; 随便翻阅; 吃...上的草; 随意观看 harsh [hɑr? /hɑ??]

adj. 粗糙的, 严厉的, 刺耳的

decay [de·cay || d?'ke?]

n. 腐朽, 腐烂; 衰败; 蛀牙; 衰退

v. 腐朽, 腐烂; 衰败; 蛀蚀; 衰退; 使腐朽, 使腐烂; 使蛀坏 dormancy [dor·man·cy || 'd??m?ns?]

n. 休眠状态

compensation [com·pen·sa·tion || ?k?mpen'se??n]

n. 补偿, 薪资, 赔偿金

hibernate [hi·ber·nate || 'ha?b?(r)ne?t]

v. 过冬, 避寒, 冬眠

elevation [el·e·va·tion || ?el?'ve??n]

n. 海拔, 提高; 标高

arboreal [ar·bo·re·al || ɑ?'b??r??l]

adj. 树木的; 栖息在树上的

fodder [fod·der || 'fɑd?(r) /'f?d-]

n. 饲料, 弹药, 草料

inhibit [in·hib·it || ?n'h?b?t]= restrict

v. 禁止, 抑制

meadow [mead·ow || 'med??]

n. 草地; 牧场

shrub [?r?b]

n. 矮树; 灌木#甜酒

fluctuate [fluc·tu·ate || 'fl?kt??e?t]

v. 变动, 动摇, 上下; 使动摇; 使起伏; 使波动

in the same breath=immediately

同时

immediately [im'me·di·ate·ly || ?'m??d??tl?]

adv. 立刻, 立即, 刚

varied [var·ied || 'ver?d /'ve?r-]

adj. 不同的, 各式各样的

overtime n. 加班; 加班时间; 超过时间; 体育比赛中为打破平局的加时赛 botanical

adj. 植物学的; 来自植物的; 植物的

n. 植物性药材

biographer [bi·og·ra·pher || ba?'?gr?f?]

n. 传记作者

picturesquely ['p?kt??'reskl?]

adv. 如画地, 别致地; 生动地

dotted

adj. 有点子的; 星罗棋布的

extermination [ex·ter·mi·na·tion || ?k?st??m?'ne??n] n. 消灭; 根绝

crop [kr?p]

n. 农作物; 平头; 产量

v. 收割; 种植; 修剪; 收获

fate [fe?t]

n. 天数; 运气; 命运

yield [j??ld]

n. 生产量, 投资收益

v. 生产, 同意, 给予; 出产, 投降, 屈服

indefinite period= Whose end has not been determined indefinite [in·def·i·nite || ?n'def?n?t]

adj. 模糊的, 无限的, 不确定的

rebound [re·bound || r?'ba?nd]=recovery

n. 弹回, 跳回; 弹回的球; 返回; 振作, 跃起

v. 弹回, 复兴, 复原; 使弹回, 使跳回; 使回响; 使返回 recovery [re·cov·er·y || r?'k?v?r?]

n. 重获; 恢复, 复苏; 复得; 复元, 痊愈

restoration [res·to·ra·tion || ?rest?'re??n]

n. 恢复, 复位, 归还

conservation [con·ser·va·tion || ?k?ns?'ve??n] n. 保存; 守恒; 保持

insured [in'sured || ?n'??rd /-??d]

adj. 已投保的

vine [va?n]

n. 攀爬植物, 蔓, 藤

substantially [sub'stan·tial·ly || s?b'st?n??l?] adv. 本质上, 实质上; 相当多地, 大大地; 大体上 nutritive [nu·tri·tive || 'nu?tr?t?v /'nju-]

adj. 有营养的, 与营养有关的, 有营养成份的

protein [pro·te·in || 'pr??t??n]

n. 蛋白质

content [con·tent || 'k?ntent]

n. 内容, 要旨; 容纳的东西; 含量, 容量; 具体内容#满足 v. 使满足

adj. 满足的, 满意的; 甘愿的

n. 内容, 要旨; 容纳的东西; 含量, 容量; 具体内容#满足 clearing [clear·ing || 'kl??r??]

n. 清除; 空地; 扫除; 票据交换

approximately [ap'prox·i·mate·ly || -l?]

adv. 大概; 近乎

wildlife

n. 野生动植物

wilderness [wil·der·ness || 'w?ld?(r)n?s]

n. 荒野, 大量, 荒地

wolf [w?lf]

n. 狼, 极度的穷困, 残忍贪婪之人

v. 狼吞虎咽, 大吃

cougar [cou·gar || 'ku?g?]

n. 美洲豹

lynx [l??ks]

n. 山猫, 猞猁狲; 天猫星座; 山猫毛皮

vegetation [veg·e·ta·tion || ?ved??'te??n]

n. 植被, 呆板单调的生活, 植物, 草木

In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive.

Arthur Einsarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food. Cave Art in Europe(TPO4)

marked [mɑrkt /mɑ?kt]

adj. 有记号的, 醒目的, 显著的

trace [tre?s]

n. 痕迹; 丝毫, 微量; 遗迹; 图形, 记录#挽绳, 缰绳

v. 跟踪; 查出, 探出; 调查; 一个一个主题地跟踪一个程序过程 (计算机用语)

artistic [ar·tis·tic || ɑ?'t?st?k(l)]

adj. 艺术的; 唯美的; 美术的; 艺术家的

Australian [Aus·tral·ian || ɑ'stre?l??n /?'s-]

n. 澳洲人, 澳大利亚人

adj. 澳洲人的, 澳洲的, 澳大利亚的

cliff [kl?f]

n. 悬崖; 绝壁

excavate [ex·ca·vate || 'eksk?ve?t]

v. 挖掘; 发掘; 开凿; 挖掘; 发掘

naturalistic [nat·u·ral·is·tic || ?n?t?r?'l?st?k]

adj. 博物学的; 自然论的; 自然主义的; 自然的

Africa

n. 非洲

shelter [shel·ter || '?elt?(r)]

n. 遮盖物; 避难所; 躲避处; 掩蔽, 遮蔽

v. 掩蔽, 遮蔽; 保护; 庇护; 躲避; 避难

slab [sl?b]

n. 平板, 厚的切片

v. 切成厚板, 以平板盖上

paleolithic [pa·le·o·lith·ic || ?pe?l???'l?θ?k /?p?l-]

adj. 旧石器时代的

principal [prin·ci·pal || 'pr?ns?pl]=major

n. 校长, 本金, 首长

adj. 主要的, 首要的, 重要的

major [ma·jor || 'me?d??(r)]

n. 主修, 陆军少校, 成年人; 大调

v. 主修

adj. 主要的, 大部份的, 较多的; 主修的, 大调的, 成年的

inhabited

adj. 有人居住的

gallery [gal·ler·y || 'g?l?r?]

n. 走廊, 画廊, 最高楼座

inner [in·ner || '?n?(r)]

adj. 内部的, 内心的

access [ac·cess || '?kses]

n. 接近; 使用; 进入的权利, 接近的机会; 门路, 通道, 入口; 病菌的侵入; 允许进入一个电脑系统和/或接受资料 (计算机用语)

v. 取出; 接近; 使用

interpret [in·ter·pret || ?n't?rpr?t /-'t??p-]

v. 解释, 诠释, 说明; 口译, 翻译; 理解; 演奏, 演; 作解释; 作口译, 当翻译

trappings [trap·pings || 'tr?p??z]=decorations

n. 马饰; 外部标志; 服饰, 礼服; 外表的装饰

decoration [dec·o·ra·tion || ?dek?'re??n]

n. 装饰, 装潢; 勋章; 装饰物, 装饰品; 奖章

contemporary [con·tem·po·rar·y || k?n'temp?r?r?]

n. 同时代的人

adj. 同时代的, 属于同一时期的, 同时的

seek [s??k]

v. 寻求, 探索, 寻找; 寻找; 搜索; 探索; 搜查

过去时：sought

chip [t??p]

n. 屑片, 碎片; 炸马铃薯条; 缺口, 瑕疵; 炸洋芋片#集成电路片

v. 削, 铲, 凿; 把...切成薄片; 在...上造成缺口; 凿去; 形成缺口; 剥落; 碎裂; 插嘴

spear [sp?r /sp??]

n. 矛; 持矛的人; 鱼叉; 持矛的士兵#叶片; 幼芽, 幼苗 v. 用矛刺; 刺, 戳; 发芽成茎

game [ge?m]

n. 游戏; 游戏器具; 运动; 竞赛

v. 游戏; 游戏器具; 运动; 竞赛; 赌博

adj. 狩猎的; 猎物的

cattle [cat·tle || 'k?tl]

n. 牛; 牲口, 家畜

portray [por·tray || p?r'tre? /p??-]

v. 画; 把...描绘成; 描写; 扮演

meaty [meat·y || 'mi?t?]

adj. 肉的, 多肉的, 像肉的

tusk [t?sk]

n. 长牙, 尖牙, 獠牙

reindeer [rein·deer || 're?n?d?r /'re?n?d??]

n. 驯鹿

consistent [con'sist·ent || -t?nt]

adj. 一致的, 并立的, 调和的

portrayal [por·tray·al || p?r'tre??l /p??-]

n. 描绘; 饰演; 描写; 肖像

investigator [in'ves·ti·ga·tor || ?n'vest?ge?t?(r)] n. 调查者, 研究者; 私人侦探; 审查者

phase [fe?z]

n. 时期, 阶段, 局面

v. 使调整相位, 实行, 逐步执行

decorate [dec·o·rate || 'dek?re?t]

v. 装饰, 修饰; 油漆; 粉刷; 授勋给

engraving [en'grav·ing || -v??]

n. 雕刻, 雕版, 镌版术

pipeline

n. 管道, 管子; 一系列连接的管; 资料在中央处理单位被传送的通道 (计算机用语) collision [col·li·sion || k?'l??n]

n. 碰撞, 抵触, 冲突

Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women

believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art.

If Upper Paleolithic people, like many contemporary peoples, believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, this belief might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. Petroleum Resources(TPO4)

accumulate [ac·cu·mu·late || ?'kju?mj?le?t]= build up

v. 积聚, 累积; 积攒; 积成堆; 累积, 聚积

build up

增进; 使增大

build up

增进; 使增大: 积累，收集。

originate [o·rig·i·nate || ?'r?d??ne?t]

v. 引起; 发明; 创始; 创作; 发源; 产生; 来自

preserve [pre·serve || pr?'z?rv /-'z??v]

n. 蜜饯, 禁猎地, 果酱

v. 保存, 保藏; 保护; 防腐; 维护; 做蜜饯, 禁猎

Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits' settling on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas.

Increased pressure and heat from the weight of the sediment turn the organic remains into petroleum.

droplet [drop·let || 'dr?pl?t]

n. 小滴

squeeze ['squeeze || skwi?z]

n. 榨; 紧抱, 紧握; 压榨; 少量的榨汁

v. 紧握, 榨取, 挤; 榨, 压, 挤; 压榨; 挤着行进; 勉强得到

saturated [sat·u·rat·ed || 's?t??re?t?d]

adj. 饱和的, 深颜色的, 渗透的

adjacent [ad·ja·cent || ?'d?e?s?nt]= nearby

adj. 毗连的, 邻近的, 接近的

n. 近邻, 同另外的装置通过直接连接联在一起的装置 (计算机用语) nearby [near·by || ?n?r'ba? /n??-]

adj. 附近的, 近旁的

adv. 在附近

gusher ['gush·er || 'g???(r)]

n. 自喷油井; 易动情的人

spout [spa?t]

n. 喷口; 水柱, 水流; 嘴; 水落管

v. 喷射, 高谈阔论; 喷出, 滔滔不绝说出, 喷射

involved [in'volved || ?n'vɑlvd /-'v?l-]

adj. 复杂的; 混乱的; 纠缠的; 有关的, 牵扯在内的

platform [plat·form || 'pl?tf?rm /-f??m]

n. 月台, 坛, 讲台

sloping ['slop·ing || sl??p??]=inclining

adj. 倾斜的; 有坡度的

incline [in·cline || ?n'kla?n]

n. 倾斜; 斜面; 斜坡

v. 倾斜; 弯腰; 屈身; 点头; 使倾向于; 使倾斜

expense [ex·pense || ?k'spens]

n. 费用; 损失; 代价

offshore

adj. 向海面吹的, 海面上的, 离岸的

hostile [hos·tile || 'hɑstl /'h?sta?l]

adj. 怀敌意的, 敌对的

foul [fa?l]= pollute

n. 犯规; 缠绕

v. 弄脏; 污蔑; 妨害; 腐烂; 缠结; 犯规

adj. 污秽的; 肮脏的; 邪恶的

beach [bi?t?]

n. 海滩, 海滨游泳场

v. 将拖上岸

fault [f??lt]

n. 过错, 毛病, 故障

v. 挑剔; 弄错

drilling [drill·ing || 'dr?l??]

n. 训练; 钻孔; 教练; 铁屑

slick [sl?k]

n. 平滑的水面, 修光工具, 平滑器

v. 使光滑, 使漂亮

adj. 光滑的, 聪明的, 熟练的

subside [sub·side || s?b'sa?d]

v. 退落; 消失; 消退; 平静下来, 平息

petroleum [pe·tro·le·um || p?'tr??l??m]

n. 石油

adverse [ad·verse || '?dv??s]

adj. 逆向的, 相反的; 不利的, 有害的; 反面的; 敌对的, 反对的 Minerals and Plants (TPO5)

mineral [min·er·al || 'm?n?r?l]

n. 矿物, 苏打水, 无机物

adj. 矿物的, 矿质的; 无机的

nitrogen [ni·tro·gen || 'na?tr?d??n]

n. 氮

nitrate [ni·trate || 'na?tre?t]

n. 硝酸盐, 硝酸钾

v. 用硝酸处理; 硝化

notoriously [n??'t??r??sl?]

adv. 恶名昭彰地, 声名狼藉地

micro ['ma?kr??]

pref. 微, 小, 很小; 放大; 第一百万

serpentine ['ser·pen·tine || 's?rp?nt??n /'s??p?nta?n]] n. 蛇纹石,古时大炮的一种

adj. 蛇的, 阴险的, 层层卷绕的

calcium [cal·ci·um || 'k?ls??m]

n. 钙

depletion [de·ple·tion || d?'pli??n]

n. 消耗; 用尽

interrupt [in·ter·rupt || ??nt?'r?pt]

v. 中断, 插嘴, 妨碍; 打断

n. 中断, 送到处理机通知处理某事物的信号 (计算机用语)

nutrient [nu·tri·ent || 'nu?tr??nt /'nju-]

n. 营养物, 滋养物

adj. 营养的, 滋养的

deficiency [de·fi·cien·cy || d?'f??ns?]

n. 缺乏; 不足

deficient [de'fi·cient || -nt]

adj. 有缺陷的; 不足的, 缺乏的; 有缺点的

symptom [symp·tom || 's?mpt?m]

n. 症状, 征兆, 征候

anthocyanin

n. 花青素

chlorosis [chlo·ro·sis || kl?'r??s?s]

n. 萎黄病, 变色病

patch [p?t?]

n. 补钉, 用纺织品来补洞的地方; 斑点; 绷带; 很多, 小块土地; (计算机用语) 对一个程序的小修改 (只增加或改变程序的一小部分)

v. 补缀, 修补; 拼凑, 匆匆制成; 暂时解决

herbaceous [her·ba·ceous || h?r'be???s /h??'b-]

adj. 草本的, 绿色的, 叶状的

phosphorus [phos·pho·rus || 'fɑsf?r?s /'f?s-]

n. 磷; 磷光体

stunt [st?nt]

n. 发育迟缓; 矮小的东西; 矮小的人#惊人的表演, 绝技; 引人注目的花招, 手腕, 噱头; 惊险动作

v. 阻碍...的发育; 阻止, 妨碍; 作惊人表演, 表演绝技

slender [slen·der || 'slend?(r)]

adj. 修长的, 苗条的; 细长的; 纤细的; 微薄的

discoloration [dis·col·or·a·tion || d?s?k?l?'re??n]

n. 变色; 污点

petiole ['pet???l]

n. 叶柄; 柄部

leaf [l??f]

n. 叶, 花瓣, 树叶

v. 生叶; 翻书页; 匆匆翻阅

facilitate [fa·cil·i·tate || f?'s?l?te?t]= makes easier

v. 使容易; 帮助; 促进

nutrient [nu·tri·ent || 'nu?tr??nt /'nju-]

n. 营养物, 滋养物

adj. 营养的, 滋养的

hydroponics [,hy·dro'pon·ics || ?ha?dr??pɑn?ks /-p?n?ks]

n. 水耕法; 水栽培

aeroponics

aer·o·pon·ics (?r?-p?n?ks)

n. (used with a sing. verb)

A technique for growing plants without soil or hydroponic media. The plants are held above a system that constantly mists the roots with nutrient-laden water. Also called

aeroculture.

solution [so·lu·tion || s?'lu??n]

n. 解决, 溶液, 解答

afford [af·ford || ?'f??d]=offer

v. 给予; 供应得起; 提供

offer [of·fer || '?f?r ,'ɑ- /'?-]

n. 出价, 意图, 提议

v. 提供, 贡献, 出价; 出现, 提议, 献祭

scenario [sce·nar·i·o || s?'ner??? /s?'nɑ?r???]

n. 情节, 方案, 剧本

This scenario begins with the planting of hyperaccumulating species in the target area such as an abandoned mine or an irrigation pond contaminated by runoff

The first step in phytoremediation is the planting of hyperaccumulating plants in the area to be cleaned.

toxic [tox·ic || 'tɑks?k(l) /'t?k-]

adj. 有毒的, 中毒的

excavation [ex·ca·va·tion || ?eksk?'ve??n]

n. 挖掘, 挖掘的洞, 发掘

remediation

n. 矫正; 治疗, 修理, 纠正, 使某物有适当的形式

soil [s??l]

n. 土壤; 国土; 土地#污斑; 堕落; 污物; 粪便, 肥料 v. 弄脏; 污辱; 变脏, 被弄脏; 用青饲料喂

alpine [Al·pine || '?lpa?n]

adj. 高山的; 阿尔卑斯山的; 高山生长的

contaminate [con'tam·i·nate || -ne?t]

v. 弄脏; 毒害; 污染; 使受毒气影响

cadmium [cad·mi·um || 'k?dm??m]

n. 镉

smelter [smelt·er || 'smelt?(r)]

n. 精炼业者; 精炼厂; 精炼工

melt [melt]

v. 融化; 溶化; 熔化; 溶解; 使融化; 使溶解; 使熔化; 使软化 mediation [me·di·a·tion || ?mi?d?'e??n]

n. 仲裁; 调解; 调停

equally ['e·qual·ly || 'i?kw?l?]

adv. 相等地, 平等地, 同样地

The Origin of the Pacific Island People(TPO5) primarily ['pri·ma·ri·ly || 'pra?m?r?l?]

adv. 首先; 首要地, 主要地; 起初, 原来; 根本上

contain [con·tain || k?n'te?n]

v. 包含; 容忍; 容纳

speculation [spec·u·la·tion || ?spekj?'le??n /-j?'l-]

n. 思索; 推测; 沉思; 投机

mutually exclusive

互斥的

If one of the theories is true, then all the other must be false.

exclusive [ex·clu·sive || ?k'sklu?s?v]

adj. 独占的, 排外的, 唯一的

overwhelming [o·ver'whelm·ing || '??v?r'hwelm?? /'??v?'wel-]= powerful adj. 压倒性的, 无法抵抗的

powerful [pow·er·ful || 'pa??(r)f?l]

adj. 有力的, 强的, 有权力的

absence [ab·sence || '?bs?ns]

n. 不在; 缺席; 缺乏

archaeological

adj. 考古学的

fanciful ['fan·ci·ful || 'f?ns?f?l]

adj. 奇怪的, 想像的, 稀奇的

devise [de·vise || d?'va?z]

v. 设计; 图谋; 发明

implicitly [im'plic·it·ly || ?m'pl?s?tl?]

adv. 含蓄地; 暗示地

implement [im·ple·ment || '?mpl?m?nt]= tool

n. 工具; 器具

v. 实现, 执行, 使生效

tool [tu?l]

n. 工具, 用具, 器具; 机床; 器械; 方法, 手段

v. 用工具加工, 使用设备; 使用工具

colonization (Amer.) [col·o·ni·za·tion || ?k?l?na?'ze??n]

n. 殖民地的开拓, 殖民; 殖民地化

appropriate [ap·pro·pri·ate || ?'pr??pr??t]

v. 拨出; 挪用, 盗用; 占用

adj. 适当的, 恰当的, 相称的

sailing [sail·ing || 'se?l??]

n. 航海, 航行; 航海术; 启航; 水运航班

domesticated

adj. 喜欢家庭生活的; 被驯养了的

marginal ['mar·gin·al || 'mɑrd??nl /'mɑ?d-]

adj. 页边的, 栏外的; 边境的; 边缘的; 临界的

prerequisite [pre·req·ui·site || ?pr??'rekw?z?t]

n. 首要事物, 必要条件

archaeology [ar·chae·ol·o·gy || ?ɑ?k?'?l?d??]

n. 考古学

linguistic [lin·guis·tic || l??'gw?st?k]

adj. 语言的; 语言学的

assumed [as'sumed || -md]

adj. 假装的; 假定的, 设想的; 假冒的; 被承担的

cultivated ['cul·ti·vat·ed || 'k?lt?ve?t?d]

adj. 耕耘的, 有教养的, 栽植的

outrigger

n. 舷外浮材; 悬臂架; 支架

canoe [ca·noe || k?'nu?]

n. 独木舟; 轻舟

v. 用独木舟载运; 划独木舟; 乘独木舟

voyage [voy·age || 'v???d?]

n. 航行, 航程, 航海

v. 航海, 航行; 渡过, 飞过

coconut [co·co·nut || 'k??k?n?t]

n. 椰子

taro

n. 芋头, 芋艿, 芋块茎

sugarcane

n. 甘蔗, 糖蔗

breadfruit

n. 面包树, 面包树的果实

maritime [mar·i·time || 'm?r?ta?m]

adj. 海的, 海事的, 海上的

Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the Pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals.

The settlement of the Pacific is lands was probably intentional and well planned rather than accidental as some people have proposed.

maroon [ma·roon || m?'ru?n]

n. 逃亡黑奴; 孤立无援的人; 被放逐到孤岛的人#褐紫红色; 鞭炮 v. 放逐到无人岛上, 使孤立

adrift [a·drift || ?'dr?ft]

adv. 漂浮着, 漂流着; 漫无目的地; 随波逐流地

deliberate [de·lib·er·ate || d?'l?b?r?t]

v. 仔细考虑, 思考; 商议; 仔细考虑, 深思熟虑; 商议

adj. 深思熟虑的, 从容的, 故意的

expedition [ex·pe·di·tion || ?eksp?'d??n]

n. 远征; 迅速; 探险队

stock [stɑk /st?k]

n. 树干, 股份, 血统

v. 装把手于, 备有, 进货; 出新芽, 采购

adj. 股票的, 常备的, 普通的

undisputed

adj. 无可置辩的, 确实的, 无异议的

presence [pres·ence || 'prezns]

n. 出席, 存在, 到场

derive [de·rive || d?'ra?v]

v. 得自; 起源

region [re·gion || 'r??d??n]= acknowledged

n. 区域, 地区, 地方

acknowledged [ac'knowl·edged || -d?d]

adj. 公认的

expedition [ex·pe·di·tion || ?eksp?'d??n]

n. 远征; 迅速; 探险队

dynamic [dy·nam·ic || da?'n?m?k]

adj. 动力的; 动态的; 动力学的

population [pop·u·la·tion || 'pɑpj?'le??n /?p?pj?-]

n. 人口, 人口数

crop [kr?p]

n. 农作物; 平头; 产量

v. 收割; 种植; 修剪; 收获

anthropologist [an·thro·pol·o·gist || ??nθr?'p?l?d??st]

n. 人类学者; 人类学家

raft [r?ft /rɑ?ft]

n. 筏; 橡皮船; 救生艇#大量, 许多

v. 用筏子运送, 筏流; 把...扎成筏子; 乘筏子渡; 乘筏

potato [po·ta·to || p?'te?t??]

n. 马铃薯; 土豆

The Cambrian Explosion (TPO5)

geologic [ge·o·log·ic || ?d????'lɑd??k /-'l?d-]

adj. 地质学上的; 地质的

origin [or·i·gin || 'ɑr?d??n ,'?- /'?r-]

n. 起源; 起因; 由来; 出身

nucleus [nu·cle·us || 'nu?kl??s /'nju-]

n. 核心, 原子核, 核子

复数：nuclei

relatively ['rel?t?vl?]=comparatively

adv. 相对地, 比较而言; 相当地

comparatively [com·par·ative·ly || k?m'p?r?t?vl?]

adv. 比较地; 相当地

extinct [ex·tinct || ?k'st??kt]

adj. 熄灭的; 耗尽的; 灭绝的

diversification [di·ver·si·fi·ca·tion || da??v??s?f?'ke??n]=emergence of many varieties n. 多样化; 经营多样化

referred to

提到, 谈论; 参考, 参照; 与...关连

explosion [ex·plo·sion || ?k'spl???n]

n. 爆发; 爆炸; 发出

occur [oc·cur || ?'k?r /?'k??]

v. 发生, 出现

decomposition [de·com·po·si·tion || ?di?k?mp?'z??n]

n. 分解; 腐烂

multicellular ['m?lt?'selj?l?(r) /-j?l-]

adj. 多细胞的

interpretation [in·ter·pre·ta·tion || ?n?t?rpr?'te??n /-t??p-]

n. 解释, 翻译, 演出

fossilize (Amer.) ['fos·sil·ize || 'fɑs?la?z /'f?s-]

v. 使成化石; 使陈腐; 变成化石, 固定化, 变陈腐

promote [pro·mote || pr?'m??t]= encourage

v. 晋升; 促进; 使升级; 发扬

encourage [en·cour·age || ?n'k?r?d?]

v. 鼓励, 激励, 支持

prevent [pre·vent || pr?'vent]

v. 防止, 预防; 制止; 阻止; 妨碍; 妨碍; 阻止

At one time, the animals present in these fossil beds were assigned to various modern animal groups, but most paleontologists now agree that all Tommotian fossils represent unique body forms that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period, leaving no descendants in modern animal groups.

Animals in the Tommotian fossil deds were intially assigned to modern animal groups but are now thought to belong to groups that emerged and died out during the Cambrian period.

predator ['pred?t?(r)]

n. 掠夺者, 食肉动物

detritus [de·tri·tus || d?'tra?t?s]

n. 碎石

algae [al·ga || '?lg?]

n. 藻类(植物)

fossilization (Amer.) [fos·sil·i·za·tion || ?fɑs?l?'ze??n /?f?s?la?'z-]

n. 化石作用

previously ['pre·vi·ous·ly || 'pr??v??sl?]

adv. 事先; 仓促地; 以前; 不成熟地

representative [,rep·re'sent·a·tive || ?r??pr?'zent?t?v]

n. 代表, 典型, 众议员

adj. 描写的, 代理的, 表现的

arthropod

n. 节肢动物

Powering the Industrial Revolution(TPO6)

Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks, whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons.

Running water was the only source of power that was suitable for the continuous operation of machines, but to make use of it. Factories had to be located where the water was. Regardless of whether such locations made sense otherwise.

harness [har·ness || 'hɑrn?s /'hɑ?n-]

n. 马具; 甲胄; 系在身上的绳子

v. 上马具; 利用产生动力; 披上甲胄

available [a'vail·a·ble || -l?bl]

adj. 有空的, 有用的

muscle [mus·cle || 'm?sl]

n. 肌肉, 臂力

v. 使劲行进

grain [gre?n]

n. 谷物; 谷粒; 谷类

v. 使成粒状; 对粒面进行处理; 使深深渗入; 成粒状, 结晶

mill [m?l]

n. 磨坊; 磨臼; 面粉厂; 磨机#密尔, 厘

v. 碾碎; 铣; 将...磨成粉; 在上压印花边; 成群地乱转; 被研磨; 殴斗

textile [tex·tile || 'teksta?l]

n. 纺织品; 纺织原料

adj. 纺织的

stream [str??m]

n. 溪, 流, 川

v. 流, 流动; 涌入, 涌进; 淌; 川流不息; 流出, 展开, 流动

flow [fl??]

n. 流程, 涨潮, 流动

v. 流动; 涨, 泛滥; 川流不息; 涌出; 溢过; 淹没

desirable [de·sir·a·ble || d?'za??r?bl]

adj. 值得向往的; 令人满意的; 值得拥有的; 富有魅力的

waterpower

n. 水力, 水力发电

drought [dra?t]

n. 干旱; 缺乏

constant ['con·stant || 'kɑnst?nt /'k?n-]

n. 常数; 恒量

adj. 不变的; 坚决的; 持续的

piston [pis·ton || 'p?st?n]

n. 活塞, 瓣

exploit [ex·ploit || ?k'spl??t]=utilized

n. 功绩, 勋绩

v. 开拓; 开采; 开发

vastly ['vast·ly || 'vɑ?stl?]=greatly

adv. 广大地, 巨额地, 许多

greatly [great·ly || 'gre?tl?]

adv. 很, 非常

steam [st??m]

n. 蒸气, 精力

v. 蒸发, 发怒, 行驶; 蒸, 散发, 煮

atmospheric [at·mos·pher·ic || ??tm?s'fer?k]

adj. 大气的

cylinder [cyl·in·der || 's?l?nd?]

n. 圆筒, 圆筒状之物; 硬盘里有形存储单位 (计算机用语)

embody [em·bod·y || ?m'b?d?]

v. 具体表达; 包含; 使具体化

principle [prin·ci·ple || 'pr?ns?pl]

n. 原则; 主义; 原理; 信条

mine [ma?n]

n. 矿; 宝库, 源泉; 矿山, 矿井; 地雷, 水雷

v. 开采; 在...埋地雷; 在...中开采矿物; 炸毁; 开矿; 布置地雷或水雷; 挖坑道 condenser [con·dens·er || k?n'dens?]

n. 缩写者; 电容器; 冷凝器的操作者; 冷凝器

reciprocate [re'cip·ro·cate || r?'s?pr?ke?t]

v. 交换; 互给; 报答; 往复运动; 往复运动, 酬答, 互换

fuel [fu·el || 'fju??l /'fj??l]

n. 燃料

v. 加燃料; 供以燃料; 得到燃料

liberated

adj. 被解放的; 被释放的

stroke [str??k]

n. 打, 敲, 击; 一抽, 打法, 一击; 一划, 划法; 敲声, 鸣声#抚, 捋, 摸

v. 画短线于; 击, 抽; 勾销, 删掉; 勾销, 删掉; 抚, 捋, 摸

thereby

adv. 因此, 在那方面, 从而

eliminate [e·lim·i·nate || ?'l?m?ne?t]

v. 除去, 剔除, 排除

pump [p?mp]

n. 泵, 唧筒; 抽吸; 一抽, 一吸#无带轻便舞鞋; 无带浅口有跟女鞋

v. 用唧筒抽; 打; 用唧筒抽吸...中的水等; 为...打气; 使用唧筒; 一阵阵喷出; 唧筒似地运动

inspired [in'spired || ?n'spa??(r)d]

adj. 有灵感的; 得到启示的

illumination [il·lu·mi·na·tion || ??lu?m?'ne??n]

n. 照明; 启发; 阐明

millennium [mil·len·ni·um || m?'len??m]

n. 太平盛世, 一千年

flickering

adj. 闪烁的; 忽隐忽现的; 摇曳的

candle [can·dle || 'k?ndl]

n. 蜡烛; 烛光; 烛形物

v. 对着光检查

accustom [ac·cus·tom || ?'k?st?m]

v. 使习惯于

blast [blɑ?st]

n. 疾风; 爆炸, 爆破; 突然吹奏; 冲击波, 气浪

v. 爆炸; 使枯萎; 毁灭; 爆炸; 猛烈抨击; 轰击; 飞速行进

raw [r??]

adj. 生的, 未煮过的; 处于自然状态的; 未加工的; 未经训练的, 无经验的 retain [re·tain || r?'te?n]=maintained

v. 保持, 保留

maintain [main·tain || me?n'te?n]

v. 维持; 使继续; 保持; 维修, 保养

virtual [vir·tu·al || 'v?rt???l /'v??-]

adj. 虚的, 有效的, 实质的

n. 虚拟, 计算机化的对一真实物件的演示 (计算机用语)

monopoly [mo'nop·o·ly || m?'nɑp?l? /-'n?-]

n. 垄断, 独占事业, 专卖权

production [pro·duc·tion || pr?'d?k?n]

n. 生产; 摄制; 制作; 演出

spin [sp?n]

n. 旋转; 疾驰; 自旋; 兜风

v. 纺织, 使旋转, 纺; 纺纱; 结网; 吐丝, 作茧; 旋转

cotton [cot·ton || 'k?tn]

n. 棉花; 棉线

v. 和谐, 理解, 有好感

roll [r??l]

n. 卷, 名单, 滚动

v. 滚, 飘流, 滚动; 使滚动, 绕, 卷

iron [i·ron || 'a??(r)n]

n. 铁; 坚强; 熨斗

v. 用铁铸成; 熨, 烫平; 用铁包; 烫衣服

adj. 铁的; 残酷的; 刚强的

multiply ['mul·tiply || 'm?t?pla?]

v. 乘, 使相乘; 使繁殖; 使增加; 增加; 做乘法; 繁殖

canal [ca·nal || k?'n?l]

n. 运河; 灌溉水渠; 河渠, 水道; 管, 道

v. 开运河

turnpike

n. 公路; 收税关卡; 收费高速公路

ingredient [in·gre·di·ent || ?n'gr??d??nt]

n. 成分; 因素

puff [p?f]

n. 一阵喷烟, 蓬松, 肿块

v. 一阵阵地吹; 喘气; 喷着烟移动; 喘着气走; 一阵阵地吹; 使气急; 喷着烟行; 吹熄 wagon (Amer.)

n. 四轮马车, 货车 flange

n. 凸缘（火车的）轮缘

combine [com·bine || k?m'ba?n]

n. 集团; 联合收割打谷机; 企业联合

v. 使结合; 兼有, 兼备; 使联合; 使化合; 结合; 化合; 联合

rival [ri·val || 'ra?vl]

n. 竞争者, 敌手, 对手; 匹敌者, 可与之相比的人

v. 与...竞争; 比得上; 与...匹敌; 竞争

lamp [l?mp]

n. 灯

coal [k??l]

n. 煤, 木炭

v. 给...加煤; 把...烧成炭; 上煤, 加煤

furnace [fur·nace || 'f?rn?s /'f??n-]

n. 火炉, 磨练, 熔炉

William Smith (TPO6)

rudimentary ['ru?d?'ment?r? / -tr?]

adj. 基本的, 初步的; 发展未完全的; 早期的

ordinary [or·di·nar·y || '?rdner? /'??dnr?]

adj. 平常的, 平凡的, 普通的

n. 推事

schooling [school·ing || 'sku?l??]

n. 学校教育; 学费; 培养; 学校膳宿费

roam [r??m]

v. 漫步; 流浪; 漫游; 在...漫步; 在...流浪; 漫游

survey [sur·vey || s?r've? /s?']

n. 调查; 民意调查; 调查报告; 全面的考察

v. 调查, 测量, 审视, 勘定; 测量土地

apprentice [ap·pren·tice || ?'prent?s]

n. 学徒, 生手

v. 使做学徒

parish [par·ish || 'p?r??]

n. 教区

excavate [ex·ca·vate || 'eksk?ve?t]

v. 挖掘; 发掘; 开凿; 挖掘; 发掘

locomotive ['l??k?'m??t?v]

n. 火车头, 机关车

adj. 运转的, 移动的, 火车头的

steam [st??m]

n. 蒸气, 精力

v. 蒸发, 发怒, 行驶; 蒸, 散发, 煮

canal [ca·nal || k?'n?l]

n. 运河; 灌溉水渠; 河渠, 水道; 管, 道

v. 开运河

coal [k??l]

n. 煤, 木炭

v. 给...加煤; 把...烧成炭; 上煤, 加煤

deposit [de·pos·it || d?'p?z?t]

n. 存款, 堆积物, 定金

v. 存放; 堆积; 沉淀

determine [de·ter·mine || d?'t??m?n]

v. 决定; 判决, 裁定; 使决定, 使下决心; 确定; 决定; 判决; 终止 outcrop ['a?tkrɑp /-kr?p]

n. 露出, 露头

v. 露出地面; 出现

breadth [bredθ]

n. 宽度; 幅; 幅宽

stratum [stra·tum || 'str?t?m ,'stre?- /'strɑ?t-]

n. 层; 组织层; 地层; 社会阶层

meticulously [m?'t?kj?l?sl?]

adv. 极注意地, 一丝不苟地, 极细心地

geological

adj. 地质学的; 地质的

course [k??s]

n. 路线; 过程; 方向; 进程, 课程

v. 追猎; 使奔跑; 追逐; 流动; 追猎

no longer

不再

throughout [through·out || θru?'a?t]

adv. 在所有各处, 自始至终, 彻头彻尾

prep. 在所有各处, 自始至终, 彻头彻尾#遍及, 遍布; 贯穿, 从头到尾

But as more and more accumulations of strata were cataloged in more and more

places, it became clear that the sequences of rocks sometimes differed from region to region and that no rock type was ever going to become a reliable time marker throughout the world.

Careful analysis of strata revealed that rocks cannot establish geological time because the pattern of rock layers varies from place to place.

quartz [kw?rts /kw??ts]

n. 石英

silicon ['sil·i·con || 's?l?kɑn /-k?n]

n. 硅, 硅元素

oxygen [ox·y·gen || 'ɑks?d??n /'?k-]

n. 氧

Pleistocene [Pleis·to·cene || 'pla?st??si?n]

n. 更新世; 更新世岩

Cambrian [Cam·bri·an || 'k?mbr??n]

adj. 威尔斯的, 威尔斯人的; 寒武纪或系的

resemble [re·sem·ble || r?'zembl]

v. 相似, 象, 类似

endure [en·dure || ?n'dj??]=survived

v. 忍耐, 忍受; 容忍; 忍耐, 忍受; 持久, 持续

survive [sur·vive || s?r'va?v /s?'-]

v. 活下来, 幸存; 残留; 在...之后仍然生存, 从...中逃生; 丧失; 比...活得长

temporal [tem·po·ral || 'temp?r?l]

adj. 时间的; 世间的; 暂存的, 非永恒的, 短暂的; 世俗的#太阳穴的, 颞的

virtually

adv. 事实上, 实质上，几乎

vir·tu·al·ly (v?rch-?-lē)

adv.

In fact or to all purposes; practically: The city was virtually paralyzed by the transit strike. Almost but not quite; nearly: “Virtually everyone gets a headache now and then” (People).

floral ['flo·ral || 'fl??r?l]

adj. 花似的, 植物的, 花的

succession [suc·ces·sion || s?k'se?n]

n. 连续, 继位, 继承权

fauna [fau·na || 'f??n?]

n. 动物群

limestone

n. 石灰石

Jurassic [Ju·ras·sic || ?d???'r?s?k]

n. 侏罗纪

adj. 侏罗纪的, 侏罗系的

trilobite

n. 三叶虫

ubiquitous [u·biq·ui·tous || ju?'b?kw?t?s]

adj. 到处存在的; 普遍存在的

arthropod

n. 节肢动物

Infantile Amnesia(TPO6)

infantile [in·fan·tile || '?nf?nta?l]

adj. 婴儿的, 初期的, 幼稚的

amnesia [am·ne·si·a || ?m'ni?zj?]

n. 记忆缺失, 健忘症

meaningful ['mean·ing·ful || 'm??n??f?l]

adj. 意味深长的

distinctive [dis·tinc·tive || d?'st??kt?v]

adj. 有特色的, 出众的

scanty ['scant·y || 'sk?nt?]

adj. 不足的; 贫乏的; 缺乏的; 狭窄的

account for

说明; 对...负有责任; 证明

relevant ['rel·e·vant || 'rel?v?nt]

adj. 有关的; 恰当的; 切题的; 有意义的

retrieve [re'trieve || r?'tr??v]

v. 重新得到, 收回; 检索, 撷取; 衔回; 使恢复; 找回猎物 sibling [sib·ling || 's?bl??]

n. 兄弟姐妹; 民族成员; 同胞

physiological [phys·i·o·log·i·cal || ?f?z??'lɑd??kl /-'l?-] adj. 生理学的; 生理学上的

plausible [plau·si·ble || 'pl??z?bl]=believable

adj. 貌似真实的, 貌似有理的; 花言巧语的; 貌似可信的 believable [be·liev·a·ble || b?'li?v?bl]

adj. 可信的

demonstration [dem·on·stra·tion || ?dem?n'stre??n] n. 示范; 实证

believable

adj. Capable of eliciting belief or trust. See Synonyms at . recognition [rec·og·ni·tion || ?rek?g'n??n]

n. 认出, 识别; 承认; 认识; 确认

episode [ep·i·sode || 'ep?s??d]

n. 插曲, 有趣的事件, 插话

repression [re'pres·sion || r?'pre?n]

n. 抑制, 压制; 制止; 镇压; 压抑

toddler ['tod·dler || 'tɑdl?(r) /'t?d-]

n. 初学走路的孩子

phenomenon [phe·nom·e·non || f?'nɑm?nɑn ,-n?n /f?'n?m?n?n]=occurrence n. 现象; 非凡的人, 稀有的事, 奇迹

occurrence [oc·cur·rence || ?'k?r?ns /?'k?r?ns]

n. 发生, 发现, 事件

nor [n?r /n??]

conj. 也不

while [hwa?l /w-]

n. 一会儿, 时间

v. 消磨

prep. 一会儿, 时间#消磨#当...的时候; 虽然#直到

conj. 当...的时候; 虽然

verbal ['ver·bal || 'v?rbl /'v??bl]

n. 准动词

adj. 言语的, 逐字的, 口头的

explicit [ex·plic·it || ?k'spl?s?t]

adj. 详尽的; 明确的; 清楚的; 直率的

critically =fundamentally

adv. 批判性地; 危急地; 苛求地; 严重地

fundamentally [,fun·da'men·tal·ly || ?f?nd?'ment?l?]

adv. 基础地; 根本地

perspective [per·spec·tive || p?r'spekt?v /p?'s-]= viewpoint

n. 远景, 透视, 看法

viewpoint

n. 观点

incompatibility [in·com·pat·i·bil·i·ty || '?nk?mp?t?'b?l?t?]

n. 不两立; 不相容

retrieve [re'trieve || r?'tr??v]

v. 重新得到, 收回; 检索, 撷取; 衔回; 使恢复; 找回猎物

tone [t??n]

n. 音调, 语调, 音质

v. 用某种调子说; 给...定调子; 装腔作势地说; 给定音调; 呈现悦目色调; 颜色调和 Physiological immaturity may be part of why infants and toddlers do not form extremely enduring memories, even when they hear stories that promote such remembering in preschoolers.

Incomplete physiological development may partly explain why hearing stories does not improve long-term memery in infants and toddlers.

physiological [phys·i·o·log·i·cal || ?f?z??'lɑd??kl /-'l?-]

adj. 生理学的; 生理学上的

preschooler (prēskl?r)

n. A child who is not old enough to attend kindergarten.

A child who is enrolled in a preschool.

学龄前儿童

conversely ['con·verse·ly || 'kɑnv?rsl? /'k?nv??sl?]

adv. 逆; 相反地

toddler ['tod·dler || 'tɑdl?(r) /'t?d-]

n. 初学走路的孩子 The Geologic History of the Mediterranean (TPO7)

Mediterranean [med·i·ter·ra·ne·an || ?med?t?'re?n??n]

n. 地中海, 地中海民族

adj. 地中海的, 地中海民族的

geologic [ge·o·log·ic || ?d????'lɑd??k /-'l?d-]

adj. 地质学上的; 地质的

geologist [ge·ol·o·gist || d??'ɑl?d??st /-'?l-]

n. 地质学者

graphic ['graph·ic || 'gr?f?k]

adj. 绘画似的; 图解的

vessel [ves·sel || 'vesl]

n. 船, 脉管, 容器

resolve [re'solve || r?'zɑlv /-'z?lv]

n. 决定之事, 坚决, 决心

v. 使分解, 解决, 解析; 决心, 决定; 分解, 解体; 决议, 作出正式决定; 消退 invertebrate [in·ver·te·brate || ?n'v?rt?br?t ,-bre?t /-'v??t-]

n. 无脊椎动物; 无骨气的人

adj. 无脊骨的, 无骨气的, 无脊椎的

fauna [fau·na || 'f??n?]

n. 动物群

Atlantic [At·lan·tic || ?t'l?nt?k]

adj. 大西洋的

occur [oc·cur || ?'k?r /?'k??]

v. 发生, 出现

task [t?sk /tɑ?sk]

n. 工作, 作业, 任务

v. 派给...任务; 使辛劳; 要...做一项工作; 使做艰苦的工作 dome [d??m]

n. 圆屋顶, 穹窿, 圆盖; 苍穹; 半球形物; 大厦

buried

adj. 埋葬的

beneath [be·neath || b?'ni?θ]

adv. 在...之下

penetrate [pen·e·trate || 'pen?tre?t]

v. 穿透, 看穿, 渗透; 刺入, 渗透, 看穿

crystalline [crys·tal·line || 'kr?st?la?n]

adj. 水晶的, 结晶性的, 透明的

proceed [pro·ceed || pr?'s??d]

v. 继续进行; 开始, 出发, 着手; 继续做下去; 进行, 开展 objective [ob·jec·tive || ?b'd?ekt?v] = purpose

n. 目的, 实物, 受格

adj. 客观的, 受词的, 外在的

purpose [pur·pose || 'p?rp?s /'p??-]

n. 目的, 决心, 意向

v. 意欲, 计划, 企图

cruise [kru?z]

n. 巡航, 漫游, 巡弋

v. 巡游; 巡航; 巡航于; 缓慢巡行于; 航游于; 慢速行驶于 pebble [peb·ble || 'pebl]

n. 小圆石, 小鹅卵石

v. 用卵石铺; 在上印卵石花纹; 用卵石连续扔

nearby [near·by || ?n?r'ba? /n??-]

adj. 附近的, 近旁的

adv. 在附近

gypsum [gyp·sum || 'd??ps?m]

n. 石膏

peculiarity [pe·cu·li·ar·i·ty || p??kju?l?'?r?t?]

n. 特质, 怪癖, 特性

crystalline [crys·tal·line || 'kr?st?la?n]

adj. 水晶的, 结晶性的, 透明的

barrel [bar·rel || 'b?r?l]

n. 桶

v. 装入桶内; 高速行进

silt [s?lt]

n. 淤泥

v. 淤塞; 使淤塞

score [sk?r /sk??] = large numbers

n. 得分, 比数; 总谱, 乐谱; 成绩, 分数; 配乐

v. 得, 记; 使得分; 给...打分, 给...评分; 记分; 得胜, 成功; 得分; 刻痕 extermination [ex·ter·mi·na·tion || ?k?st??m?'ne??n]

n. 消灭; 根绝

organism [or·gan·ism || '?rg?n?zm /'??g-]

n. 生物, 社会组织, 有机体

tolerant ['tol·er·ant || 'tɑl?r?nt /'t?l-]

adj. 容忍的; 有耐药力的; 宽恕的

brine [bra?n]

n. 盐水

calcium [cal·ci·um || 'k?ls??m]

n. 钙

precipitate [pre'cip·i·tate || pr?'s?p?te?t]

n. 沉淀物

v. 猛抛, 促成, 使陷入; 猛地落下

adj. 突如其来的, 贸然轻率的, 陡然下降的

soluble [sol·u·ble || 'sɑlj?bl /'s?lj?bl]

adj. 溶解的, 可以解决的, 可溶解的

crustal

adj. 地壳的

As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded

spectacularly back into the Mediterranean.

The Mediterranean was dramatically refilled by water fron the Alantic when crustal adjustments and faulting opened the strait of Gibraltar, the place where the two seas are joined.

strait [stre?t]

n. 海峡, 困难

adj. 困难的, 狭窄的, 窘迫的

cascade [cas·cade || k?'ske?d]

n. 小瀑布; 波浪, 波状物, 纺织品或头发的花边; (因特网用语) 在因特网上旧信息被引出文字的附加

v. 使瀑布似地落下; 使串联; 使联成系列; 成瀑布落下

turbulent ['tur·bu·lent || 't?rbj?l?nt /'t??bj?l-]

adj. 狂暴的, 吵闹的

tear [t?r /t??]

n. 撕, 扯; 撕裂处, 扯破的洞#眼泪; 泪珠

v. 扯; 撕破; 撕; 被撕裂; 飞跑; 被扯破; 狂奔; 流泪; 含泪

basin [ba·sin || 'be?sn]

n. 盆; 水池; 盆地

gravel [grav·el || 'gr?vl]

n. 砂砾; 砂砾层

v. 铺碎石, 使搁浅, 使困惑

abundant [a'bundant || -nt]

adj. 大量的; 丰富的; 充足的; 富裕的

Ancient Rome and Greece (TPO7)

ancient [an·cient || 'e?n??nt]

adj. 远古的, 年老的, 旧的

n. 老人, 年高德劭者#古代人

Greece

n. 希腊

cohesiveness [co'he·sive·ness || -i?s?vn?s]

n. 粘合, 聚合; 团结, 结合在一起

Like the stones of a Roman wall which were held together both by the regularity of the design and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical,

organizational, and psychological controls.

Several types of control united the roman relam, just as design and cement held roman walls together.

peculiarly [p?'kju?l??(r)l?]

adv. 奇怪地, 古怪地; 独特地, 有特色地; 特别, 尤其

massive [mas·sive || 'm?s?v]

adj. 大而重的, 宏伟的, 宽大的

monolithic [mon·o·lith·ic || 'mɑn??l?θ?k /'m?-]

adj. 独块巨石的; 庞大的; 整体的

entity [en·ti·ty || 'ent?t?]

n. 实体; 本质; 存在

physical ['phys·i·cal || 'f?z?kl]

n. 体格检查

adj. 身体的, 自然的, 物质的

psychological [,psy·cho'log·i·cal || ?sa?k?'lɑd??kl]

adj. 心理学的, 心灵的, 精神上的

bond [b?nd]

n. 结合, 契约, 债券

v. 以...作保; 使...粘合; 以...作抵押; 使结合; 粘合; 团结在一起; 结合

garrison [gar·ri·son || 'g?r?sn]

n. 守备队, 要塞, 驻军

v. 守备, 使当守备队镇守, 派兵驻守

organizational [,or·gan·i'za·tion·al || ??rg?na?'ze???nl /???g?n?-]

adj. 组织的; 编制的

principle [prin·ci·ple || 'pr?ns?pl]

n. 原则; 主义; 原理; 信条

universal [u·ni·ver·sal || ?ju?n?'v?rsl /-'v??sl]

n. 一般概念

adj. 普遍的, 通用的, 全体的

psychological [,psy·cho'log·i·cal || ?sa?k?'lɑd??kl]

adj. 心理学的, 心灵的, 精神上的

punishment ['pun·ish·ment || 'p?n??m?nt]

n. 处罚, 惩罚, 刑罚

threatened

adj. 受到威胁的

authority [au·thor·i·ty || ??'θ?r?t?]

n. 专家, 权威, 威信

utterly ['ut·ter·ly || '?t?rl?]

adv. 完全, 绝对, 全然

obsession [ob·ses·sion || ?b'se?n]

n. 迷住, 困扰

obsession with = fixation with

cohesion [co·he·sion || k??'hi??n]

n. 结合, 内聚, 凝聚

pattern [pat·tern || 'p?t?(r)n]

n. 花样, 图案; 格局; 形态, 样式; 样品, 样本

v. 模仿, 以图案装饰, 仿造; 形成图案

assemble [as·sem·ble || ?'sembl]

v. 集合; 装配; 聚集; 集会, 集合, 聚集

territorial [ter·ri·to·ri·al || ?ter?'t??r??l]

adj. 领土的, 地方的, 土地的

Alexander III 1

Alexander III(1), Known as “Alexander the Great.” 356-323 B.C.

King of Macedonia (336-323) and conquerer of Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, Babylonia, and Persia. His reign marked the beginning of the Hellenistic Age.

亚历山大大帝

undeniable

adj. 不可否认的

legion [le·gion || 'l??d??n]

n. 军团, 众多的人, 军队

foster [fos·ter || 'fɑst?(r) ,'f?- /'f?s-] = encourage

v. 养育; 培养; 抚育

encourage [en·cour·age || ?n'k?r?d?]

v. 鼓励, 激励, 支持

encourage (ěn-k?r?j, -kr-)

tr.v. en·cour·aged, en·cour·ag·ing, en·cour·ag·es

To inspire with hope, courage, or confidence; hearten.

To give support to; foster: policies designed to encourage private investment. To stimulate; spur: burning the field to encourage new plant growth.

fertile [fer·tile || 'f?rtl /'f??ta?l]

adj. 肥沃的, 能生产的, 生产多的

originate [o·rig·i·nate || ?'r?d??ne?t]

v. 引起; 发明; 创始; 创作; 发源; 产生; 来自

genius [ge·ni·us || 'd???n??s]

n. 天才; 天才人物; 天赋

property [prop·er·ty || 'prɑp?(r)t? /'pr?-]

n. 财产, 性质, 所有权

settlement [set·tle·ment || 'setlm?nt]

n. 解决; 殖民; 清算, 结帐; 定居

administration [ad·min·is·tra·tion || ?d?m?n?'stre??n]

n. 经营, 管理; 行政, 施政; 监督; 管理部门; 行政部门

attachment [at'tach·ment || -t?m?nt]

n. 附属; 安装; 感情的依属; 连接; 征用; 附属物; 附加的文件, 与电子邮件同时发送的文件 (计算机用语)

stability [sta·bil·i·ty || st?'b?l?t?]

n. 稳定, 稳定性; 坚定; 安定; 恒心

virtue [vir·tue || 'v?rtju? /'v??-]

n. 德行, 贞操, 美德

responsibility [re·spon·si·bil·i·ty || r??spɑns?'b?l?t? /-p?n-]

n. 责任, 负担, 职责

devotion [de'vo·tion || -???n]

n. 热爱; 投入

exploitation [ex·ploi·ta·tion || ?ekspl??'te??n] n. 开发; 利用; 开采; 剥削

plain [ple?n]

n. 平原, 草原

adj. 简单的, 平常的, 明白的

adv. 清楚地

basin [ba·sin || 'be?sn]

n. 盆; 水池; 盆地

stability [sta·bil·i·ty || st?'b?l?t?]

n. 稳定, 稳定性; 坚定; 安定; 恒心

infinitely ['in·fi·nite·ly || ?nf?ln?tl?]

adv. 无限地; 无穷地

strength [stre?θ] n. 力, 力气, 力量; 效力; 实力; 强度

predispose [pre·dis·pose || ?pr??d?'sp??z] v. 预先安排, 使偏向于

imitator ['im·i·ta·tor || ?m?te?t?(r)]

n. 模仿者; 仿效者

division [di·vi·sion || d?'v??n]

n. 区分, 分开, 除法; 部门

disgusted [dis'gust·ed || -t?d]

adj. 厌恶的; 厌烦的

impress [im·press || ?m'pres]

v. 使有印象, 铭刻, 印; 强迫...服役; 强征; 强征...入伍 thoroughly [thor·ough·ly || 'θ?r??l? /'θ?r?-]

adv. 十分地, 彻底地

worship [wor·ship || 'w?r??p /'w??-]

n. 崇拜, 尊敬, 礼拜

v. 崇拜, 尊敬; 敬神, 拜神

subtlety ['sub·tle·ty || 's?btlt?]

n. 稀薄, 精明, 微妙

derivative [de·riv·a·tive || d?'r?v?t?v]

n. 引出之物, 衍生字, 系出物

adj. 引出的; 系出的

novelty ['nov·el·ty || 'nɑvlt? /'n?v-]

n. 新颖, 新鲜, 新奇

surpass [sur·pass || s?r'p?s /s?'pɑ?s]

v. 超越, 胜过

disdain [dis·dain || d?s'de?n]

n. 轻蔑, 鄙视; 骄傲自大

v. 蔑视; 鄙弃

intellectual [in·tel·lec·tu·al || ??nt?'lekt???l] n. 知识分子

adj. 智力的, 聪明的, 知性的

sphere [sf?r/sf??] = area

n. 球; 球形; 球体; 球面

（活动，工作，知识等）范围，领域

势力范围，影响所及的范围

area [ar·e·a || 'e?r??]

n. 区域; 面积; 范围

Agriculture, Iron, and the Bantu Peoples (TPO7) iron [i·ron || 'a??(r)n]

n. 铁; 坚强; 熨斗

v. 用铁铸成; 熨, 烫平; 用铁包; 烫衣服

adj. 铁的; 残酷的; 刚强的

prior to

在前; 居先

Sahara

n. 撒哈拉沙漠; 荒野, 不毛之地

push [p??]

n. 推; 奋发, 奋进, 努力; 推进; 冲劲, 进取心

v. 推; 挤出前进; 推动, 推进; 逼迫; 推, 增加, 推进

scattered [scat·tered || 'sk?t?rd /t?d]

adj. 散乱的; 散布的

secure [se·cure || s?'kj?r /-'kj??]

v. 把...弄牢; 使安全; 关紧; 掩护

adj. 安全的, 放心的, 可靠的

concentration [con·cen·tra·tion || ?k?ns?n'tre??n]

n. 集中; 专心; 集合

domesticated

adj. 喜欢家庭生活的; 被驯养了的

sorghum

n. 高粱, 蜀黍; 高粱糖浆, 过甜的东西

diffuse [dif·fuse || d?'fju?z]

v. 使四散, 扩散; 传播; 使渗出; 散布; 四散, 扩散; 传播; 渗出; 散布 adj. 散开的; 弥漫的

variety [va·ri·e·ty || v?'ra??t?]

n. 变化, 种种, 多样性

proposed [pr?'p??zd]

adj. 被提议的; 所推荐的

crop [kr?p]

n. 农作物; 平头; 产量

v. 收割; 种植; 修剪; 收获

millet [mil·let || 'm?l?t]

n. 稷, 玉蜀黍之类, 栗

livestock ['live·stock || 'la?vst??k]

n. 家畜; 牲畜

Africa

n. 非洲

Asia

n. 亚洲

invader [in'vad·er || ?n've?d?(r)]

n. 入侵者, 侵略者; 侵入物

chariot [char·i·ot || 't??r??t]

n. 双轮战车

traverse [trav·erse || 'tr?v?(r)s]

v. 横过, 经过, 穿过; 横越, 旋转, 横断

adj. 横断的, 横的

savannah [sa·van·nah || s?'v?n?]

n. 大草原

cavalry [cav·al·ry || 'k?vlr?]

n. 骑兵, 骑兵部队; 装甲兵, 装甲部队

profound [pro·found || pr?'fa?nd] = far-reaching

n. 深渊; 深处; 深海

adj. 极深的, 深厚的, 深奥的

far-reaching (f?rrēch?ng)adj.

Having a wide range, influence, or effect: the far-reaching implications of a major new epidemic.

ritual [rit·u·al || 'r?t???l] = ceremonial

n. 仪式, 宗教仪式, 典礼

adj. 仪式的, 依仪式而行的

ceremonial [cer·e·mo·ni·al || ?ser?'m??nj?l]

n. 仪式

adj. 正式的

symbolic [sym·bol·ic· || s?m'bɑl?k /-'b?l-]

adj. 象征的, 象征性的; 象征主义的; 作为象征的; 符号的

productive [pro·duc·tive || pr?'d?kt?v]

adj. 生产的, 生产性的; 多产的; 丰饶的; 肥沃的

represent [rep·re·sent || ?repr?'zent]

v. 描绘, 表现; 表示; 象征; 作为...的代表

complexity [com·plex·i·ty || k?m'pleks?t?]

n. 复杂; 复杂性; 复杂的事物

warrior [war·ri·or || 'wɑr??(r) ,'w?- /'w?-]

n. 战士, 武士, 勇士

Unlike in the Americas, where metallurgy was a very late and limited development,

Africans had iron from a relatively early date, developing ingenious furnaces to produce

the high heat needed for production and to control the amount of air that reached the carbon and iron ore necessary for making iron.

Africans produced iron much earlier than Americans, inventing technologically sophisticated heating systems.

basic [bas·ic || 'be?s?k]

adj. 基本的; 碱性的

flee [fl??] = running away from

v. 逃, 消失; 逃避; 逃走; 逃跑

opponent [op·po·nent || ?'p??n?nt]

n. 对手, 反对者, 敌手 adj. 敌对的, 反对的

tongue [t??]

n. 舌, 讲话的方式, 语言能力

mystery [mys·ter·y || 'm?st?r?]

n. 神秘的事物; 谜; 难以理解的事物; 神秘, 秘密

archaeologist [ar·chae·ol·o·gist || ?ɑ?k?'?l?d??st]

n. 考古学家

conquer [con·quer || 'k??k?]

v. 征服; 占领; 战胜; 得胜

accompany [ac·com·pa·ny || ?'k?mp?n?]

v. 陪同, 伴随; 随着...发生; 为...伴唱, 为...伴奏; 伴唱, 伴奏

explosion [ex·plo·sion || ?k'spl???n]

n. 爆发; 爆炸; 发出

The Rise of Teotihuacán(TPO8)

Teotihuacán (tā?-tēw?-k?n, těō-)

An ancient city of central Mexico northeast of present-day Mexico City. Its ruins include the Pyramid of the Sun and the Temple of Quetzalcoatl.

rise [ra?z]

n. 上升, 上涨, 增加

v. 上升; 上涨; 升起; 升高; 使飞起

height [ha?t]

n. 高度; 高地; 海拔

apartment [a·part·ment || ?'pɑ?tm?nt]

n. 公寓

complex [com·plex || 'k?mpleks]

n. 复合物, 综合体; 综合设施; 集团; 情结

adj. 复杂的, 合成的

administrative [ad'min·is·tra·tive || -tr?t?v]

adj. 管理的; 行政的

massive [mas·sive || 'm?s?v] = very large

adj. 大而重的, 宏伟的, 宽大的

edifice [ed·i·fice || 'ed?f?s]

n. 大厦; 大建筑物

pinpoint = identify precisely

n. 极小之物, 针尖

v. 刺破, 刺穿; 准确地确定; 用针标出...的精确位置; 使突出 adj. 针尖的, 精确的, 极微的

geographic [ge·o·graph·ic || d???'gr?f?k]

adj. 地理学的; 地理的

obsidian [?b's?d??n]

n. 黑曜石

ingenuity [in·ge·nu·i·ty || ??nd??'nu??t? /-'nju-] = cleverness n. 智巧, 精巧的设计, 创造力

eliminate [e·lim·i·nate || ?'l?m?ne?t]

v. 除去, 剔除, 排除

cleverness ['clev·er·ness || 'klev?rn?s]

n. 聪明, 伶俐; 机敏; 灵巧; 巧妙

shrine [?ra?n]

n. 圣坛; 圣祠; 神龛; 神殿

v. 将...置于神龛内

predominant [pre'dom·inant || pr?'dɑm?n?nt /-'d?-] = principal adj. 优越的, 有力的, 卓越的

principal [prin·ci·pal || 'pr?ns?pl]

n. 校长, 本金, 首长

adj. 主要的, 首要的, 重要的

indicate [in·di·cate || '?nd?ke?t]

v. 指出; 象征; 显示

scarce [skers /ske?s]

adj. 缺乏的; 稀有的, 珍贵的; 不足的 adv. 仅仅; 几乎没有; 几乎不

commodity [com·mod·i·ty || k?'m?d?t?] n. 日用品, 有用的物品, 商品

available [a'vail·a·ble || -l?bl]

adj. 有空的, 有用的

exploit [ex·ploit || ?k'spl??t]

n. 功绩, 勋绩

v. 开拓; 开采; 开发

prosperous ['pros·per·ous || 'prɑspr?s /'pr?-] adj. 成功的, 顺利的, 繁盛的

prosperity [pros·per·i·ty || prɑ'sper?t? /pr?-] n. 繁荣, 成功, 幸运

exotic [ex·ot·ic || ?g'z?t?k]

adj. 异国的, 外来的

resident ['res·i·dent || 'rez?d?nt]

n. 居民, 定居者; 住院医生; 侨民

adj. 居住的, 定居的; 住校的; 常驻的; 住院的 variety [va·ri·e·ty || v?'ra??t?]

n. 变化, 种种, 多样性

immigrant [im·mi·grant || '?m?gr?nt] n. 移民

irrigate [ir·ri·gate || '?r?ge?t]

v. 灌溉, 使潮湿, 冲洗伤口; 进行灌溉

consciously ['con·scious·ly || 'kɑn??sl?/'k?n-] adv. 有意识地; 自觉地

conflict [con·flict || 'k?nfl?kt]

n. 冲突, 争执, 矛盾

v. 矛盾, 冲突; 倾轧; 斗争, 战斗

thrive [θra?v]

v. 繁荣, 茁壮成长, 兴旺

artifact [ar·ti·fact || 'ɑ?t?f?kt]

n. 人工制品; 加工品; 手工艺品 Extinction of the Dinosaurs (TPO8)

paleozoic [pa·le·o·zo·ic || ?pe?l???'z???k /?p?l-]

adj. 古生代的

Mesozoic [Mes·o·zo·ic || ?mes??'z???k]

adj. 中生代的

Jurassic [Ju·ras·sic || ?d???'r?s?k]

n. 侏罗纪

adj. 侏罗纪的, 侏罗系的

cretaceous [cre·ta·ceous || kr?'te???s]

adj. 白垩的; 含白垩的

cenozoic

adj. 新生界的

paleontologist [pa·le·on·tol·o·gist || ?pe?l?ɑn'tɑl?d??st /?p?l??n't?-] n. 古生物学者

demise [de·mise || d?'ma?z]

v. 让渡; 转让; 遗赠

n. 死亡; 转让; 终止; 遗赠

climatic [cli·mat·ic || kla?'m?t?k]

adj. 气候上的

alteration [al·ter·a·tion || ???lt?'re??n]

n. 变更, 改变, 修改; 变样

continent ['con·ti·nent || 'kɑntn?nt /'k?nt?n?nt]

n. 大陆, 陆地; 欧洲大陆; 大洲

tectonics [tec'ton·ics || tek'tɑn?ks /-t?]

n. 构造学; 大地构造学

flourish [flour·ish || 'fl?r?? /'fl?r-]

n. 茂盛; 华饰; 兴旺

v. 繁荣; 活跃; 茂盛; 挥舞; 装饰; 炫耀, 夸耀

extensive [ex·ten·sive || ?k'stens?v]

adj. 广的, 多方面的, 广泛的

diverse [di·verse || da?'v??s]

adj. 不同的; 变化多的

preserve [pre·serve || pr?'z?rv /-'z??v]

n. 蜜饯, 禁猎地, 果酱

v. 保存, 保藏; 保护; 防腐; 维护; 做蜜饯, 禁猎

mild [ma?ld]

adj. 温和的; 淡味的; 温柔的

frigid [frig·id || 'fr?d??d]

adj. 寒冷的, 冷淡的, 严寒的

buffer [buf·fer || 'b?f?]

n. 缓冲存储器; 分隔, 划分; 记忆里被指定为暂时存储的位置 (计算机用语); 减震器; 起缓冲作用的人

relatively ['rel?t?vl?]

adv. 相对地, 比较而言; 相当地

adequacy [ad·e·qua·cy || '?d?kw?s?]

n. 适当; 足够; 恰当

crocodile [croc·o·dile || 'kr?k?da?l]

n. 鳄鱼; 鳄鱼皮

turtle [tur·tle || 't?rtl /'t??-]

n. 海龟; 甲鱼; 龟; 玳瑁

lizard [liz·ard || 'l?z?(r)d]

n. 蜥蜴

cope [k??p]=adapt

n. 斗篷式长袍; 笼罩, 遮盖物; 法衣

v. 竞争; 对付, 妥善处理; 加盖于

adapt [a·dapt || ?'d?pt]

v. 使适应, 使适合; 改建, 改造; 改编, 改写; 适应

fluctuation [fluc·tu·a·tion || ?fl?kt??'e??n]=variation

n. 波动; 动摇; 变动

variation [var·i·a·tion || ?ver?'e??n /?ve?r-]

n. 变更, 变种, 变化

initially [in'i·tial·ly || ?'n???l?]

adv. 最初; 开头

Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record as one moves from layers of rock documenting the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic (the era after the Mesozoic).

The fossil record suggests that there was an abrupt extinction of many plants and animals at the end of the Mesozoic era.

layer [lay·er || 'le??(r)]

n. 层; 地层; 阶层; 铺设者

v. 分层堆积, 压植; 以压条法繁殖

deposit [de·pos·it || d?'p?z?t]

n. 存款, 堆积物, 定金

v. 存放; 堆积; 沉淀

represent [rep·re·sent || ?repr?'zent]

v. 描绘, 表现; 表示; 象征; 作为...的代表

bombard [bom·bard || b?m'bɑ?d]=strike

v. 炮击, 轰击, 攻击

strike [stra?k]

n. 打击; 空袭; 攻击; 罢工, 罢市, 罢课

v. 打, 攻击, 击; 咬伤; 抓伤; 侵袭; 打, 抓, 打击

disruption [dis'rup·tion || -p?n]=disturbance

n. 分裂; 瓦解; 崩溃

disturbance [dis·turb·ance || d?'st??b?ns]

n. 扰乱, 忧虑, 不安

episode [ep·i·sode || 'ep?s??d]

n. 插曲, 有趣的事件, 插话

critic [crit·ic || 'kr?t?k]

n. 批评家, 鉴定家

numerous [nu·mer·ous || 'nu?m?r?s /'nju-]

adj. 很多的, 多数的, 数目众多的

dissatisfaction [dis·sat·is·fac·tion || 'd?s?s?t?s'f?k?n]

n. 不满, 不平

observation [ob·ser·va·tion || ?ɑbz?r've??n /??bz?-]

n. 观察; 观察力; 观测; 言论, 意见

abruptly [?'br?ptl?]

adv. 突然地; 唐突地, 鲁莽地; 意外地; 陡峭地

document [doc·u·ment || 'd?kj?m?nt]

n. 文件, 公文; 证书, 提供信息和证明的文件; 契约, 书写文件; 包含使用者工作产品的数据文件 (计算机用语)

v. 证明, 为...引证

iridium [i·rid·i·um || a?'r?d??m ,?'r-]

n. 铱, 白金、铂类的金属元素; (无线通讯用语) 可以使手提电话在全世界任何地方使用的现代卫星通讯系统

meteorite ['me·te·or·ite || 'm??t??ra?t]

n. 陨星

calculation [calcu·la·tion || ?k?lkj?'le??n]

n. 计算; 估计, 预测, 推测; 计算结果; 深思熟虑

inhibit [in·hib·it || ?n'h?b?t]

v. 禁止, 抑制

photosynthesis ['f??t??'s?nθ?s?s]

n. 光合作用

eradicate [e'rad·i·cate || -ke?t]

v. 根除, 根绝, 扑灭

Running Water on Mars (TPO8)

merge [m?rd? /m??d?]= combine

v. 使合并; 使同化; 使融合; 合并; 同化; 融合

combine [com·bine || k?m'ba?n]

n. 集团; 联合收割打谷机; 企业联合

v. 使结合; 兼有, 兼备; 使联合; 使化合; 结合; 化合; 联合 relic [rel·ic || 'rel?k] = remains

n. 遗物, 废墟, 遗迹

remains

n. 剩余; 遗体; 遗迹; 遗骨

catastrophic [cat·a·stroph·ic || ?k?t?'str?f?k(l)]

adj. 灾难的; 悲惨的; 激变的; 惨败的

equatorial [e·qua·to·ri·al || ?ekw?'t??r??l]

adj. 赤道的; 酷热的; 赤道附近的

resemble [re·sem·ble || r?'zembl]

v. 相似, 象, 类似

extensive [ex·ten·sive || ?k'stens?v]

adj. 广的, 多方面的, 广泛的

valley [val·ley || 'v?l?]

n. 山谷, 流域, 溪谷

miniature [min·i·a·ture || 'm?n?t??r /-t??]=small

n. 缩图, 小画像

adj. 小规模的, 纤小的

small [sm??l]

n. 细小的部分; 矮小的人; 小件物品

adj. 小的, 小型的, 少的

adv. 小声地; 小气地; 小小地, 细小地; 卑鄙地

onrushing ['ɑnr???? /'?n-]

adj. 猛冲的, 汹涌的

teardrop

n. 泪珠; 泪痕; 泪珠状物

plain [ple?n]

n. 平原, 草原

adj. 简单的, 平常的, 明白的

adv. 清楚地

flow [fl??]

n. 流程, 涨潮, 流动

v. 流动; 涨, 泛滥; 川流不息; 涌出; 溢过; 淹没

tide [ta?d]

n. 潮, 潮汐; 浪潮; 潮水; 潮流

v. 潮水般地奔流; 顺潮行驶; 使随潮漂流

Amazon [Am·a·zon || '?m?zɑn /-zn]

n. 亚马逊, 南美的河流; (希腊神话中的) 女杰 ; (计算机用语) 网上书店, 因特网上的书店)

n. 亚马孙; 女杰; 亚马孙族#亚马孙河; 女杰; 亚马孙族

interpret [in·ter·pret || ?n't?rpr?t /-'t??p-] v. 解释, 诠释, 说明; 口译, 翻译; 理解; 演奏, 演; 作解释; 作口译, 当翻译 extent [ex·tent || ?k'stent]

n. 范围, 区域, 程度

detractor [de'trac·tor || -t?]

n. 诽谤者; 恶意批评者

terrace [ter·race || 'ter?s]

n. 大阳台; 平台屋顶; 露台; 露天阶梯看台

v. 使成梯形地, 使有平台屋顶

hemisphere [hem·i·sphere || 'hem??sf?r /-?sf??]

n. 半球, 大脑半球, 地球的半面

hint [h?nt]=clue

n. 暗示, 提示

v. 暗示, 示意; 作暗示, 示意

clue [klu?]

n. 线索, 提示, 迹象#情节

v. 为...提供线索; 为...提供情况, 告知

ancient [an·cient || 'e?n??nt]

adj. 远古的, 年老的, 旧的

n. 老人, 年高德劭者#古代人

outflow

n. 流出, 流出物

virtually ['vir·tu·al·ly || 'v?rt??l? /'v??t-]

adv. 事实上, 实质上

equatorial [e·qua·to·ri·al || ?ekw?'t??r??l]

adj. 赤道的; 酷热的; 赤道附近的

extensive [ex·ten·sive || ?k'stens?v]

adj. 广的, 多方面的, 广泛的

interconnect

v. 互连; 互相联系; 使互相连接, 连接的; 连接, 连系 (计算机用语)

torrid [tor·rid || 'tɑr?d /'t?r-]

adj. 晒热的; 炎热的, 灼热的; 烘热的; 热情的, 狂热的

speculate [spec·u·late || 'spekj?le?t /-j?l-]

v. 深思, 投机, 推测; 推测, 推断

specialist ['spe·cial·ist || 'spe??l?st]

n. 专科医师, 专家

Martian [Mar·ti·an || 'mɑ??j?n]

n. 火星人

adj. 战神的; 火星的

But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water.

But the detractors argue that the terraces may have been formed by geological activity rather than by the presence of water.

carbonate ['car·bon·ate || 'kɑrb?n?t /'kɑ?b-]

n. 碳酸盐

v. 使变成碳酸盐; 使充满二氧化碳

carbon [car·bon || 'kɑ?b?n]

n. 碳; 复写的副本; 复写纸; 碳精棒

oxygen [ox·y·gen || 'ɑks?d??n /'?k-]

n. 氧

absence [ab·sence || '?bs?ns]

n. 不在; 缺席; 缺乏

gully [gul·ly || 'g?l?]

n. 小峡谷; 水沟, 沟渠; 冲沟#小峡谷, 排水沟

inconclusive [in·con·clu·sive || ??nk?n'klu?s?v]

adj. 非决定性的, 不得要领的, 不确定的

unproven

adj. 未经证明的

extent [ex·tent || ?k'stent]

n. 范围, 区域, 程度

permafrost [per·ma·frost || 'p?rm?fr?st /'p??m?fr?st]

n. 永久冻土层

polar [po·lar || 'p??l?(r)]

adj. 两极的, 南辕北辙的, 极地的 Colonizing America via the Northwest Coast(TPO9)

colonize (Amer.) ['col·o·nize || 'kɑl?na?z /'k?l-]

v. 殖民于, 移植; 开拓殖民地; 移居于殖民地

migration [mi·gra·tion || ma?'gre??n]

n. 迁移, 从一个国家迁移到另一个国家的过程; 移民群; 流浪; 移栖动物群; 从一个站台或操作系统上移到另一个 (计算机用语)

Asia

n. 亚洲

Alaska

n. 阿拉斯加州

craft [krɑ?ft]

n. 技艺, 诡计, 手艺

v. 精巧地制作

corridor [cor·ri·dor || 'k?r?d??]

n. 走廊, 回廊

stretch [stret?]

n. 伸展, 连绵, 张开

v. 伸直; 伸长; 伸出; 拉直; 伸缩, 延伸; 连绵; 延续; 舒展肢体, 伸懒腰

glacier [gla·ci·er || 'gle???r /'gl?s??]

n. 冰河

demonstrate [dem·on·strate || 'dem?nstre?t]

v. 论证, 证明; 示范操作, 展示; 说明, 教; 显示, 表露; 示威

radiocarbon ['re?d???'kɑrb?n /-'kɑ?b-]

n. 放射性炭素, 炭素的放射性同位元素

existence [ex'ist·ence || -t?ns]

n. 存在; 生活; 实在

persuasively [p?(r)'swe?s?vl?] = carefully

adv. 口才好地; 令人信服地

crumble ['crum·ble || 'kr?mbl]

v. 粉碎, 弄碎; 摧毁, 破坏; 破碎, 碎裂; 崩溃, 消失, 灭亡

carefully

adv. 小心谨慎地; 仔细地; 警惕地; 周密地

retreat [re·treat || r?'tr??t]

n. 撤退; 降旗号; 撤退信号; 隐退处

v. 撤退, 退却; 使往后移; 使后退

alternative [al'ter·na·tive || -n?t?v]

n. 选择, 二择一; 选择的自由; 供选择的东西

adj. 两者择一的; 替代的; 非此即彼的; 供选择的

watercraft

n. 驾船技能; 船只

initially [in'i·tial·ly || ?'n???l?]

adv. 最初; 开头

plausible [plau·si·ble || 'pl??z?bl]

adj. 貌似真实的, 貌似有理的; 花言巧语的; 貌似可信的

prior to = before

在前; 居先

prior to prep.

Preceding; before: “prior to the changes of ownership and editorship” (Brendan Gill). continental [con·ti·nen·tal || ?k?nt?'nentl]

adj. 大陆的, 洲的

glacier [gla·ci·er || 'gle???r /'gl?s??]

n. 冰河

archaeologist [ar·chae·ol·o·gist || ?ɑ?k?'?l?d??st]

n. 考古学家

geologist [ge·ol·o·gist || d??'ɑl?d??st /-'?l-]

n. 地质学者

entire [en·tire || ?n'ta??]

adj. 全体的, 全部的, 完全的

shelf [?elf]

n. 架子, 搁板

submerge [sub·merge || s?b'm?rd? /-'m??-]

v. 使浸水, 淹没, 使陷入; 潜入水中, 淹没; 湮没, 消失

Fladmark’s hypothesis received additional support form from the fact that the greatest diversity in native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americas, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest.

The fact that the greatest diversity of Native American languages occursalong the west coastof the Americas lends strength to Fladmark’s hypothesis.

refuge [ref·uge || 'refju?d?]

n. 躲避; 庇护; 避难; 避难所

v. 接纳...避难; 给予...庇护; 避难; 逃避

settled ['set·tled || 'setld]

adj. 固定的, 不变的, 决定的

document [doc·u·ment || 'd?kj?m?nt]

n. 文件, 公文; 证书, 提供信息和证明的文件; 契约, 书写文件; 包含使用者工作产品的数据文件 (计算机用语)

v. 证明, 为...引证

coastal ['coast·al || 'ko?stl]

adj. 海岸的, 沿岸的, 沿海的

approximately [ap'prox·i·mate·ly || -l?]

adv. 大概; 近乎

vast [v?st /vɑ?st] = huge

adj. 巨大的, 非常的, 广大的

huge [hju?d?]

adj. 巨大的; 无限的; 极大的

inhospitable [in·hos·pi·ta·ble || '?nhɑ'sp?t?bl ,?n'hɑs- /'?nh?'s- ,?n'h?s-] = not suitable adj. 冷淡的, 不亲切的, 不和气的

suitable ['suit·a·ble || 'su?t?bl]

adj. 适当的; 适宜的; 合适的

colonization (Amer.) [col·o·ni·za·tion || ?k?l?na?'ze??n]

n. 殖民地的开拓, 殖民; 殖民地化

hospitable [hos·pi·ta·ble || 'hɑsp?t?bl ,'hɑ'sp? /'h?sp?t?bl ,h?'sp-] adj. 好客的, 招待周到的 impetus [im·pe·tus || '?mp?t?s] = incentive

n. 推动, 促进; 刺激; 推动力; 冲力

incentive [in·cen·tive || ?n'sent?v]

n. 动机

adj. 激励的 Reflection in Teaching(TPO9)

reflection [re'flec·tion || r?'flek?n]

n. 反射; 反射光, 回声; 回响; 映象, 倒影

conscious

adj. 有意识的, 觉察的, 知觉的

scheme [sk??m]

n. 方案, 图谋, 体制

v. 计划; 策划, 密谋; 设计; 拟订计划; 搞阴谋

justified = supported

adj. 有正当理由的; 情有可原的

support [sup·port || s?'p?rt /-'p??t]

n. 支撑; 支援, 支持

v. 支撑, 扶持, 支托; 资助; 支持, 赞成, 拥护; 忍受, 忍耐 intellectually [in·tel·lec·tu·al·ly || ??nt?'lekt???l?]

adv. 智力上

paucity [pau·ci·ty || 'p??s?t?]

n. 少数, 缺乏, 少量

flourish [flour·ish || 'fl?r?? /'fl?r-] succeed

n. 茂盛; 华饰; 兴旺

v. 繁荣; 活跃; 茂盛; 挥舞; 装饰; 炫耀, 夸耀

succeed [suc·ceed || s?k's??d]

v. 成功, 办妥; 发迹; 获得成效; 兴旺; 继承, 接替

guidance ['guid·ance || ga?dns]

n. 指导; 领导

literature [lit·er·a·ture || 'l?t?r?t??r /-t??]

n. 文学; 著作; 文艺

reality [re·al·i·ty || r?'?l?t?]

n. 现实; 事实, 实际存在的事物; 真实; 逼真 void [v??d]

n. 空虚, 真空, 空间

adj. 空的, 空闲的, 无人的

abstraction [ab'strac·tion || -k?n]

n. 抽象; 抽象概念; 抽象名称; 提炼

event [e·vent || ?'vent]

n. 事件, 竞赛, 结果

issue [is·sue || '??u?]

n. 发行, 后果, 问题

v. 发行; 造成...结果; 流出; 使流出; 发行; 放出 manner [man·ner || 'm?n?(r)]

n. 样子, 风格, 礼貌

objective [ob·jec·tive || ?b'd?ekt?v] = unbiased n. 目的, 实物, 受格

adj. 客观的, 受词的, 外在的

unbiased

adj. 没有偏见的

initial [in·i·tial || ?'n??l]

n. 起首字母; 首字母

v. 签姓名的首字母

adj. 开始的, 字首的, 最初的

utilitarian [u·til·i·tar·i·an || ?ju?t?l?'ter??n /-'te?r-] n. 功利论者, 功利主义者

adj. 功利的, 功利主义的, 实利的

compelling [com'pel·ling || -l??] = persuasive adj. 强制的, 令人注目的, 强迫性的

persuasive [per'sua·sive || p?r'swe?s?v /p?-] adj. 善说服的

inhibition [in·hi·bi·tion || ??nh?'b??n]

100

n. 禁止, 压抑, 禁制

inconsistency [in·con·sist·en·cy || ??nk?n's?st?ns?]

n. 不一致; 前后矛盾; 不协调; 易变, 反复无常

technician [tech·ni·cian || tek'n??n]

n. 技术人员, 技师; 技巧纯熟的人

motivation [mo·ti·va·tion || ?m??t?'ve??n]

n. 动机, 推动, 刺激

motivation [mo·ti·va·tion || ?m??t?'ve??n]

n. 动机, 推动, 刺激

perceivable [per·ceiv·a·ble || p?r's??v?bl /p?'-]

adj. 可感知的; 可认识的

vulnerability [vul·ner·a·bil·i·ty || ?v?ln?r?'b?l?t?]

n. 易受伤; 弱点; 易受责难

externally [ex'ter·nal·ly || -n?l?]

adv. 外表上; 外形上

There appear to be many unexplored matters about the motivation to reflect – for example, the value of externally motivated reflection as opposed to that of teachers who might reflect by habit.s of the

Many aspect of the motivation to reflect have not been studied, incluing the

comparative benefits of externally motivated and habitual reflection among teachers. comparative [com·par·a·tive || k?m'p?r?t?v]

n. 比较级; 匹敌者

adj. 比较的; 相当的

conscious

adj. 有意识的, 觉察的, 知觉的

interaction [,in·ter'ac·tion || ??nt?(r)?r'?k?n]

n. 交互作用; 交感; 交流 (计算机用语)

reflective [re'flec·tive || r?'flekt?v]

adj. 反射的, 熟虑的, 反映的

collaborative

adj. 合作的, 协力完成的

practitioner [prac·ti·tion·er || pr?k't???n?(r)]

n. 从业者, 开业者

101

availability [a·vail·a·bil·i·ty || ??ve?l?'b?l?t?]

n. 有效; 可利用性; 有益; 可得到的东西

inconsistency [in·con·sist·en·cy || ??nk?n's?st?ns?] n. 不一致; 前后矛盾; 不协调; 易变, 反复无常

The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii(TPO9)emerge [e·merge || ?'m??d?] v. 浮现, 脱出, 形成

volcano [vol·ca·no || vɑl'ke?n?? /v?l-]

n. 火山

landmass

n. 大陆

at random = without a definite pattern

随便地; 任意地

definite [def·i·nite || 'def?n?t]

adj. 明确的; 一定的

breeze [bri?z]

n. 微风, 和风#谣传, 传闻; 轻而易举的事; 骚动, 争吵 v. 吹着微风; 轻易地通过; 一阵风似地走; 越狱逃走 deposit [de·pos·it || d?'p?z?t]

n. 存款, 堆积物, 定金

v. 存放; 堆积; 沉淀

spore [sp?r /sp??]

n. 孢子; 胚芽; 种子; 生殖细胞

toehold

n. 踏脚尖的地方; 微小的优势; 小立足点; 克服困难的方法 transformation [trans·for·ma·tion || ?tr?nsf?(r)'me??n] n. 变化; 改适; 转化

flank [fl??k]

n. 侧面, 胁, 侧腹

v. 攻击侧面, 守侧面, 面临着

flora [flo·ra || 'fl??r?]

n. 植物群

symbiotic [,sym·bi'ot·ic || ?s?mba?'ɑt?k /-b?'?t-]

102

adj. 共栖的, 共生的

combination [com·bi·na·tion || ?k?mb?'ne??n]

n. 结合; 团体; 联合; 联盟

capture ['cap·ture || 'k?p?t?t??]

n. 抓取; 捕获之物, 战利品; 把屏幕的所有或部分拷贝到暂时记忆区 (计算机用语); 俘虏 v. 俘获; 夺取; 捕获

photosynthesis ['f??t??'s?nθ?s?s]

n. 光合作用

molecule [mol·e·cule || 'mɑl?kju?l /'m?-]

n. 分子; 些微

moisture ['mois·ture || 'm??st??(r)]

n. 湿气, 降雨, 水分

mineral [min·er·al || 'm?n?r?l]

n. 矿物, 苏打水, 无机物

adj. 矿物的, 矿质的; 无机的

nourish [nour·ish || 'n?r?? /'n?-]

v. 滋养, 怀有, 使健壮

alga [al·ga || '?lg?]

n. 藻类; 海藻

community [com·mu·ni·ty || k?'mju?n?t?]

n. 社区, 共同社会; 社会, 公众; 共同体; 共有

It is significant that the earliest living thing that built communities on these islands are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon the close cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.

The first organisms on these islands worked together closely in a reslationship known as symbiosos, which is particularly important on is lands.

community [com·mu·ni·ty || k?'mju?n?t?]

n. 社区, 共同社会; 社会, 公众; 共同体; 共有

organic [or·gan·ic || ?r'g?n?k /??'g-]

adj. 器官的, 组织的, 有机的

combination [com·bi·na·tion || ?k?mb?'ne??n]

n. 结合; 团体; 联合; 联盟

103

alga [al·ga || '?lg?]

n. 藻类; 海藻

abundantly [a'bun·dant·ly || -ntl?] = plentifully adv. 大量地, 充足地; 冗余地; 丰裕地

plentifully ['plent?fl?]

adv. 丰富地, 富裕地, 充足地

molten [mol·ten || 'm??lt?n]

adj. 熔化的, 熔解的; 浇铸的, 模铸的

moss [m?s /m?s]

n. 苔藓, 泥沼

flourish [flour·ish || 'fl?r?? /'fl?r-]

n. 茂盛; 华饰; 兴旺

v. 繁荣; 活跃; 茂盛; 挥舞; 装饰; 炫耀, 夸耀

propagate [prop·a·gate || 'prɑp?ge?t /'pr?-] = multiply v. 繁殖, 增殖; 传播; 使遗传; 使普及; 繁殖, 增殖 multiply ['mul·tiply || 'm?t?pla?]

v. 乘, 使相乘; 使繁殖; 使增加; 增加; 做乘法; 繁殖 crevice [crev·ice || 'krev?s]

n. 裂缝

bowels [bow·els || 'ba??lz]

n. 肠, 内脏; 内部

fertilize (Amer.) ['fer·ti·lize || 'f?rtla?z /'f??t?-] v. 施肥; 使受精; 使丰饶

decomposition [de·com·po·si·tion || ?di?k?mp?'z??n] n. 分解; 腐烂

lichen [li·chen || 'la?k?n ,'l?t?n]

n. 青苔; 苔藓; 地衣

fern [f?rn /f??n]

n. 蕨, 羊齿植物, 蕨类植物

104

moss [m?s /m?s]

n. 苔藓, 泥沼

instruction [in'struc·tion || ?n'str?k?n]

n. 指示; 教育; 用法说明

unprotected

adj. 无保护的; 无防卫的

coating [coat·ing || 'k??t??]

n. 被覆; 衣料

barren [bar·ren || 'b?r?n]

adj. 不生育的, 不妊的; 贫瘠的, 不毛的, 荒芜的; 不结果实的; 无益的, 无效果的 invention [in'ven·tion || ?n'ven?n]

n. 发明, 虚构的故事, 创作能力

concentrated ['con·cen·trat·ed || 'kɑnsntre?t?d /'k?n-]

adj. 集中的; 浓缩的

angiosperm

n. 被子植物

wrapped

adj. 在恋爱中的; 谦恭顺从的; 狂热发昏的

dandelion [dan·de·li·on || 'd?nd?la??n]

n. 蒲公英

milkweed ['m?lkw??d]

n. 马利筋属植物; 野参类; 乳草

characteristic [char·ac·ter·is·tic || ?k?r?kt?'r?st?k]

n. 特性, 特色, 特征

adj. 特有的; 典型的; 表示特性的

dormant ['dor·mant || 'd??m?nt]

adj. 睡眠状态的; 隐匿的; 静止的

coconut [co·co·nut || 'k??k?n?t]

n. 椰子

buoyant [buoy·ant || 'b???nt]

adj. 有浮力的, 心情愉快的

angiosperm

105

n. 被子植物

peach [p??t?]

n. 桃子; 桃色; 桃树; 特别惹人喜爱的人

v. 告密, 告发; 告发; 出卖

cherry [cher·ry || 't?er?]

n. 樱桃, 樱桃色, 樱桃树

adj. 樱桃口味的; 樱桃色的; 樱桃木的; 鲜红色的 nut [n?t]

n. 坚果, 镙钉帽, 核心

v. 采坚果, 拾坚果

milkweed ['m?lkw??d]

n. 马利筋属植物; 野参类; 乳草

habitat [hab·i·tat || 'h?b?t?t]

n. 栖息地, 自生地, 居留地

dormant ['dor·mant || 'd??m?nt] = inactive adj. 睡眠状态的; 隐匿的; 静止的

inactive [in'ac·tive || '?n'?kt?v]

adj. 不活动的; 无生气的; 不活跃的; 怠惰的 immersion [im·mer·sion || ?'m?r?n /-'m???n] n. 沉浸, 陷入, 专心

vicissitude [vi·cis·si·tude || v?'s?s?tu?d /-tju-] n. 变化, 荣枯, 变迁

favorable ['fa·vor·a·ble || 'fe?v?r?bl]

adj. 赞成的; 赞许的; 有利的

nourish [nour·ish || 'n?r?? /'n?-]

v. 滋养, 怀有, 使健壮

equip [e·quip || ?'kw?p]

v. 装备; 训练; 配备

concentrated ['con·cen·trat·ed || 'kɑnsntre?t?d /'k?n-] adj. 集中的; 浓缩的

beneath [be·neath || b?'ni?θ]

106

adv. 在...之下

archipelago [Ar·chi·pel·a·go || ?ɑrk?'pel?g?? /ɑ?k-] n. 群岛; 多岛海

isolated ['i·so·lat·ed || a?s?t?d]

adj. 孤立的, 隔离的, 分离的

Chinese Pottery (TPO10)

pottery ['pot·ter·y || 'pɑt?r? /'p?t-]

n. 陶器; 陶器厂; 陶器制造术

civilization (Amer.) [civ·i·li·za·tion || ?s?v?la?'ze??n] n. 文明, 教化

visual [vis·u·al || 'v????l]

adj. 看的, 形象的, 视觉的

ceramics

n. 制陶术; 制陶业

status [sta·tus || 'st?t?s /'ste?t?s]=important n. 状态, 地位, 情形

important [im'por·tant || ?m'p?rtnt /-p??r-] adj. 重要的; 有权力的; 重大的

utilitarian [u·til·i·tar·i·an || ?ju?t?l?'ter??n /-'te?r-] n. 功利论者, 功利主义者

adj. 功利的, 功利主义的, 实利的

burial [bur·i·al || 'ber??l]

n. 埋葬, 葬礼

ritual [rit·u·al || 'r?t???l]

n. 仪式, 宗教仪式, 典礼

adj. 仪式的, 依仪式而行的

earthenware

n. 陶器; 土器

stoneware

n. 瓷器

porcelain [por·ce·lain || 'p?rs?l?n /'p??-]

n. 瓷器, 瓷

vessel [ves·sel || 'vesl]

107

n. 船, 脉管, 容器

architectural [ar·chi·tec·tur·al || ?ɑ?k?'tekt??r?l] adj. 建筑学的; 符合建筑法的; 有关建筑的 item [i·tem || 'a?t?m]

n. 项目; 条款; 品目; 细目

tile [ta?l]

n. 瓦; 墙砖; 瓷砖; 地砖

v. 在...铺砌瓦; 使保守秘密; 在...装瓦管 evolve [e·volve || ?'v?lv]=develop

v. 使发展, 使进化, 推论; 进展, 展开, 进化 develop [de·vel·op || d?'vel?p]

v. 发展; 发扬; 发达; 发展; 发育; 生长 delineate [de·lin·e·ate || d?'l?n?e?t]

v. 描绘...的轮廓, 描写, 描绘

ornament [or·na·ment || '?rn?m?nt /'??n-] n. 装饰, 教堂用品

v. 装饰, 修饰

motif [mo·tif || m??'t??f]

n. 主题, 动机, 意念

intrinsic [in·trin·sic || ?n'tr?nz?k /-s?k] adj. 本身的; 固有的; 本质的; 内在的

prosperous ['pros·per·ous || 'prɑspr?s /'pr?-] adj. 成功的, 顺利的, 繁盛的

imitation [im·i·ta·tion || ??m?'te??n]

n. 模仿; 冒充; 效法

adj. 人造的; 伪造的; 仿制的

purify [pu·ri·fy || 'pj?r?fa? /'pj??r-]

v. 使纯净, 提纯, 净化; 纯净

glaze [gle?z]

n. 釉, 光滑面, 上光

v. 装以玻璃, 上釉于; 变成为光滑, 变呆滞

108

religious [re·li·gious || r?'l?d??s]

adj. 宗教性的, 宗教上的, 虔诚的

n. 修道士; 和尚; 修女; 尼姑

ornament [or·na·ment || '?rn?m?nt /'??n-]

n. 装饰, 教堂用品

v. 装饰, 修饰

The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stonewares or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament. Variations in the Climate(TPO10)

constitute [con·sti·tute || 'k?nst?tju?t]

v. 制定; 组成; 建立

millennium [mil·len·ni·um || m?'len??m]

n. 太平盛世, 一千年

intervention [,in·ter'ven·tion || ??nt?(r)'ven?n]

n. 插入, 调停, 介入

immensely

adv. 无限地; 庞大地; 广大地

fluctuate [fluc·tu·ate || 'fl?kt??e?t]

v. 变动, 动摇, 上下; 使动摇; 使起伏; 使波动

instrumental [in·stru·men·tal || ??nstr?'mentl]

adj. 仪器的, 可做为手段的, 器具的

interval [in·ter·val || '?nt?(r)vl]

n. 间隔; 幕间, 休息时间; 距离; 音程

regime [re·gime || re?'???m]

n. 政体, 政权制度, 政权

proxy [prox·y || 'prɑks? /'pr?-]

n. 代理人; 取代物; 代理权; 代理委托书

swing [sw??]

n. 摆动, 摇动; 振动; 挥动; 振幅

v. 摇摆, 摇荡, 摆动; 大摇大摆地行走; 轻松地走; 挥舞; 使回转, 使旋转; 使摆动; 使转向

109

physical ['phys·i·cal || 'f?z?kl]

n. 体格检查

adj. 身体的, 自然的, 物质的

ambient ['am·bi·ent || '?mb??nt]

adj. 周围的

Over long periods of time, substances whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time can be deposited in a systematic way to provide a continuous record of changes in those properties overtime, sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years.

Changes in systematically desposited substances that are affected by climate can indicate climate variations over time.

ambient ['am·bi·ent || '?mb??nt]

adj. 周围的

basis [ba·sis || 'be?s?s]

n. 基础, 主要成分

Antarctica

n. 南极洲

nonetheless ['n?n??'les]

adv. 虽然如此, 但是

variation [var·i·a·tion || ?ver?'e??n /?ve?r-]

n. 变更, 变种, 变化

striking [strik·ing || 'stra?k??] = noticeable

adj. 醒目的, 打击的, 惊人的

noticeable [no·tice·a·ble || 'n??t?s?bl]

adj. 引人注目的, 值得注意的, 显明的

stability [sta·bil·i·ty || st?'b?l?t?]

n. 稳定, 稳定性; 坚定; 安定; 恒心

consistent [con'sist·ent || -t?nt]

adj. 一致的, 并立的, 调和的

broadly [broad·ly || 'br??dl?]

adv. 宽广地; 大体上; 概括地; 明白地

erratic [er·rat·ic || ?'r?t?k]= unpredictable

110

adj. 不稳定的, 奇怪的

unpredictable

adj. 不可预知的

fluctuation [fluc·tu·a·tion || ?fl?kt??'e??n]

n. 波动; 动摇; 变动

extent [ex·tent || ?k'stent]

n. 范围, 区域, 程度

landmass

n. 大陆

represent [rep·re·sent || ?repr?'zent]

v. 描绘, 表现; 表示; 象征; 作为...的代表

simulation [sim·u·la·tion || ?s?mj?'le??n / -j?'l-]

n. 伪装; 模拟; 模仿

deliberation [de·lib·er·a·tion || d??l?b?'re??n] = discussions

n. 熟思; 商议; 从容

discussion [dis·cus·sion || d?'sk??n]

n. 讨论, 商讨; 谈论

invoke [in·voke || ?n'v??k]= expected

v. 祈求, 实行, 恳求; 向神乞求帮助或保护; 通过巫术召唤鬼灵; 要求, 上诉; 祷告; 使命令作用, 发起某种行动 (计算机用语)

expected

adj. 预期要发生的; 期待中的

Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth(TPO10)

lift [l?ft]

n. 举起, 昂扬, 帮助

v. 举起; 振作; 抬起; 提高; 升起; 耸立; 消

out of

从...里面; 从...中; 从...身上; 离开; 缺乏; 在...之外; 丧失; 放弃; 来自; 出生于; 出于; 由于; 用...制成

prosperous ['pros·per·ous || 'prɑspr?s /'pr?-]

adj. 成功的, 顺利的, 繁盛的

medieval [me·di·e·val || ?m??d?'?vl /?med?'?vl]

adj. 中古的, 中世纪的

expansion [ex'pan·sion || -n?n]

111

n. 扩充; 膨胀; 开展

key [k??] = important

n. 钥匙; 题解; 图例; 线索#键#基调; 调 v. 锁上; 插上

adj. 重要的, 关键的, 基本的

n. 钥匙; 题解; 图例; 线索#键#基调; 调 important [im'por·tant || ?m'p?rtnt /-p??r-] adj. 重要的; 有权力的; 重大的

fen [fen]

n. 沼泽; 沼池

reclamation [rec·la·ma·tion || ?rekl?'me??n] n. 开垦; 收回; 改造

spectacular [spec·tac·u·lar || spek't?kj?l?(r) /-j?l-] n. 奇观, 壮观; 豪华巨片; 展览物; 豪华电视片 adj. 壮观的; 引人注目的; 壮丽的; 惊人的 production [pro·duc·tion || pr?'d?k?n]

n. 生产; 摄制; 制作; 演出

permit [per·mit || p?r'm?t ,p?r- /p?'m?t ,p?-] n. 通行证, 执照, 许可证

v. 允许, 容许

peasant [peas·ant || 'peznt]

n. 农夫, 乡下人

facilitate [fa·cil·i·tate || f?'s?l?te?t]

v. 使容易; 帮助; 促进

meager [mea·ger || 'mi?g?(r)] = very low adj. 瘦的; 不足的; 粗劣的; 贫乏的

spun [sp?n]

adj. 纺成的

weave [w??v]

n. 编法, 编织, 织法

v. 编织, 编排, 组合; 纺织, 摇晃, 迂回行进 linen [lin·en || 'l?n?n]

112

n. 亚麻布, 亚麻制品, 亚麻线

adj. 亚麻布制的; 亚麻的

scant [sk?nt]

v. 减少, 限制, 吝啬

adj. 不充分的, 不足的

remuneration [re·mu·ner·a·tion || r??mju?n?'re??n]

n. 酬报, 酬劳; 酬金; 偿还, 赔偿; 薪资

supplement [sup·ple·ment || 's?pl?m?nt]

n. 增补, 补充; 附录; 补遗; 增刊, 副刊

v. 补充, 增补

financier [fi·nan·cier || fa?'n?ns??(r)]

n. 财政家; 金融家

exaggerate [ex·ag·ger·ate || ?g'z?d??re?t]

v. 夸张, 夸大; 使增大, 使扩大; 对...言过其实; 使过大; 夸张, 夸大其词 merchant [mer·chant || 'm?rt??nt /'m??-]

n. 商人, 店主

adj. 商业的; 商人的

currency [cur·ren·cy || 'k?r?ns?]

n. 通货, 通用, 流通

guilder [guil·der || 'g?ld?(r)]

n. 荷兰盾

equivalent [e'quiv·a·lent || -nt]

n. 同等物, 相等物, 等价物

adj. 相等的; 同意义的; 相当的

innovation [in·no·va·tion || ??n??'ve??n]

n. 革新, 创新, 改革; 新制度; 新方法; 新事物

loan [l??n]

n. 贷款, 债权人, 借出

v. 借出, 贷与

generate [gen·er·ate || 'd?en?re?t]

v. 产生, 导致, 发生

vessel [ves·sel || 'vesl]

113

n. 船, 脉管, 容器

infusion [in'fu·sion || ?n'fju??n]

n. 注入, 熬煮, 鼓吹

commercial [com·mer·cial || k?'m???l]

adj. 商业的, 商品化的, 商用的

purchase [pur·chase || 'p?rt??s /'p??-]

n. 购买, 价值, 购买品

v. 买, 购买; 用起重装置举起; 赢得, 努力取得, 获得 Ancient Egyptian Sculpture(TPO11)

sculpture ['sculp·ture || 'sk?lpt??]

n. 雕刻, 雕塑, 雕刻品

v. 雕刻; 以雕刻装饰; 做...的雕像; 雕刻于; 从事雕刻 Egyptian [E·gyp·tian || ?'d??p?n]

n. 埃及人

adj. 埃及的

vital [vi·tal || 'va?tl] = essential

adj. 重要的, 充满活力的, 生命的

essential [es·sen·tial || ?'sen?l]

adj. 必要的, 本质的, 重要的

context [con·text || 'k?ntekst]

n. 上下文; 来龙去脉, 背景; 文章脉络

appreciate [ap·pre·ci·ate || ?'pri???e?t]

v. 赏识; 鉴赏; 感激; 涨价; 增值

statuary [stat·u·ar·y || 'st?t???r?]

n. 雕像; 雕塑术; 塑像; 雕塑家

adj. 雕塑的; 适于雕塑的; 雕塑用的

unfavorably

adv. 不利地; 反对地; 不适宜地; 令人不快地 confused [con'fused || -zd]

adj. 困惑的; 烦恼的

geometric [ge·o·met·ric || ?d????'metr?k]

adj. 几何学的, 几何学图形的, 几何学上的

114

renaissance [Ren·ais·sance || r?'ne?s?ns]

n. 复活, 文艺复兴, 复兴

imagination [im·ag·i·na·tion || ??m?d??'ne??n] n. 想像力; 空想; 创造力; 妄想

content [con·tent || 'k?ntent]

n. 内容, 要旨; 容纳的东西; 含量, 容量; 具体内容#满足 v. 使满足

adj. 满足的, 满意的; 甘愿的

n. 内容, 要旨; 容纳的东西; 含量, 容量; 具体内容#满足 purpose [pur·pose || 'p?rp?s /'p??-]

n. 目的, 决心, 意向

v. 意欲, 计划, 企图

representation [rep·re·sen·ta·tion || ?repr?zen'te??n] n. 代表, 代理; 表示, 表现; 代表权; 表述

kneel [n??l]

v. 跪下

three-dimensional (thrēd?-měnsh?-n?l, -dī-)adj. Of, relating to, having, or existing in three dimensions. Having or appearing to have extension in depth. Treating many aspects of a subject; lifelike: a three-dimensional account of conditions under the new government.

dimensional [di'men·sion·al || -??nl]

adj. 空间的

in isolation

孤立着; 脱离中

original [o·rig·i·nal || ?'r?d??nl]

n. 原物, 原作

adj. 最初的, 独创的, 原始的

context [con·text || 'k?ntekst] = environment

n. 上下文; 来龙去脉, 背景; 文章脉络

environment [en'vi·ron·ment || -m?nt]

n. 环境, 围绕, 外界

rigid [rig·id || 'r?d??d]

115

adj. 坚硬的; 不易弯曲的; 坚固的; 严格的 decorative [dec·o·ra·tive || 'dek?r?t?v] adj. 装饰性的, 装潢用的

recipient [re·cip·i·ent || r?'s?p??nt]

n. 接受者; 接受器, 容器; 受领者; 间接宾语 performer [per'form·er || p?r'f?rm?(r) /p?'f??-] n. 表演者

ritual [rit·u·al || 'r?t???l]

n. 仪式, 宗教仪式, 典礼

adj. 仪式的, 依仪式而行的

pylon [py·lon || 'pa?lɑn /-l?n]

n. 塔门, 路标塔

architectural [ar·chi·tec·tur·al || ?ɑ?k?'tekt??r?l] adj. 建筑学的; 符合建筑法的; 有关建筑的 pillar [pil·lar || 'p?l?(r)]

n. 柱子, 重要的支持者, 栋梁

v. 用柱支持

deceased [de'ceased || -st]

adj. 已故的

interact ['in·ter·act || '?nt?'r?kt]

v. 互相作用; 互动; 互相影响

decorative [dec·o·ra·tive || 'dek?r?t?v] adj. 装饰性的, 装潢用的

rectangular [rec·tan·gu·lar || rek't??gj?l?(r)] adj. 矩形的, 长方形的; 直角的, 有直角的 shrine [?ra?n]

n. 圣坛; 圣祠; 神龛; 神殿

v. 将...置于神龛内

core [k??] = center

n. 核心, 争论的核心, 果心

v. 挖...的核

116

center

n. 中心, 中锋, 中心点

v. 集中; 定中心; 使聚集在一点; 居中; 被置于中心; 有中心

peg [peg]

n. 钉; 桩; 栓; 衣夹

v. 钉木钉, 限制, 固定; 坚持不懈地工作

psychologically

adv. 心理上地; 心理学地

retain [re·tain || r?'te?n]

v. 保持, 保留

compactness [com'pact·ness || -n?s]

n. 紧密; 紧凑; 坚实; 小巧

practical [prac·ti·cal || 'pr?kt?kl]

adj. 实际的, 实用性的, 现实的

pillar [pil·lar || 'p?l?(r)]

n. 柱子, 重要的支持者, 栋梁

v. 用柱支持

contrast [con·trast || 'k?ntrɑ?st]

n. 对比; 差异; 对照, 相反, 变化; 清晰度, 暗亮像素之间的差异 (计算机用语) v. 使对比, 使对照; 形成对照

wax [w?ks]

n. 蜡, 增加, 蜡状物

v. 上蜡于; 变大; 月亮渐满; 增大

adj. 蜡状的

item [i·tem || 'a?t?m]

n. 项目; 条款; 品目; 细目

deity [de·ity || 'di??t?]

n. 神, 神性

depict [de·pict || d?'p?kt] = portray

v. 描述; 描写

portray [por·tray || p?r'tre? /p??-]

v. 画; 把...描绘成; 描写; 扮演

generic [ge·ner·ic || d??'ner?k]

117

adj. 属的; 一般的; 类的

figure [fig·ure || 'f?gj?r /'f?g?]

n. 图形, 形状, 数字

v. 描绘, 演算, 表示; 出现, 出名, 估计 Orientation and Navigation(TPO11)

orientation [o·ri·en·ta·tion || ???r?en'te??n]

n. 适应, 和周围配合; 定方位, 方向, 倾向; 打印的方向, 可以读或看一张图片的方向 (计算机用语); 向东方

navigation [nav·i·ga·tion || ?n?v?'ge??n]

n. 航海, 导航, 航空

specific [spe·cif·ic || sp?'s?f?k]

n. 特性; 详情; 特效药; 详细说明书

adj. 特殊的, 具有特效的, 明确的

perplexed [per'plexed || p?r'plekst /p?-]

adj. 困惑的, 不知所措的

initiate [in·i·ti·ate || ?'n???e?t]

n. 接受初步知识者; 新加入者

v. 开始; 传授; 发动

involve [in·volve || ?n'vɑlv /-'v?lv] = puzzled

v. 包括, 潜心于, 使陷于

puzzled ['p?zld]

adj. 困惑的, 茫然的, 搞糊涂的

He then set up experiments with caged starlings and found that their orientation was. in fact, in the proper migratory direction except when the sky was overcast, at which times there was no clear direction to their restless movements.

Experiments revealed that caged starlings’ orientaion was accurate unless the weather was overcast.

overcast [,o·ver'cast || ???v?(r)kɑ?st]

adj. 阴天的, 愁闷的, 阴暗的

migratory ['mi·gra·to·ry || 'ma?gr?t?r? /-tr?]

adj. 迁移的; 流浪的; 有迁居习惯的; 游走性的

starling [star·ling || 'stɑrl?? /'stɑ?-]

n. 欧掠鸟#挡水木桩

118

cage [ke?d?]

n. 鸟笼, 兽笼; 座厢; 起降机

v. 关进笼内

flutter [flut·ter || 'fl?t?(r)]

n. 摆动; 烦扰; 鼓翼

v. 摆动, 烦扰, 鼓翼; 拍; 使焦急

surmise [sur·mise || 's?rma?z ,s?r'- /'s??- ,s?'m-]

v. 推测; 猜测, 臆测

n. 推测, 猜测

circumstance [cir·cum·stance || 's??k?mst?ns]

n. 环境, 事件, 状况

determine [de·ter·mine || d?'t??m?n]

v. 决定; 判决, 裁定; 使决定, 使下决心; 确定; 决定; 判决; 终止 preposterous [pre·pos·ter·ous || pr?'pɑst?r?s /-'p?s-] = unbelievable adj. 前后颠倒的, 荒谬的, 不合理的

unbelievable

adj. 难以置信的

mirror [mir·ror || 'm?r?(r)]

n. 镜子, 典范, 写真

v. 反映; 映出

cage [ke?d?]

n. 鸟笼, 兽笼; 座厢; 起降机

v. 关进笼内

artificial [ar·ti·fi·cial || ?ɑ?t?'f??l]

adj. 人工的, 人造的; 矫揉造作的, 不自然的; 假的; 人为的 stationary [sta·tion·ar·y || 'ste??n?r? ,-nr?]

adj. 不动的; 定居的; 不增减的; 常备军的

visible [vis·i·ble || 'v?z?bl]

adj. 看得见的, 显然的, 明显的

precise [pre·cise || pr?'sa?s]

adj. 精确的, 明白的, 严谨的

compensate [com·pen·sate || 'k?mpense?t]

119

v. 补偿, 赔偿; 酬报; 补偿, 赔偿; 抵消

constant ['con·stant || 'kɑnst?nt /'k?n-]

n. 常数; 恒量

adj. 不变的; 坚决的; 持续的

compensate [com·pen·sate || 'k?mpense?t]

v. 补偿, 赔偿; 酬报; 补偿, 赔偿; 抵消

precise [pre·cise || pr?'sa?s]

adj. 精确的, 明白的, 严谨的

planetarium [plan·e·tar·i·um || ?pl?n?'ter??m /-'te?r-] n. 行星仪, 天文

dome [d??m]

n. 圆屋顶, 穹窿, 圆盖; 苍穹; 半球形物; 大厦

artificial [ar·ti·fi·cial || ?ɑ?t?'f??l]

adj. 人工的, 人造的; 矫揉造作的, 不自然的; 假的; 人为的 cue [kju?]

n. 提示, 尾白#线索; 暗示, 信号#角色

v. 把...插入演出; 给...暗示; 暗示

magnetism ['mag·net·ism || 'm?gn?t?zm]

n. 磁性, 磁学, 吸引力

landmark ['land·mark || 'l?ndmɑrk /-mɑ?k]

n. 地标, 陆标; 重大事件, 里程碑; 界标, 界石

coastline

n. 海岸线

sensory [sen·so·ry || 'sensr?]

adj. 知觉的, 感觉器官的, 感觉的

ceiling [ceil·ing || 'si?l??]

n. 天花板; 最高限度

flutter [flut·ter || 'fl?t?(r)]

n. 摆动; 烦扰; 鼓翼

v. 摆动, 烦扰, 鼓翼; 拍; 使焦急

orient [o·ri·ent || '??r??nt]

120

adj. 东方的, 灿烂的, 上升的

v. 使朝东, 确定方向, 使适应; 适应形势, 向东

rotate [ro·tate || r??'te?t]

v. 旋转, 转动; 轮换调防; 循环, 轮流; 使旋转, 使转动; 轮换; 使轮流; 把轮换调防 sonar [so·nar || 's??nɑr /-nɑ?]

n. 声纳, 声波定位仪

accumulate [ac·cu·mu·late || ?'kju?mj?le?t] = increasing

v. 积聚, 累积; 积攒; 积成堆; 累积, 聚积

increase [in·crease || ?n'kr??s]

n. 增加, 利益, 增进

v. 增加; 繁殖; 增加; 加大

alter [al·ter || '??lt?]

v. 改变; 阉割, 去势; 修改; 变样, 改变

confusion [con'fu·sion || -u??n]

n. 混乱, 无秩序, 混淆

Begging by Nestlings(TPO11)

nestling [nest·ling || 'nestl??]

n. 刚孵出的雏鸟; 幼小动物; 婴儿

beg [beg]

v. 乞讨; 请; 请求, 恳求; 假定...为正确; 乞讨; 请求, 恳求

signaler

n. 信号装置; 通讯兵; 信号员

impose on = place on

impose [im·pose || ?m'p??z]

v. 征; 把...强加于; 加于; 利用; 施影响; 欺骗

raccoon [rac·coon || r?'ku?n /r?'ku?n]

n. 浣熊, 浣熊毛皮

hawk [h??k]

n. 鹰, 隼; 骗子; 贪婪的家伙; 鹰派人物, 主战派成员

v. 放鹰行猎; 清嗓; 咳出

defenseless (Amer.)

adj. 无防御的; 不能自卫的; 无保护的

swallow [swal·low || 'swɑl?? /'sw?l-]

121

n. 吞, 咽; 一次吞咽之物#燕子

v. 吞下, 咽下; 吞并; 淹没, 吞没; 耗尽, 用尽; 吞下; 咽下 trial [tri·al || 'tra??l]

n. 试验, 审讯, 考验

adj. 尝试的, 试验性的

artificial [ar·ti·fi·cial || ?ɑ?t?'f??l] = not real

adj. 人工的, 人造的; 矫揉造作的, 不自然的; 假的; 人为的 relative [rel·a·tive || 'rel?t?v]

n. 亲戚, 关系词

adj. 有关系的, 比较的, 相对的

versus [ver·sus || 'v?rs?s /'v??-]

prep. 对; 与...相对

vulnerable [vul·ner·a·ble || 'v?ln?r?bl]

adj. 易受伤害的, 易受攻击的, 有弱点的

evolve [e·volve || ?'v?lv]

v. 使发展, 使进化, 推论; 进展, 展开, 进化

property [prop·er·ty || 'prɑp?(r)t? /'pr?-]

n. 财产, 性质, 所有权

victimize (Amer.) ['vic·tim·ize || 'v?kt?ma?z]

v. 使牺牲, 使受害, 欺骗

pinpoint

n. 极小之物, 针尖

v. 刺破, 刺穿; 准确地确定; 用针标出...的精确位置; 使突出 adj. 针尖的, 精确的, 极微的

nester ['nest?(r)]

n. 放牧地自耕农; 穴居的兽; 筑巢的鸟

advertise [ad·ver·tise || '?dv?ta?z]

v. 通知, 做广告; 作宣传, 做广告

prediction [pre'dic·tion || pr?'d?k?n] = expectation n. 预言, 预报

expectation [ex·pec·ta·tion || ?ekspek'te??n]

n. 期待; 指望; 预料

122

pinpoint = locate exactly

n. 极小之物, 针尖

v. 刺破, 刺穿; 准确地确定; 用针标出...的精确位置; 使突出

adj. 针尖的, 精确的, 极微的

derive [de·rive || d?'ra?v] = gain

v. 得自; 起源

gain [ge?n]

n. 获得; 获利; 增加; 获得物

v. 得到; 使得到; 获得, 赢得; 增加, 增添; 获利, 赚钱; 取得进展; 得益; 得到改善 intensity [in·ten·si·ty || ?n'tens?t?]

n. 强烈, 强度, 紧张, 紧张的程度; 力气, 能量; 感情的强度; 极度; 深沉; 清晰, 从图像装置或像素发出光的量, 亮度 (计算机用语)

sibling [sib·ling || 's?bl??]

n. 兄弟姐妹; 民族成员; 同胞

vigorously

adv. 精神旺盛地; 活泼地

weakness [weak·ness || 'w??kn?s]

n. 虚弱, 弱点, 薄弱

predator ['pred?t?(r)]

n. 掠夺者, 食肉动物

exaggerated [ex'ag·ger·at·ed || -t?d]

adj. 夸张的; 过大的; 言过其实的

cheater

n. 骗子; 背叛者; 欺诈者

secure [se·cure || s?'kj?r /-'kj??]

v. 把...弄牢; 使安全; 关紧; 掩护

adj. 安全的, 放心的, 可靠的

Which Hand Did They Use? (TPO12)

versus [ver·sus || 'v?rs?s /'v??-]

prep. 对; 与...相对

dominance [dom·i·nance || 'd?m?n?ns]

n. 优势; 支配, 统治

stencil [sten·cil || 'stensl]

123

n. 模版, 蜡纸

v. 用模板印刷; 用蜡纸印

shelter [shel·ter || '?elt?(r)]

n. 遮盖物; 避难所; 躲避处; 掩蔽, 遮蔽 v. 掩蔽, 遮蔽; 保护; 庇护; 躲避; 避难

vice [va?s]

n. 恶习; 坏脾气; 恶行

prep. 恶习; 坏脾气; 恶行

predominant [pre'dom·inant || pr?'dɑm?n?nt /-'d?-] adj. 优越的, 有力的, 卓越的

furnish [fur·nish || 'f?rn?? /'f??n-]

v. 供应; 装备; 提供

engraving [en'grav·ing || -v??]

n. 雕刻, 雕版, 镌版术

depict [de·pict || d?'p?kt]

v. 描述; 描写

clue [klu?]

n. 线索, 提示, 迹象#情节

v. 为...提供线索; 为...提供情况, 告知

muscular [mus·cu·lar || 'm?skj?l?r /-j?l?] adj. 强壮的, 有力的, 肌肉发达的

upper [up·per || '?p?(r)]

n. 鞋帮, 上齿, 绑腿

adj. 上面的, 上级的, 较高的

observation [ob·ser·va·tion || ?ɑbz?r've??n /??bz?-] n. 观察; 观察力; 观测; 言论, 意见

wounded ['wound·ed || wu?nd?d]

n. 受伤者; 伤兵

adj. 受伤的

skeleton [skel·e·ton || 'skel?tn]

n. 骨骼, 梗概, 瘦如柴的人

adj. 骨骼的; 概略的; 骨瘦如柴的; 最基本的

124

skull [sk?l]

n. 头盖骨, 脑壳, 头脑

rib [r?b]

n. 肋骨, 肋状物

v. 嘲弄, 取笑; 用肋状物支撑

tend [tend]

v. 走向; 倾向; 趋向; 易于; 照管, 照料; 管理; 护理; 照料以免纠缠; 服侍招待; 注意, 关心

reveal [re·veal || r?'v??l]

v. 露出, 透露, 显示

indicate [in·di·cate || '?nd?ke?t]

v. 指出; 象征; 显示

rope [r??p]

n. 绳, 绞刑; 栏索; 一串

v. 捆, 缚, 扎; 用绳索套捉; 用绳捆起; 拧成绳状; 产生丝状黏质

fiber [fi·ber || 'fa?b?(r)]

n. 纤维; 质地; 纤维物质, 纤维质料; 性格

spiral [spi·ral || 'spa??r?l]

n. 螺旋; 蜷线; 螺线; 螺旋形的东西

v. 盘旋; 螺旋形上升; 成螺旋形; 不断加剧地增加; 使成螺旋形; 使作螺旋形上升 adj. 螺旋的; 蜷线的; 螺线的; 盘旋的

occasionally [oc'ca·sion·al·ly || ?'ke??n?l?]

adv. 偶尔, 间或

assess [as·sess || ?'ses]

v. 估定的价值; 对征税; 确定的金额; 处以罚金

hammer [ham·mer || 'h?m?(r)]

n. 锤, 钉锤, 铁锤

v. 锤打, 钉, 敲打; 锤击; 敲打; 锤打; 反复强调

rotate [ro·tate || r??'te?t]

v. 旋转, 转动; 轮换调防; 循环, 轮流; 使旋转, 使转动; 轮换; 使轮流; 把轮换调防 flake [fle?k]

125

n. 小薄片; 玉米片; 扁薄的一层; 火星, 火花#一卷绳索

v. 使成薄片; 像雪花般覆盖; 入睡; 离开; 昏倒; 消失

applied [ap·plied || ?'pla?d]

adj. 实用的; 应用的

pebble [peb·ble || 'pebl]

n. 小圆石, 小鹅卵石

v. 用卵石铺; 在上印卵石花纹; 用卵石连续扔

site [sa?t]

n. 位置, 地点, 场所

v. 为...选址; 设置; 决定...的场所

identical [i'den·ti·cal || a?'dent?kl]

adj. 同一的; 一卵的, 同卵的; 完全相同的, 完全相似的; 同源的

mammal [mam·mal || 'm?ml]

n. 哺乳动物

preferential [pref·er·en·tial || ?pref?'ren?l]

adj. 先取的, 选择的, 优先的

crescent [cres·cent || 'kresnt]

n. 新月, 新月形之物

cortex [cor·tex || 'k??teks]

n. 皮层; 树皮

asymmetrical

adj. 不均匀的; 不对称的

specimen [spec·i·men || 'spes?m?n]

n. 范例, 样品, 标本

cerebral [cer·e·bral || 'ser?br?l]

adj. 脑的; 大脑的

Most engravings, for example, are best lit from the left, as befits the work of right-handed artists, who generally prefer to have the light source on the left so that the shadow of their hand does not fall on the tip of the engraving tool or brush. The best lighting for most engravings suggests that they were made by right-handed people trying to aoid the shadow of their hands interfering with their work.

Neanderthal

adj. 穴居人的

n. 尼安得特人

126

befit [be·fit || b?f?t]

v. 适合于, 对...适当

quina

n. 金鸡纳树皮; 奎宁 Transition to Sound in Film(TPO12)

transition [tran·si·tion || tr?n's??n ,-z-]

n. 转变, 过渡时期, 转换

visible [vis·i·ble || 'v?z?bl]

adj. 看得见的, 显然的, 明显的

theatrical [the·at·ri·cal || θ?'?tr?kl]

adj. 剧场的, 戏剧性的, 夸张的

watershed

n. 分水岭

division [di·vi·sion || d?'v??n]

n. 区分, 分开, 除法; 部门

regard [re·gard || r?'gɑrd /-'gɑ?d-]=considered

n. 关心, 尊敬, 注意; 考虑

v. 把...看作, 把...认为; 尊敬; 注重, 考虑, 注意; 看待; 注重, 注意; 注视 considered [con'sid·ered || -d?d]

adj. 考虑过的; 被尊重的

invariably [in·var·i·a·bly || ?n'ver??bl? /-'ve?r-]

adv. 不变地, 一定地

inadequacy [in·ad·e·qua·cy || ?n'?d?kw?s?]

n. 不适当; 不充分; 不完全

mute [mju?t]

n. 哑子, 弱音器, 默音字母

v. 消除, 减轻; 使柔和

adj. 哑的; 沉默的; 无声的

paradox [par·a·dox || 'p?r?dɑks /-d?ks]

n. 似非而是的论点, 自相矛盾的话; 逆说, 悖论

contradiction [,con·tra'dic·tion || ?kɑntr?'d?k?n /'k?n-]

n. 矛盾; 反驳; 否认; 抵触

127

modest [mod·est || 'mɑd?st /'m?-]

adj. 谦逊的, 适度的, 羞怯的

accompaniment [ac·com·pa·ni·ment || ?'k?mp?n?m?nt] n. 伴随物; 附加物; 伴唱; 伴奏

spectator [spec·ta·tor || 'spekte?t? /spek'te?t?]

n. 观众, 旁观者, 目击者

elaborate [e·lab·o·rate || ?'l?b?r?t]

v. 精心制作; 详细阐述; 详细说明; 变得复杂; 详尽计划 adj. 精细的, 精心的, 详尽的

aural [au·ral || '??r?l]

adj. 耳的; 听到的; 听觉的#气味的

presentation [pres·en·ta·tion || ?pr??z?n'te??n /?prez?n-] n. 介绍, 赠送, 陈述

narrator [nar'ra·tor || n?'re?t?(r) ,'n?- /n?-]

n. 解说员; 叙述者, 讲述者

composition [com·po·si·tion || ?k?mp?'z??n]

n. 写作; 作品; 作曲; 作文

symphony [sym·pho·ny || 's?mf?n?]

n. 交响乐, 交响曲; 交响音乐会; 交响乐团, 交响乐队; 和声, 谐声 orchestra [or·ches·tra || '?rk?str? /'??k-]

n. 管弦乐队, 乐队演奏处

premiere [pr?'m?r ,'pr??mj?r /'prem??]

n. 初次的演出

v. 初次上演

overshadow = distract from

v. 遮阴, 使失色, 使阴暗

distract from

使从...分心

aesthetic [aesthet·ic || i?s'θet?k(l)]

adj. 美学的; 艺术的; 美的; 审美的

simultaneously

adv. 同时地

128

multiple [mul·ti·ple || 'm?lt?pl]

n. 倍数; 多路系统; 并联

adj. 复合的; 多人享有的; 多样的; 并联的

convert [con·vert || k?n'v??t]

n. 皈依者, 改宗者

v. 使改变信仰, 倒置, 兑换; 转变, 变换; 改变信仰; 皈依

suppressed

adj. 抑制的; 发育不全的

retarded [r?'tɑrd?d /-'tɑ?d-]

adj. 智力迟钝的, 发展迟缓的

Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective, a strain of critical opinion in the 1920 s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight, just as had many previous attempts, dating well back before the First World War, to link images with recorded sound.

novelty ['nov·el·ty || 'nɑvlt? /'n?v-]

n. 新颖, 新鲜, 新奇

fade [fe?d]

v. 褪色, 凋谢, 消失; 使褪色

previous [pre·vi·ous || 'pr??v??s]

adj. 早先的, 过急的, 前面的

assumption [as·sump·tion || ?'s?mp?n]

n. 设想, 假定; 承担; 担任; 夺取

fragile [frag·ile || 'fr?d?l /'fr?d?a?l]

adj. 易碎的; 脆的

amplification [am·pli·fi·ca·tion || ??mpl?f?'ke??n]

n. 扩大; 振幅; 发挥, 详述; 放大率

entertainment [,en·ter'tain·ment || ?ent?(r)'te?m?nt]

n. 款待; 娱乐表演; 娱乐

revitalize [re·vi·tal·ize || ?r??'va?t?la?z]

v. 使恢复生气, 使复兴, 使复活

collaboration [col·lab·o·ra·tion || k??l?b?'re??n]

n. 合作; 勾结; 共同研究

129

competition [com·pe·ti·tion || ?k?mp?'t??n]

n. 竞争; 竞赛

asset [as·set || '?set]

n. 资产; 有用的东西

dual [du·al || 'dju??l]

adj. 两的, 双的; 双重的; 双倍的

conversion [con·ver·sion || k?n'v???n]

n. 转变, 换位, 改宗

prohibitive [pro'hib·i·tive || pr??'h?b?t?v /pr?'h?b?-]

adj. 禁止的, 抑制的

triumph [tri·umph || 'tra??mf]

n. 凯旋, 欢欣, 胜利

v. 获得胜利; 欢庆胜利; 得意扬扬, 耀武扬威; 举行凯旋 Water in the Desert (TPO12)

define [de·fine || d?'fa?n]

v. 定义; 详细说明

annual [an·nu·al || '?nj??l]

n. 年鉴, 年刊; 一年生植物

adj. 每年的; 一年一次的; 一年生的

flat [fl?t]

n. 平面, 平坦部分; 浅滩; 沼地; 泄了气的轮胎#一层; 公寓大楼; 公寓房间

adj. 平的, 平坦的; 平伏的, 平卧的; 浅的; 泄了气的

adv. 平直地, 仰卧地; 恰恰, 正好; 以降调; 断然地

feature [fea·ture || 'f??t??(r)]

n. 特征, 特色, 容貌; 全长胶片; 吸引; 报纸上的一般栏目; 程序的优点, 专长, 特点 (计算机用语)

v. 是...的特色; 放映; 特写

drastically = severely

adv. 大大地; 激烈地; 彻底地

severely [se'vere·ly || s?'v?rl? /-'v??-]

adv. 严格地; 激烈地

dweller ['dwell·er || 'dwel?(r)]= inhabitant

130

n. 居民

inhabitant [in'hab·it·ant || ?n'h?b?t?nt]

n. 居民; 居住者

fraction [frac·tion || 'fr?k?n]

n. 分数, 破片, 小部分

massif [mas·sif || 'm?si?f]

n. 山丘

evaporate [e·vap·o·rate || ?'v?p?re?t]

v. 使蒸发; 蒸发, 消失, 失去水分

hydrological

adj. 水文学的

extraction [ex'trac·tion || -k?n]

n. 抽出, 抽出物, 取出

vague [ve?g]

adj. 含糊的, 茫然的, 不清楚的

extent [ex·tent || ?k'stent]

n. 范围, 区域, 程度

uneven

adj. 不平坦的, 不均匀的, 不平均的

fracture [frac·ture || 'fr?kt??(r)]= crack

n. 破碎, 骨折

v. 使破裂; 使折断; 使断裂; 使骨折; 破裂; 折断; 断裂

crack [kr?k]

n. 裂缝, 爆裂声

v. 爆裂, 发出爆裂声, 裂开; 使爆裂, 使破裂; 强行进入; 砸开, 砰地一声打开; 使霹啪作响

adj. 最好的; 高明的

saturated [sat·u·rat·ed || 's?t??re?t?d]

adj. 饱和的, 深颜色的, 渗透的

aquifer

n. 含水土层, 地下蓄水层

porous [po·rous || 'p??r?s]

adj. 多孔的, 多孔性的, 有气孔的

131

cavity [cav·i·ty || 'k?v?t?]

n. 洞; 腔; 空穴

conglomerate [con·glom·er·ate || k?n'gl?m?re?t] n. 集成物, 砾岩, 集块

v. 使聚集; 凝聚成一团

equilibrium [,e·qui'lib·ri·um || ???kw?'l?br??m] n. 平衡; 均衡; 平静 Types of Social Groups(TPO13)

type [ta?p]

n. 类型, 模范, 典型

v. 作为代表, 用打字机打, 测定类型; 打字

complex [com·plex || 'k?mpleks] = elaborate n. 复合物, 综合体; 综合设施; 集团; 情结

adj. 复杂的, 合成的

elaborate [e·lab·o·rate || ?'l?b?r?t]

v. 精心制作; 详细阐述; 详细说明; 变得复杂; 详尽计划 adj. 精细的, 精心的, 详尽的

web [web]

n. 网, 蹼, 蛛丝

v. 织蜘蛛网于, 使落入圈套

interaction [,in·ter'ac·tion || ??nt?(r)?r'?k?n] n. 交互作用; 交感; 交流 (计算机用语)

humanness

n. 为人; 人情味; 人性

sustained [sus'tained || s?'ste?nd]

adj. 持久的; 持续的

association [as·so·ci·a·tion || ??s??s?'e??n]

n. 协会, 公会, 社团; 结合, 联合; 联盟; 交往 relatively ['rel?t?vl?]

adv. 相对地, 比较而言; 相当地

elaborate [e·lab·o·rate || ?'l?b?r?t]

v. 精心制作; 详细阐述; 详细说明; 变得复杂; 详尽计划

132

adj. 精细的, 精心的, 详尽的

expectation [ex·pec·ta·tion || ?ekspek'te??n]

n. 期待; 指望; 预料

instrumental [in·stru·men·tal || ??nstr?'mentl]

adj. 仪器的, 可做为手段的, 器具的

endow [en·dow || ?n'da?] = provide

v. 捐赠, 赋予, 捐助

provide [pro·vide || pr?'va?d]

v. 提供, 规定, 供应; 作准备, 规定, 瞻养

companionship [com·pan·ion·ship || k?m'p?nj?n??p]

n. 友谊; 伴侣关系; 交往

expressive [ex·pres·sive || ?k'spres?v]

adj. 表达的

size up = evaluate

估计...的大小; 符合要求; 品评

evaluate [e·val·u·ate || ?'v?lj?e?t]

v. 评估, 赋值, 评价

likelihood [like·li·hood || 'la?kl?h?d]

n. 可能; 可能性

disperse [dis·perse || d?'sp??s]

v. 分散, 散开, 传播; 分散, 散开; 消散, 消失

proximity [prox·im·i·ty || prɑk's?m?t? /pr?-]

n. 接近, 亲近

initiate [in·i·ti·ate || ?'n???e?t]

n. 接受初步知识者; 新加入者

v. 开始; 传授; 发动

contact [con·tact || 'k?nt?kt]

n. 接触; 联系

v. 接触; 联系; 接触, 交际, 会晤

Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.

133

Sociologists think primary groups contribute to social solidarity because they help maintain a society’s cultural patterns.

interlock

n. 联锁, 连结

v. 使连锁; 使连扣; 使连结; 连锁; 连扣; 连结

interpret [in·ter·pret || ?n't?rpr?t /-'t??p-]

v. 解释, 诠释, 说明; 口译, 翻译; 理解; 演奏, 演; 作解释; 作口译, 当翻译 oneness [one·ness || 'w?nn?s]

n. 单一; 统一; 唯一

equip [e·quip || ?'kw?p]

v. 装备; 训练; 配备

social life

社交生活; 群居生活

deviate [de·vi·ate || 'di?v?e?t] = depart

n. 脱离常规的人

v. 脱离, 出轨; 使脱轨

depart [de·part || d?'pɑ?t]

v. 起程, 出发; 背离, 违反; 离开, 离去; 死, 去世

device [de·vice || d?'va?s]

n. 装置; 图案; 设计; 可以发送或接受数据的硬件成分 (计算机用语)

dispense [dis·pense || d?'spens]

v. 分发; 分配; 免除; 省掉

worthwhile

adj. 值得做的, 值得出力的

ostracize ['os·tra·cize || 'ɑstr?sa?z /?s-]

v. 贝壳流放, 排斥, 放逐

well being

健康; 幸福

pathology [pa·thol·o·gy || p?'θɑl?d?? /-θ?l-]

n. 病理学, 病状, 病理

implication [im·pli·ca·tion || ??mpl?'ke??n]

n. 含意, 暗示

perceive [per·ceive || p?r's??v /p?'-]

134

v. 察觉; 意识到; 感知; 理解

means ['m??ns]

n. 方法, 工具, 手段 Biological Clocks(TPO13)

consequently = therefore

adv. 结果, 必然地, 因此

therefore

adv. 因此, 所以

coordinate [co·or·di·nate || k??'??d?ne?t]

n. 同等者; 坐标; 同等物

v. 调整; 整理; 协调一致, 协同动作; 归于同一类别; 成为同等重要

adj. 同等的; 并列的

predictable [pre'dict·a·ble || pr?'d?kt?bl]

adj. 可预言的

persistent [per'sist·ent || p?r's?st?nt /p?-]= enduring

adj. 固执的, 持续的, 坚持的

enduring [en'dur·ing || -?r??]

adj. 持久的; 耐久的

Indeed, stability of the biological clock's period is one of its major features, even when the organism's environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors, such as temperature, that would be expected to affect biological activity strongly.

A major feature of the biological clock is that its period does not change despite significant changes in the environment.

tide [ta?d]

n. 潮, 潮汐; 浪潮; 潮水; 潮流

v. 潮水般地奔流; 顺潮行驶; 使随潮漂流

cycle [cy·cle || 'sa?kl]

n. 周期; 自行车; 循环

v. 循环; 骑自行车; 轮转; 使循环; 使轮转

periodic [pe·ri·od·ic || ?p?r?'ɑd?k /?p??r?'?-]

adj. 周期的, 定期的

rhythm ['r??m]

n. 旋律, 韵律, 节奏

chronobiology

135

(kr?nō-bī-?l?-jē)

n.The study of the effects of time and rhythmical phenomena on life processes. 年代学 constantly

adv. 不断地; 时常地

metabolize (Amer.) [me·tab·olize || m?'t?b?la?z]

v. 产生代谢变化

enzyme [en·zyme || 'enza?m]

n. 酵素

hormone [hor·mone || 'h?rm??n /'h??m-]

n. 荷尔蒙; 激素

external [ex'ter·nal || -nl]

n. 外部; 外面

adj. 外部的, 表面的, 客观的

internal [in·ter·nal || ?n't?rnl /-'t??nl]

n. 本质, 本性; 内部器官, 内脏

adj. 内在的; 国内的

organism [or·gan·ism || '?rg?n?zm /'??g-]

n. 生物, 社会组织, 有机体

bacteria [bac·te·ri·a || b?k't??r??]

n. 细菌

isolate [i·so·late || 'a?s?le?t]

v. 使隔离; 使绝缘; 使孤立

geophysical [ge·o·phys·i·cal || ?d?????'f?z?kl]

adj. 地球物理学的

timing [tim·ing || 'ta?m??]

n. 适时, 定时, 时间测定

orbit [or·bit || '?rb?t /'??b-]

n. 轨道, 眼眶, 常轨

v. 绕...轨道而行; 进入轨道, 盘旋, 沿轨道飞行

shuttle [shut·tle || '??tl]

n. 梭, 梭子; 摆梭; 短程穿梭运行

136

v. 短程穿梭般往返; 使往返移动; 短程穿梭运送; 使穿梭来回移动

continuation [con·tin·u·a·tion || k?n?t?nj?'e??n]

n. 继续; 延长; 续集

attest [at·test || ?'test]

v. 证实, 证明; 表明; 使宣誓; 证明, 作证

crayfish [cray·fish || 'kre?f??]

n. 小龙虾

horseshoe [horse·shoe || 'h?r??u? /'h??-]

n. 马蹄铁

v. 装蹄铁于

crab [kr?b]

n. 螃蟹#脾气乖戾的人

v. 捉蟹, 捕蟹; 使作航向偏流修正; 抱怨, 发牢骚; 吹毛求疵; 抱怨; 批评

approximately [ap'prox·i·mate·ly || -l?]

adv. 大概; 近乎

circadian

adj. 生理节奏的; 以24小时为周期的

precision [pre·ci·sion || pr?'s??n]

n. 精密, 精确度, 精确

feature [fea·ture || 'f??t??(r)]

n. 特征, 特色, 容貌; 全长胶片; 吸引; 报纸上的一般栏目; 程序的优点, 专长, 特点 (计算机用语)

v. 是...的特色; 放映; 特写

typically

adv. 代表性地; 典型地; 作为特色地

synchronization [syn·chro·ni·za·tion || ?s??kr?n?'ze??n /-na?'z-]

n. 时间上的一致; 校准; 同时性; 同步

relation [re·la·tion || r?'le??n]

n. 关系, 叙述, 联系

squirrel [squir·rel || 'skw?r?l /'skw?r-]

n. 松鼠; 松鼠毛皮

predominate [pre'dom·i·nate || pr?'dɑm?ne?t /-'d?-]

137

v. 占主导地位; 占优势; 主宰, 支配; 在...中占优势, 占...中的绝大多数 reset [re·set || ?r??'set]

v. 重新设定, 重新组合, 重新放置

n. 重新设定, 重排, 重新组合

duration [du·ra·tion || dj??'re??n] = length

n. 持续时间; 为期

length [le?θ]

n. 长度; 全长; 长短, 期间; 全程

rotation [ro·ta·tion || r??'te??n]

n. 旋转; 循环; 自转; 轮流, 交替

sustained [sus'tained || s?'ste?nd] = uninterrupted

adj. 持久的; 持续的

uninterrupted

adj. 不间断的, 不断的, 连续的

Methods of Studying Infant Perception(TPO13)

perception [per·cep·tion || p?r'sep?n /p?'-]

n. 知觉, 领悟力, 感觉

infant

n. 婴儿, 儿童

adj. 婴儿的; 幼稚的

technique [tech·nique || tek'n??k]

n. 技巧; 技法; 技术; 手段, 方法

stimulus ['stim·u·lus || st?mj?l?s /-mj?l-]

n. 刺激, 刺激品, 激励

verbalize (Amer.) ['ver·bal·ize || 'v?rb?la?z /'v??bl-]

v. 以言语表现, 使变成动词; 累赘, 唠叨

questionnaire [ques·tion·naire || ?kwest??'ner /-'ne?]

n. 调查表, 问卷

observation [ob·ser·va·tion || ?ɑbz?r've??n /??bz?-]

n. 观察; 观察力; 观测; 言论, 意见

prior to

在前; 居先

uniformly

138

adv. 一致地; 均匀地; 一律地

neonate ['n????ne?t]

n. 婴儿

repetitive [re·pet·i·tive || r?'pet?t?v]

adj. 反复的; 唠叨的

perceive [per·ceive || p?r's??v /p?'-]

v. 察觉; 意识到; 感知; 理解

blink [bl?nk]

n. 眨眼睛, 一瞥; 闪光; 一瞬间

v. 眨眼睛; 闪亮, 闪烁; 眯着眼看; 视若无睹; 眨眼, 使闪亮

perceptual [p?(r)'sept??l /-???l]

adj. 知觉的, 有知觉的

uniformly = consistently

adv. 一致地; 均匀地; 一律地

consistently [con'sist·ent·ly || -t?ntl?]

adv. 一贯地; 固守地

potent ['po·tent || 'p??t?nt] = powerful

adj. 有力的, 有效的

powerful [pow·er·ful || 'pa??(r)f?l]

adj. 有力的, 强的, 有权力的

Therefore, when observational assessment is used as a technique for studying infant perceptual abilities, care must be taken not to overgeneralize from the data or to rely on one or two studies as conclusive evidence of a particular perceptual ability of the infant.

Researchers using observational assessment techniques on infants must not overgeneralize and must base their conclusions on data from many stuidies. quantifiable [quan·ti·fi·a·ble || 'kwɑnt?fa??bl /'kw?-] = measurable

adj. 可以计量的

measurable [meas·ur·a·ble || 'me??r?bl]

adj. 可测量的, 恰当的, 适度的

apparatus [ap·pa·ra·tus || ??p?'re?t?s]

n. 仪器, 器械; 器官; 设备, 装置; 机关, 机构, 政党组织

repeatedly [r?'p??t?dl?]

139

adv. 重复地; 再三地

habituation

n. 适应

pacifier [pac·i·fi·er || 'p?s?fa??(r)]

n. 慰抚者, 镇静剂, 调解人; 橡皮奶头 vogue [v??g]

n. 时尚, 流行, 时髦

paradigm [par·a·digm || 'p?r?da?m] n. 范例, 词形变化表, 模范

recovery [re·cov·er·y || r?'k?v?r?]

n. 重获; 恢复, 复苏; 复得; 复元, 痊愈 auditory

adj. 耳朵的; 听到的; 听觉的

perception [per·cep·tion || p?r'sep?n /p?'-] n. 知觉, 领悟力, 感觉

evoke [e·voke || ?'v??k]

v. 唤起, 引起

originate [o·rig·i·nate || ?'r?d??ne?t]

v. 引起; 发明; 创始; 创作; 发源; 产生; 来自 elicit [e·lic·it || ?'l?s?t]

v. 得出; 抽出; 引出

extensively

adv. 广大地; 广泛地

olfactory [ol·fac·to·ry || ɑl'f?kt?r? /?l'f?ktr?] adj. 嗅觉的, 味道的

pigeon [pi·geon || 'p?d??n]

n. 鸽子

Children and Advertising(TPO14)commercialadj. 商业的, 商品化的, 商用的

commission [com·mis·sion || k?'m??n]

n. 佣金; 任务, 职权, 权限; 委任, 委托; 委员会 v. 委任, 使服役, 委托制作

140

[com·mer·cial || k?'m???l]

regulator ['reg·u·la·tor || 'regj?le?t?(r) /-j?l-]

n. 调整者; 调节器; 管理者; 调节阀

advertising ['ad·ver·tis·ing || '?dv?taiz??]

n. 广告业; 做广告, 登广告; 广告

intentionally

adv. 有意地; 故意地

performance [per'form·ance || p?r'f?rm?ns /p?'f??-]

n. 履行, 成绩, 执行

toy [t??]

n. 玩具, 玩物; 小装饰品; 不值钱的东西; 矮小的人

v. 玩弄, 调情, 戏弄

tactics ['tac·tics || 't?kt?ks]

n. 战术, 用兵学; 策略, 手段

exaggeration [ex·ag·ger·a·tion || ?g?z?d??'re??n] n. 夸张, 夸大; 夸张的手法; 夸张的言语

ill-e·quipped (?l?-kw?pt)

adj. Poorly or inadequately equipped.

装备不足的，能力欠缺的

verify [ver·i·fy || 'ver?fa?]= establish the truth of

v. 查证, 检验, 证实

counterbalance [?ka?nt?'b?l?ns]

n. 平衡量; 势均力敌; 平衡力

v. 使平衡; 抵消

disclaimer [dis'claim·er || -m?]

n. 放弃, 不承诺, 拒绝

interpret [in·ter·pret || ?n't?rpr?t /-'t??p-]

v. 解释, 诠释, 说明; 口译, 翻译; 理解; 演奏, 演; 作解释; 作口译, 当翻译 phrase [fre?z]

n. 片语, 成语, 惯用语

v. 用短语表达

comprehend [com·pre·hend || ?k?mpr?'hend]

v. 领会; 包括; 理解

141

nutritionally

adv. 滋养地

adept [ad·ept || '?dept]=skillful

adj. 熟练的, 内行的; 拿手的

n. 内行, 老手, 擅长者; 专家

skillful

adj. 熟练的, 巧妙的

fantasy [fan·ta·sy || 'f?nt?s?]

n. 幻想; 白日梦

qualification [qual·i·fi·ca·tion || ?kwɑl?f?'ke??n /?kw?-]

n. 资格, 限制, 条件

accompany [ac·com·pa·ny || ?'k?mp?n?]

v. 陪同, 伴随; 随着...发生; 为...伴唱, 为...伴奏; 伴唱, 伴奏

cereal [ce·re·al || 's??r??l]

n. 谷类植物; 玉蜀黍薄片; 谷类加工食品; 麦片

audio

adj. 声音的, 听觉的; 音的; 音频的

visual [vis·u·al || 'v????l]

adj. 看的, 形象的, 视觉的

nevertheless ['nev?(r)θ?'les]

adv. 然而, 虽然如此

observe [ob·serve || ?b'z?rv /-z??v]

v. 观察, 遵守, 观测; 注意, 评论

commercial [com·mer·cial || k?'m???l]

adj. 商业的, 商品化的, 商用的

technique [tech·nique || tek'n??k]

n. 技巧; 技法; 技术; 手段, 方法

association [as·so·ci·a·tion || ??s??s?'e??n]

n. 协会, 公会, 社团; 结合, 联合; 联盟; 交往

Certainly, rational appeals in advertising aimed at children are limited, as most advertisements use emotional and indirect appeals to psychological states or associations.

142

Rational appeals play a much smaller role in advertisments for children than emontional appeals and psychological associations do.

rational [ra·tion·al || 'r???nl]

adj. 理性的, 推理的, 合理的

attribute [at·trib·ute || ?'tr?bju?t] =characteristics n. 属性; 标志, 象征; 特质, 特性; 定语

v. 归于, 属于

characteristic [char·ac·ter·is·tic || ?k?r?kt?'r?st?k]

n. 特性, 特色, 特征

adj. 特有的; 典型的; 表示特性的

celebrity [ce·leb·ri·ty || s?'lebr?t?]

n. 名声; 名人

automatically [au·to·mat·i·cal·ly || ???t?'m?t?kl?]

adv. 自动地; 无意识地, 机械地, 不自觉地

intention [in·ten·tion || ?n'ten?n]

n. 意图, 目的, 意向; 意思, 含义; 求婚意图; 愈合

perceive [per·ceive || p?r's??v /p?'-]

v. 察觉; 意识到; 感知; 理解

program (Amer.) [pro·gram || 'pr??gr?m]

n. 节目, 计划, 程序

v. 规划, 安排...入节目, 拟...计划

lion [li·on || 'la??n]

n. 狮子; 名人; 勇猛的人; 社交场合的明星

psychologist [psy·chol·o·gist || sa?'kɑl?d??st /sa?'k?-]

n. 心理学者

appearance [ap·pear·ance || ?'p??r?ns]

n. 外表, 出现, 登台

credible [cred·i·ble || 'kred?bl] = believable

adj. 可信的; 可靠的

believable [be·liev·a·ble || b?'li?v?bl]

adj. 可信的

143

television

n. 电视, 电机学, 电视机

validate ['val·i·date || 'v?l?de?t]

v. 使有效, 确认, 使生效

endorse [en·dorse || ?n'd??s]

v. 支持, 背书于, 赞同

presence [pres·ence || 'prezns]

n. 出席, 存在, 到场

perception [per·cep·tion || p?r'sep?n /p?'-]

n. 知觉, 领悟力, 感觉 Maya Water Problems(TPO14)

Maya ['ma??]

n. 玛雅人; 玛雅语

jungle [jun·gle || 'd???gl]

n. 丛林; 生死关头

tropical [trop·i·cal || 'trɑp?kl /'tr?-]

adj. 热带的; 酷热的, 炎热潮湿的; 位于热带的; 热情的 humid [hu·mid || 'hju?m?d]

adj. 潮湿的, 多湿气的, 湿润的

latitude [lat·i·tude || 'l?t?tu?d /-tju?d]

n. 纬度; 回旋余地, 自由; 纬度地区; 曝光宽容度 habitat [hab·i·tat || 'h?b?t?t]

n. 栖息地, 自生地, 居留地

equator [e'qua·tor || -t?]

n. 赤道

equatorial [e·qua·to·ri·al || ?ekw?'t??r??l]

adj. 赤道的; 酷热的; 赤道附近的

range [re?nd?]

n. 山脉, 范围, 行列

v. 排列, 使并列, 归类于; 平行, 漫游, 延伸

144

inch [?nt?]

n. 寸, 身高#小岛

v. 缓慢地移动; 使缓慢地移动

thick [θ?k]

adj. 厚的, 浓的, 粗壮的

adv. 厚厚地; 浓浓地; 密集地; 强烈地

n. 最浓处, 最密集处, 最厚处

peninsula [pen·in·su·la || p?'n?nsj?l? /-sj?l?] n. 半岛

productive [pro·duc·tive || pr?'d?kt?v]

adj. 生产的, 生产性的; 多产的; 丰饶的; 肥沃的 dense [dens]

adj. 密集的; 浓厚的

predictably [pre'dict·a·bly || pr?'d?kt?bl?]

adv. 可预见地; 脱不出老一套地; 果不出所料地 crop [kr?p]

n. 农作物; 平头; 产量

v. 收割; 种植; 修剪; 收获

failure [fail·ure || 'fe?lj?(r)]

n. 失败, 不足, 失败者

presumably [pr?'zu?m?bl? /-'zju-]

adv. 推测上, 大概, 假定上

hurricane [hur·ri·cane || 'h?r?ke?n /'h?r?k?n] n. 飓风, 暴风雨, 暴风

paradoxically

adv. 似非而是地; 反常地; 悖理地

surprisingly [sur'pris·ing·ly || s?r'pra?z??l? /s?'p-] adv. 令人惊讶地

severe [se·vere || s?'v?r /-'v??]

adj. 严厉的, 剧烈的, 严格的

archaeologist [ar·chae·ol·o·gist || ?ɑ?k?'?l?d??st]

145

n. 考古学家

ancient [an·cient || 'e?n??nt]

adj. 远古的, 年老的, 旧的

n. 老人, 年高德劭者#古代人

presumably [pr?'zu?m?bl? /-'zju-]

adv. 推测上, 大概, 假定上

drought [dra?t]

n. 干旱; 缺乏

elevation [el·e·va·tion || ?el?'ve??n]

n. 海拔, 提高; 标高

sinkhole

n. 排水口; 污水坑

karst

n. 喀斯特地形; 水蚀石灰岩地形

porous [po·rous || 'p??r?s]

adj. 多孔的, 多孔性的, 有气孔的

sponge [sp?nd?]

n. 海绵, 海绵状物, 海绵体

v. 揩拭, 抹掉, 吸取; 海绵般地吸收; 讨得, 骗得; 采集海绵; 海绵般地吸收; 被用海绵擦去; 当食客, 过寄生生活

terrain [ter·rain || t?'re?n]

n. 地带, 地形, 地域

available [a'vail·a·ble || -l?bl]

adj. 有空的, 有用的

coastal ['coast·al || 'ko?stl]

adj. 海岸的, 沿岸的, 沿海的

well [wel]

n. 井, 源泉, 泉水

v. 涌出

adj. 建康的, 适宜的, 良好的

adv. 很好地, 好意地, 适当地

interj. 好啦, 咳

n. 井, 源泉, 泉水

The explanation is that the Maya excavated depressions, or modified natural

146

depressions, and then plugged up leaks in the karst by plastering the bottoms of the depressions in order to create reservoirs, which collected rain from large plastered catchment basins and stored it for use in the dry season.

Southern Marya populations obtained the water they need for the dry season by collecting and storing rainwater in sealed depressions.

excavate [ex·ca·vate || 'eksk?ve?t]

v. 挖掘; 发掘; 开凿; 挖掘; 发掘

depression [de'pres·sion || -e?n]

n. 不景气, 沮丧, 消沉, 降低, 凹陷, 凹陷处，低气压区

plastering ['plas·ter·ing || 'pl?str?? /'plɑ?s-]

n. 涂灰泥; 灰泥墙面; 石膏处理

plaster [plas·ter || 'pl?st?r /'plɑ?st?]

n. 石膏, 膏药, 灰泥

v. 涂以灰泥, 减轻, 敷以膏药

reservoir [res·er·voir || 'rez?rvwɑr /'rez?vwɑ?]

n. 蓄水库; 贮存器; 贮水池; 储藏所, 仓库

plug [pl?g]

n. 塞子, 栓; 插头, 插塞; 堵塞物; 火花塞, 点火栓

v. 堵, 插上, 塞; 苦干, 苦读; 连接; 接通电源; 枪击

reliable [re·li·a·ble || r?'la??bl]

adj. 可靠的, 可信赖的

drought [dra?t]

n. 干旱; 缺乏

prolonged [pro'longed || pr?'l??d /-l??d] = extended

adj. 延长的; 拖延的

extended [ex'tend·ed || -d?d]

adj. 广大的, 长期的, 扩大范围的

exhausted [ex'haust·ed || -t?d] = use up

adj. 耗尽的, 用完的; 精疲力竭的

use up

用完; 耗尽

inhabitant [in'hab·it·ant || ?n'h?b?t?nt]

147

n. 居民; 居住者

Glacier Formation(TPO15)

glacier [gla·ci·er || 'gle???r /'gl?s??]

n. 冰河

melt [melt]

v. 融化; 溶化; 熔化; 溶解; 使融化; 使溶解; 使熔化; 使软化

hexagonal [hex·ag·o·nal || hek's?g?nl]

adj. 六角形的; 六边形的

interlock = link

n. 联锁, 连结

v. 使连锁; 使连扣; 使连结; 连锁; 连扣; 连结

link [l??k]

n. 环, 节; 纽带; 环节; 联系, 关系#袖口链扣

v. 连接, 结合; 挽住, 勾住; 联系; 连接起来; 联系在一起

n. 连接, 结合; (计算机用语) 两个数据文件连接在一起而获得同时的更新; "跳板", 超文字文件与其它文件连接的部分

firn (f?rn)n.

Granular, partially consolidated snow that has passed through one summer melt season but is not yet glacial ice. Also called old snow.

粒雪；积雪；永久冰雪

granule ['gran·ule || 'gr?nju?l]

n. 小粒, 颗粒, 细粒

intermediate [,in·ter'me·di·ate || ??nt?(r)'m??d?e?td]

n. 中间物, 调停者

v. 作中间人; 干预

adj. 中间的, 中级的

flake [fle?k]

n. 小薄片; 玉米片; 扁薄的一层; 火星, 火花#一卷绳索

v. 使成薄片; 像雪花般覆盖; 入睡; 离开; 昏倒; 消失

meltwater ['melt'w?t?(r) ,-'wɑ- /-'w??-]

n. 冰雪融化后之水

plastic [plas·tic || 'pl?st?k]

n. 塑胶; 信用卡; 塑胶制品

adj. 塑胶的, 有可塑性的, 塑造的

variable [var·i·a·ble || 'ver??bl /'ve?r-]

148

n. 变数, 可变物

adj. 可变的, 易变的, 不定的

precipitation [pre·cip·i·ta·tion || pr??s?p?'te??n]

n. 猛然落下; 急躁; 猛冲; 鲁莽

match [m?t?] = equal

n. 比赛, 竞赛; 相配者; 对手, 敌手; 婚姻#火柴; 导火线, 火绳

v. 使较量, 使比赛; 和...相配, 和...相称; 敌得过, 比得上; 找到适合其它 (衣物或纺织品) 的东西; 结婚; 使比较; 相配, 相适合; 检查数据项目的相似性 (计算机用语)

equal [e·qual || 'i?kw?l]

v. 等于; 比得上

adj. 相等的, 胜任的, 平等的

n. 对手, 同辈, 匹敌

exceed [ex·ceed || ?k'si?d]

v. 超过, 胜过, 超越

previous [pre·vi·ous || 'pr??v??s]

adj. 早先的, 过急的, 前面的

buried

adj. 埋葬的

transform [trans·form || tr?ns'f?rm /-'f??m] = change

v. 转换, 改造, 改变; 改变, 变换, 转化

change [t?e?nd?]

n. 变化, 换, 找回的零钱

v. 改变; 使变化; 更改; 换; 改变; 变化; 更改; 更衣

hydrological

adj. 水文学的

currently [cur·rent·ly || 'k?r?ntl?]

adv. 现在; 流畅地; 一般

ice [a?s]

n. 冰

v. 冷却, 冷冻; 在上面涂上糖霜; 结冰

deceive [de·ceive || d?'si?v] = misleading

v. 欺骗, 蒙蔽; 哄骗做; 欺诈, 行骗

misleading [m?s'l??d??]

149

adj. 使人误解的; 迷惑人的; 骗人的; 引入歧途的

geography [ge'og·ra·phy || d??'ɑgr?f? /-'?g-]

n. 地理学; 地理

static [stat·ic || 'st?t?k] = unchanging

adj. 静的; 静力的; 静态的; 静止的

Glaciers move slowly across the land with tremendous energy, carving into even the hardest rock formations and thereby reshaping the landscape as they engulf, push, drag, and finally deposit rock debris in places far from its original location.

Glacier reshape the landscape by carving into rock and transporting the resulting debris to distant locations.

elevation [el·e·va·tion || ?el?'ve??n]

n. 海拔, 提高; 标高

thereby

adv. 因此, 在那方面, 从而

engulf [en·gulf || ?n'g?lf]

v. 卷入, 投入深渊, 吸进

glacial [gla·ci·al || 'gle??l]

adj. 冰的; 冰河的; 冰状的

meantime ['m??nta?m]

n. 此际, 其时

adv. 其间

debris [de·bris || 'de?bri?]

n. 碎片; 残骸

A Warm-Blooded Turtle(TPO15)

physiology [,phys·i'ol·o·gy || ?f?z?'ɑl?d?? /-'?l?-]

n. 生理学

reptilian [rep't?l??n]

n. 爬虫类动物

adj. 爬虫类的, 卑鄙的, 象爬虫类的

chilly [chill·y || 't??l?]

adj. 寒冷的, 不友好的, 冷淡的

reptile ['rep·tile || 'reptl /-ta?l]

n. 爬虫动物, 卑鄙的人, 爬虫

150

contradiction [,con·tra'dic·tion || ?kɑntr?'d?k?n /'k?n-] n. 矛盾; 反驳; 否认; 抵触

feat [f??t]

n. 壮举, 技艺表演, 功绩

generate [gen·er·ate || 'd?en?re?t]

v. 产生, 导致, 发生

internal [in·ter·nal || ?n't?rnl /-'t??nl]

n. 本质, 本性; 内部器官, 内脏

adj. 内在的; 国内的

cellular [cel·lu·lar || 'selj?l?]

adj. 细胞的

metabolism [me·tab·o·lism || m?'t?b?l?zm] n. 新陈代谢, 变形

muscle [mus·cle || 'm?sl]

n. 肌肉, 臂力

v. 使劲行进

ratio [ra·ti·o || 're???? /-????]

n. 比, 比率

ounce [a?ns]

n. 盎司, 英两; 一点点, 少量; 液盎司#雪豹 proportionately [pr?'p?r?n?tl? /-'p???-] adv. 相称地; 成比例地

sheer [??r /???]

n. 偏航; 弦弧; 转向; 脊弧

v. 偏航; 急转向; 使偏航; 使急转向

adj. 全然的; 绝对的; 纯粹的

adv. 全然, 十足地; 垂直地; 陡峭地

bask [bɑ?sk]

v. 晒太阳; 愉快或舒适; 感到温暖

flipper [flip·per || 'fl?p?(r)]

n. 鳍状肢; 蛙鞋; 脚蹼; 手

151

aerodynamic [aer·o·dy·nam·ic || ?e?r??da?'n?m?k] adj. 空气动力学的

fatty ['fat·ty || 'f?t?]

adj. 脂肪的; 脂肪状的; 含脂肪的

fibrous ['fi·brous || 'fa?br?s]

adj. 纤维的; 纤维构成的; 纤维状的

blubber [blub·ber || 'bl?b?]

n. 啜泣, 哽咽#鲸脂; 鲸油

v. 哽咽; 哭诉

adj. 肿大的; 肥厚的

layer [lay·er || 'le??(r)]

n. 层; 地层; 阶层; 铺设者

v. 分层堆积, 压植; 以压条法繁殖

equivalent [e'quiv·a·lent || -nt]

n. 同等物, 相等物, 等价物

adj. 相等的; 同意义的; 相当的

beneath [be·neath || b?'ni?θ]

adv. 在...之下

flipper [flip·per || 'fl?p?(r)]

n. 鳍状肢; 蛙鞋; 脚蹼; 手

comparatively [com·par·ative·ly || k?m'p?r?t?vl?] adv. 比较地; 相当地

compromise [com·pro·mise || 'k?mpr?ma?z] n. 妥协, 折衷案, 折衷

v. 互让解决; 放弃; 连累, 危及; 泄露; 妥协, 让步 vessel [ves·sel || 'vesl]

n. 船, 脉管, 容器

countercurrent

n. 逆流; 逆电流

steam [st??m]

n. 蒸气, 精力

v. 蒸发, 发怒, 行驶; 蒸, 散发, 煮

152

radiator ['ra·di·a·tor || 're?d?e?t?(r)]

n. 暖房装置, 散热器; 辐射体; 冷却器; 发射天线

pipe [pa?p]

n. 管; 烟斗, 抽烟的管子; 导管, 气管; 笛子; 口哨; 口哨的声音, 嘟嘟声; 指导操作系统引导一个程序输出到另一个程序输入的符号 (计算机用语)

v. 以管输送, 吹哨子; 吹笛, 尖叫

coil [k??l]

n. 卷, 圈; 线圈, 绕组; 匝#子宫节育环

v. 卷, 盘绕; 把...卷成圈; 成圈状; 盘绕

arrangement [ar'range·ment || -m?nt]

n. 安排; 约定, 非正式协议; 准备工作; 调停

gull [g?l]

n. 鸥, 海鸥#易受骗的人

v. 欺骗

floe [fl??]

n. 大浮冰

course [k??s]

n. 路线; 过程; 方向; 进程, 课程

v. 追猎; 使奔跑; 追逐; 流动; 追猎

conserve [con·serve || k?n's??v]

v. 保存; 保藏

insulation [in·su·la·tion || '?ns?'le??n /-sj?l-]

n. 隔离; 绝缘; 孤立

switch [sw?t?]

n. 开关, 转换; 电闸; 打击; 替代, 替代品; (计算机用语) OS 里用命令线同程序操作的参数 (DOS, UNIX); (因特网用语) 网络上决定数据封包到目的路径的标准

v. 转换, 转变; 转换, 摆动, 变换

immense [im·mense || ?'mens]

adj. 极广大的; 非常好的; 无边的

hatchling

n. 人工孵化之鱼苗或小鸟

153

In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself.

In a turtle’s countercurrent exchanges system. Outgoing vessels lie near enough to ingoing ones that near enough to ingoing ones that heat can be exchanged from the former to the latter before reaching the turtle’s flippers.

Mass Extinctions(TPO15)

adv. 从地质角度

cretaceous [cre·ta·ceous || kr?'te???s]

adj. 白垩的; 含白垩的

Permian

adj. 二叠纪的

perish [per·ish || 'per??]

v. 毁灭, 腐烂, 死亡; 毁坏, 使麻木

organism [or·gan·ism || '?rg?n?zm /'??g-]

n. 生物, 社会组织, 有机体

fierce [f?rs /f??s]

adj. 凶猛的; 热烈的; 猛烈的

species [spe·cies || 'sp?????z ,-s-]

n. 种类; 形式; 种; 人类

destruction [de'struc·tion || -k?n]

n. 破坏; 毁灭

episode [ep·i·sode || 'ep?s??d]

n. 插曲, 有趣的事件, 插话

periodically ['p?r?'ɑd?kl? /'p??r?'?d-]

adv. 周期性地; 偶尔; 定期地

cretaceous [cre·ta·ceous || kr?'te???s]

adj. 白垩的; 含白垩的

ammonoid

n. 菊石鹦鹉螺化石

companion [com·pan·ion || k?m'p?nj?n]

n. 同伴, 伴侣; 看护妇; 朋友#成对的物件之一

deflect [de·flect || d?'flekt]

154

v. 使偏斜; 使转向; 偏斜; 转向

orbit [or·bit || '?rb?t /'??b-]

n. 轨道, 眼眶, 常轨

v. 绕...轨道而行; 进入轨道, 盘旋, 沿轨道飞行

meteor [me·te·or || 'm??t??(r)]

n. 流星; 大气现象

devastation [dev·as·ta·tion || ?dev?'ste??n]

n. 蹂躏; 荒废

recurrent [recur·rent || r?'k?r?nt /-k?r-]

adj. 一再发生的; 周期性的; 定期重复的

recur [re·cur || r?'k?r /-'k??]

v. 再发生, 复发; 被重新提出, 重提; 再现, 重新忆起; 循环, 递归 companion [com·pan·ion || k?m'p?nj?n]

n. 同伴, 伴侣; 看护妇; 朋友#成对的物件之一

account for

说明; 对...负有责任; 证明

=explain

asteroid [as·ter·oid || '?st?r??d]

n. 小行星, 小游星; 海星

collide [col·lide || k?'la?d]

v. 碰撞, 抵触, 互撞

diameter [di·am·e·ter || da?'?m?t?]

n. 直径

collision [col·li·sion || k?'l??n]

n. 碰撞, 抵触, 冲突

particle [par·ti·cle || 'pɑrt?kl /'pɑ?t-]

n. 粒子, 极小量, 点

photosynthesis ['f??t??'s?nθ?s?s]

n. 光合作用

herbivore [her·bi·vore || 'h?rb?v?r /'h??b?v??]

n. 草食动物

155

carnivore [car·ni·vore || 'kɑ?n?v??]

n. 食肉动物; 食虫植物

presence [pres·ence || 'prezns]

n. 出席, 存在, 到场

element [el·e·ment || 'el?m?nt]

n. 成分; 要素; 分子

iridium [i·rid·i·um || a?'r?d??m ,?'r-]

n. 铱, 白金、铂类的金属元素; (无线通讯用语) 可以使手提电话在全世界任何地方使用的现代卫星通讯系统

debris [de·bris || 'de?bri?]

n. 碎片; 残骸

presumably [pr?'zu?m?bl? /-'zju-]

adv. 推测上, 大概, 假定上

globe [gl??b]

n. 球; 地球仪; 球状物; 地球

sedimentary [sed·i·men·ta·ry || ?sed?'ment?r? /-tr?]

adj. 沉积的; 沉淀性的

abundance [a·bun·dance || ?'b?nd?ns]

n. 丰富; 充足; 充裕

precisely [pre'cise·ly || pr?'sa?sl?]

adv. 精确地, 准确地; 严格地, 一丝不苟地; 清晰地, 明确地; 刻板地, 过分拘泥细节地 disintegrate [dis·in·te·grate || d?s'?nt?gre?t]

v. 碎裂; 蜕变; 瓦解, 崩溃; 衰变; 分解; 碎裂

immense [im·mense || ?'mens]

adj. 极广大的; 非常好的; 无边的

intense [in·tense || ?n'tens]

adj. 非常的, 紧张的, 强烈的

quartz [kw?rts /kw??ts]

n. 石英

primary [pri·ma·ry || 'pra?m?r?]

156

n. 居首位的事物; 候选人选拔会; 原色; 初选

adj. 主要的, 根本的, 初期的

crater [cra·ter || 'kre?t?]

n. 火山口, 弹坑, 喷火口

American paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski, who have studied extinction rates in a number of fossil groups, suggest that episodes of increased extinction have recurred periodically, approximately every 26 million years since the mid-Cretaceous period.

Based on the studies of extinction rates of numerous fossil groups, paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski have determined that mass extinctions occur about every 26 million years.

Trade and the Ancient Middle East(TPO16)

mainstay ['me?nste?]

n. 支柱; 中流砥柱

restricted [re'strict·ed || r?'str?kt?d]

adj. 受限制的, 有限的

caravan [car·a·van || 'k?r?v?n]

n. 旅行队, 有篷顶的大车

access [ac·cess || '?kses]

n. 接近; 使用; 进入的权利, 接近的机会; 门路, 通道, 入口; 病菌的侵入; 允许进入一个电脑系统和/或接受资料 (计算机用语)

v. 取出; 接近; 使用

deposit [de·pos·it || d?'p?z?t]

n. 存款, 堆积物, 定金

v. 存放; 堆积; 沉淀

limestone

n. 石灰石

obsidian [?b's?d??n]

n. 黑曜石

volcanic [vol·can·ic || vɑl'k?n?k /v?l-]

adj. 火山的, 猛烈的, 象火山的

jade [d?e?d]

n. 翡翠; 玉; 硬玉; 玉制品#瘦马; 荡妇; 驽马; 轻佻的姑娘

v. 使疲倦不堪; 使厌倦; 变得疲倦不堪; 厌倦

lapis lazuli [lap·is laz·u·li || ?l?p?s'l?z?l? /-zj?l?]

157

天青石; 天青石色; 青金石

import [im·port || ?m'p?rt /-'p??t]

n. 进口货; 输入; 进口, 把商品从另一个国家带进; 意义, 重要性; 进到用另一个程序做的文件程序 (计算机用语)

v. 输入; 含...的意思; 进口; 有关系; 有重要性

trace [tre?s]

n. 痕迹; 丝毫, 微量; 遗迹; 图形, 记录#挽绳, 缰绳

v. 跟踪; 查出, 探出; 调查; 一个一个主题地跟踪一个程序过程 (计算机用语) expedition [ex·pe·di·tion || ?eksp?'d??n]

n. 远征; 迅速; 探险队

merchant [mer·chant || 'm?rt??nt /'m??-]

n. 商人, 店主

adj. 商业的; 商人的

raw [r??]

adj. 生的, 未煮过的; 处于自然状态的; 未加工的; 未经训练的, 无经验的

timber [tim·ber || 't?mb?(r)]

n. 木材, 木料

v. 用木材建造

gem [d?em]

n. 珠宝, 珍贵之物, 宝石

repudiate [re·pu·di·ate || r?'pju?d?e?t]= reject

v. 与...断绝关系; 否认, 否定; 驳斥, 批驳

reject [re·ject || r?'d?ekt]

v. 拒绝, 抵制; 驳回; 去除, 丢弃; 否决

reliance [re·li·ance || r?'la??ns]

n. 信任, 信赖的人或事, 信赖

artisan [ar·ti·san || ?ɑ?t?'z?n]

n. 工匠; 技工

tutelage [tu·te·lage || 'tu?tl?d? /'tju?t?l-]

n. 保护; 指导; 监护; 受监护

modest [mod·est || 'mɑd?st /'m?-]

158

adj. 谦逊的, 适度的, 羞怯的

kinship [kin·ship || 'k?n??p]

n. 血族关系

surplus [sur·plus || 's?rpl?s /'s??pl?s]

n. 剩余, 盈余, 过剩

adj. 过剩的, 剩余的

mutual [mu·tu·al || 'mju?t???l]

adj. 相互的; 共有的

ideologically

adv. 思想体系上; 意识形态上

egalitarian [e·gal·i·tar·i·an || ??g?l?'te?r??n] n. 平等主义

adj. 平等主义的

guild [g?ld]

n. 行会; 协会; 同业公会

maintenance [main·te·nance || 'me?nt?n?ns] n. 维护, 维修, 保持

independent [,in·de'pend·ent || ??nd?'pend?nt] n. 中立派; 无党派者

adj. 独立自主的; 不受约束的

interact ['in·ter·act || '?nt?'r?kt]

v. 互相作用; 互动; 互相影响

community [com·mu·ni·ty || k?'mju?n?t?] n. 社区, 共同社会; 社会, 公众; 共同体; 共有 harmony [har·mo·ny || 'hɑrm?n? /'hɑ?m-]

n. 协调, 调和, 和睦

consensus [con·sen·sus || k?n'sens?s]= agreement n. 一致; 舆论; 合意; 共识

agreement [a'gree·ment || -m?nt]

n. 协定; 一致; 同意

minimize (Amer.) ['min·i·mize || 'm?n?ma?z]

159

v. 将...减到最少

distinction [dis·tinc·tion || d?'st??k?n]

n. 区别; 级别; 差别

mercantile [mer·can·tile || 'm?rk?nt??l /'m??k?nta?l]

adj. 商人的; 重商主义的; 商业的, 贸易的

peculiar [pe·cul·iar || p?'kju?l??(r)]

adj. 奇特的, 特殊的, 罕见的

individualistic [in·di·vid·u·al·is·tic || '?nd?v?dj??'l?st?k]

adj. 个人主义的; 利己主义的

calculating ['cal·cu·lat·ing || 'k?lkj?le?t??/-kj?le?t??]

adj. 计算的; 慎重的; 有算计的

circumstance [cir·cum·stance || 's??k?mst?ns]

n. 环境, 事件, 状况

tribe [tra?b]

n. 部落, 部族

crucial [cru·cial || 'kru??l]

adj. 决定性的, 严厉的, 重要的

superiority [su·pe·ri·or·i·ty || s??p?r?'?r?t? ,-ɑr?t? /su??p??r?'?-]

n. 优越, 优势; 优等; 上等; 上级

pastoral ['pas·to·ral || 'p?st?r?l /'pɑ?s-]

n. 牧歌, 田园诗

adj. 牧人的, 牧师的, 田园生活的

assertion [as·ser·tion || ?'s???n]

n. 言明, 断言; 坚持; 维护, 主张

empire [em·pire || 'empa??]

n. 帝国; 帝权

As among tribespeople, personal relationships and a careful weighing of character have always been crucial in a mercantile economy with little regulation, where one's word is one's bond and where informal ties of trust cement together an international trade network.

Because trade was not formally regulated, merchants were careful about whom they trusted and often conducted business with people they known personally.

160

regulation [reg·u·la·tion || ?regj?'le??n /-j?-]

n. 规章; 条例; 规则, 规定; 管理

ethic [eth·ic || 'eθ?k]=set of moral principles

n. 道德规范; 伦理

adj. 伦理的; 道德的

intrinsically [in'trin·si·cal·ly || ?n'tr?ns?k?l?] =fundamentally

adv. 从本质上

fundamentally [,fun·da'men·tal·ly || ?f?nd?'ment?l?]

adv. 基础地; 根本地

figuratively

adv. 比喻地; 象征性地

undermine

v. 渐渐破坏, 暗地里破坏, 挖掘地基

monetary [mon·e·tar·y || 'm?n?t?r?]

adj. 货币的; 金钱的

circumvent [cir·cum·vent || ?s??k?m'vent]

v. 围绕; 智取; 包围

permit [per·mit || p?r'm?t ,p?r- /p?'m?t ,p?-]

n. 通行证, 执照, 许可证

v. 允许, 容许

prowl [pra?l]

n. 潜行, 悄悄踱步, 徘徊

v. 潜行于; 在...搜寻; 巡行于; 四处觅食; 徘徊; 暗中来回寻觅; 潜行

barren [bar·ren || 'b?r?n]

adj. 不生育的, 不妊的; 贫瘠的, 不毛的, 荒芜的; 不结果实的; 无益的, 无效果的 peripheral [pe·riph·er·al || p?'r?fr?l]

adj. 周边的, 肤浅的, 周围的

insecure [in·se·cure || ??ns?'kj?r /-'kj??]

adj. 不安全的, 不坚固的, 不牢靠的

anxious [anx·ious || '??k??s]

adj. 忧虑的, 渴望的, 热心的

Development of the Periodic Table (TPO16)

161

periodic table

周期表

reflect [re·flect || r?'flekt]

v. 反射; 反映, 表现; 照出, 映出; 带给, 招致; 反射, 思考, 映出; 反省 recurrence [re·cur·rence || r?'k?r?ns /-'k?r?ns]

n. 再发生, 复发; 再现; 重新提起; 回忆

atomic number

原子序数

monumental [mon·u·men·tal || 'mɑnj?m?ntl /'m?-]

adj. 纪念碑的, 不朽的, 做为纪念的

interplay = interaction

n. 互相作用, 作用和反作用

v. 互相作用

interaction [,in·ter'ac·tion || ??nt?(r)?r'?k?n]

n. 交互作用; 交感; 交流 (计算机用语)

observation [ob·ser·va·tion || ?ɑbz?r've??n /??bz?-]

n. 观察; 观察力; 观测; 言论, 意见

prediction [pre'dic·tion || pr?'d?k?n]

n. 预言, 预报

atomic mass n. 原子质量

The mass of an atom, usually expressed in atomic mass units. repeated [re'peat·ed || r?'p??t?d]

adj. 重复的, 再三的

interval [in·ter·val || '?nt?(r)vl]

n. 间隔; 幕间, 休息时间; 距离; 音程

alkali [al·ka·li || '?lk?la?]

n. 碱; 碱金属; 强碱; 可溶性无机盐

column [col·umn || 'k?l?m]

n. 专栏, 纵队, 圆柱

assemble [as·sem·ble || ?'sembl]

v. 集合; 装配; 聚集; 集会, 集合, 聚集

farsighted

adj. 有远见的, 有先见之明的; 远视的

162

gap [g?p]

n. 缝隙, 间断, 缺口

bold [b??ld]

adj. 大胆的, 引人注目的, 无耻的

previously ['pre·vi·ous·ly || 'pr??v??sl?]

adv. 事先; 仓促地; 以前; 不成熟地

arsenic [ar·se·nic || 'ɑ?sn?k]

n. 砷; 砒霜

adj. 砷的; 含砷的

selenium [se·le·ni·um || s?'l??n??m]

n. 硒

subsequent ['sub·se·quent || 's?bs?kw?nt]

adj. 后来的, 并发的

proton [pro·ton || 'pr??tɑn /-t?n]

n. 质子

atomic number

原子序数

anomaly [a'nom·a·ly || -l?]

n. 异常的人或物; 不规则

correspondence [cor·re·spond·ence || ?k?r?'sp?nd?ns] n. 相符, 信件, 通信

nucleus [nu·cle·us || 'nu?kl??s /'nju-]

n. 核心, 原子核, 核子

determine [de·ter·mine || d?'t??m?n]

v. 决定; 判决, 裁定; 使决定, 使下决心; 确定; 决定; 判决; 终止 aluminum

n. 铝

analogous = similar

adj. 类似的; 可比拟的; 相似的

similar [sim·i·lar || 's?m?l?(r)]

adj. 相似的, 类似的

isotope [i·so·tope || 'a?s??t??p]

163

n. 同位素

neutron [neu·tron || 'nu?trɑn /'nju?tr?n]

n. 中子

abundance [a·bun·dance || ?'b?nd?ns] = plenty

n. 丰富; 充足; 充裕

plenty [plen·ty || 'plent?]

n. 充分, 丰富, 很多

adj. 很多的, 丰富的, 够的

adv. 足够, 充分地; 很, 非常

isolated ['i·so·lat·ed || a?s?t?d]

adj. 孤立的, 隔离的, 分离的

correspondence [cor·re·spond·ence || ?k?r?'sp?nd?ns]

n. 相符, 信件, 通信

observe [ob·serve || ?b'z?rv /-z??v]

v. 观察, 遵守, 观测; 注意, 评论

in advance

预先; 事先预先; 事先

Ramsay then studied a gas that was present in natural gas deposits and discovered that it was helium, an element whose presence in the Sun had been noted earlier in the spectrum of sunlight but that had not previously been known on Earth.

Ramsay later discovered that helium, an element that was already known to be present in the sun, was also present in natural gas deposits on Earth.

postulate [pos·tu·late || 'pɑst??le?t /'p?stj?-]= hypothesized

n. 假定, 基本条件

v. 要求, 假定

hypothesize (Amer.) [hy'poth·e·size || ha?'pɑθ?sa?z /-'p?-]

v. 假设, 假定

Planets in Our Solar System(TPO16)

consist [con·sist || k?n's?st]

v. 组成, 构成; 一致, 符合; 在于, 存在于

rotate [ro·tate || r??'te?t]

v. 旋转, 转动; 轮换调防; 循环, 轮流; 使旋转, 使转动; 轮换; 使轮流; 把轮换调防 satellite [sat·el·lite || 's?t?la?t]

164

n. 人造卫星

asteroid [as·ter·oid || '?st?r??d]

n. 小行星, 小游星; 海星

comet [com·et || 'k?m?t]

n. 彗星

meteoroid ['m??t??r??d]

n. 流星体

mercury [mer·cu·ry || m?r'kj?r? /m??'kj?r?]

n. 水银, 使者, 汞

Venus [Ve·nus || 'vi?n?s]

n. 维纳斯; 金星

gravitational [grav·i·ta·tion·al || ?gr?v?'te???nl] adj. 引力的; 重力的

elliptical

adj. 椭圆的; 省略的

orbit [or·bit || '?rb?t /'??b-]

n. 轨道, 眼眶, 常轨

v. 绕...轨道而行; 进入轨道, 盘旋, 沿轨道飞行 terrestrial [ter·res·tri·al || t?'restr??l]

adj. 地球的, 陆地的, 地上的

category [cat·ego·ry || 'k?t?g?r?]

n. 种类; 范畴; 别

markedly ['mark·ed·ly || 'mɑrk?dl? /'mɑ?k-] = noticeably adv. 显著地; 明显地

noticeably ['n??t?s?bl?]

adv. 引人注目地; 显著地

composition [com·po·si·tion || ?k?mp?'z??n]

n. 写作; 作品; 作曲; 作文

responsible [re·spon·si·ble || r?'spɑns?bl /-p?n-] adj. 有责任的, 责任重大的, 负责的

165

melt [melt]

v. 融化; 溶化; 熔化; 溶解; 使融化; 使溶解; 使熔化; 使软化 metallic [me·tal·lic || m?'t?l?k]

adj. 金属的, 产生金属的, 含金属的

minor [mi·nor || 'ma?n?(r)]

n. 未成年人; 副修科目; 小调; 小音阶

adj. 较小的, 未成年的, 二流的

velocity [ve·loc·i·ty || v?'lɑs?t? /-'l?s-]

n. 速度, 迅速, 速率

molecular [mo·lec·u·lar || m??'lekj?l?r /-kj?l?]

adj. 分子的; 由分子组成的

slightly ['slight·ly || 'sla?tl?]

adv. 轻微地; 微小地; 稍微地; 纤细地

infinitesimally

adv. 极小地; 微不足道地

meager [mea·ger || 'mi?g?(r)] = thin

adj. 瘦的; 不足的; 粗劣的; 贫乏的

thin [θ?n]

v. 使变薄, 使稀少, 使变细; 变薄; 变瘦, 变稀; 变细; 变淡 adj. 薄的, 瘦的, 细的

thick [θ?k]

adj. 厚的, 浓的, 粗壮的

adv. 厚厚地; 浓浓地; 密集地; 强烈地

n. 最浓处, 最密集处, 最厚处

methane [meth·ane || 'meθe?n /'mi?θe?n]

n. 甲烷; 沼气

ammonia [am·mo·ni·a || ?'m??nj?]

n. 氨水, 阿摩尼亚

comparison [com'par·i·son || -'p?r?sn]

n. 比较; 比喻; 对照

carbon dioxide

二氧化碳

166

primordial [pri·mor·di·al || pra?'m?rd??l /-'m??d-]

= present at the very beginning of our solar system’s formation adj. 原始的; 根本的; 最初的

condensed

adj. 浓缩的; 压缩的; 扼要的

void [v??d]

n. 空虚, 真空, 空间

adj. 空的, 空闲的, 无人的

eventually [e'ven·tu·al·ly || -l?]= over time

adv. 最后; 终于

over time 随着时间的过去，结束

closeness ['close·ness || 'kl??sn?s]

n. 接近; 亲密; 极相似; 严密

Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia(TPO17)

impetus [im·pe·tus || '?mp?t?s]=stimulus

n. 推动, 促进; 刺激; 推动力; 冲力

signal [sig·nal || 's?gnl]

n. 信号; 信号器; 暗号; 交通指示灯

v. 向...作信号, 用信号通知, 标志; 发信号, 打信号

stimulus ['stim·u·lus || st?mj?l?s /-mj?l-]

n. 刺激, 刺激品, 激励

profitable ['prof·it·a·ble || 'prɑf?t?bl /'pr?-]

adj. 有利润的, 赚钱的, 有利益的

willingness ['will·ing·ness || 'w?l??n?s]

n. 自愿; 乐意

tradition [tra·di·tion || tr?'d??n]

n. 传统, 惯例

scheme [sk??m]

n. 方案, 图谋, 体制

v. 计划; 策划, 密谋; 设计; 拟订计划; 搞阴谋

continent ['con·ti·nent || 'kɑntn?nt /'k?nt?n?nt]

167

n. 大陆, 陆地; 欧洲大陆; 大洲

perfume [per·fume || p?r'fju?m ,p?r' /p??-]

n. 香味, 芳香; 香料; 香水

v. 使发香, 发香味, 洒香水于

commodity [com·mod·i·ty || k?'m?d?t?]

n. 日用品, 有用的物品, 商品

expense [ex·pense || ?k'spens]

n. 费用; 损失; 代价

galley [gal·ley || 'g?l?]

n. 单层甲板大帆船; 活版盘; 船上的厨房; 长条校样

oar [?r /??]

n. 桨, 小艇, 桨手

v. 划, 划动; 划桨

hull [h?l]

n. 壳, 船体, 皮

v. 去壳

voyage [voy·age || 'v???d?]

n. 航行, 航程, 航海

v. 航海, 航行; 渡过, 飞过

vessel [ves·sel || 'vesl]

n. 船, 脉管, 容器

dramatically = greatly

adv. 戏剧性地; 引人注目地

justify [jus·ti·fy || 'd??st?fa?]

v. 替...辩护, 证明; 证明合法

mast ['m?st /mɑ?st]

n. 桅杆, 樯; 旗杆; 柱; 天线杆

refine [re·fine || r?'fa?n]=improve

v. 提炼, 精炼; 提去; 精制; 使升华, 使...的道德完善; 被提炼, 被提纯; 变得优雅精美; 变纯净; 琢磨, 推敲

precise [pre·cise || pr?'sa?s]

adj. 精确的, 明白的, 严谨的

168

calculation [calcu·la·tion || ?k?lkj?'le??n]

n. 计算; 估计, 预测, 推测; 计算结果; 深思熟虑

accuracy [ac·cu·ra·cy || '?kj?r?s?]

n. 正确; 准确; 精确性

institutional [,in·sti'tu·tion·al || ??n??nl]

adj. 制度的, 学会的, 公共团体的

practical [prac·ti·cal || 'pr?kt?kl]

adj. 实际的, 实用性的, 现实的

norm [n?rm /n??m]=rules

n. 基准, 标准, 模范

maritime [mar·i·time || 'm?r?ta?m]

adj. 海的, 海事的, 海上的

consulate ['con·su·late || 'kɑnsl?t /'k?nsj?l?t]

n. 领事, 领事馆, 领事任期

normative [nor·ma·tive || 'n?rm?t?v /'n??-]

adj. 标准化的

protocol [pro·to·col || 'pr??t?kɑl ,-k?l /-k?l]

n. 议定书, 协议, 处理某问题的方法; 草案, 谈判的起草; 礼节, 行为准则; 协议, 处理资料传送的标准 (计算机用语)

engagement [en'gage·ment || -m?nt]

n. 诺言, 婚约, 约会

adventure [ad·ven·ture || ?d'vent??]

n. 冒险, 冒险精神; 激动人心的活动; 冒险活动; 投机活动

v. 冒险去做; 大胆说出; 使冒险; 冒险

norm [n?rm /n??m]=rules

n. 基准, 标准, 模范

rule [ru?l]

n. 规则, 统治, 惯例

v. 统治, 管辖; 裁决, 控制, 支配; 划; 统治, 管辖; 作出裁决; 控制, 支配; 维持在某一水平

protocol [pro·to·col || 'pr??t?kɑl ,-k?l /-k?l]

169

n. 议定书, 协议, 处理某问题的方法; 草案, 谈判的起草; 礼节, 行为准则; 协议, 处理资料传送的标准 (计算机用语)

define [de·fine || d?'fa?n]

v. 定义; 详细说明

The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create.

The high cost to investors of developing trade by sea between East and West indicates the great size of the profits that trade could produce.

Animal Signals in the Rain Forest(TPO17)

conspicuous [con·spic·u·ous || k?n'sp?kj??s]=noticeable

adj. 显著的, 出众的, 显眼的

noticeable [no·tice·a·ble || 'n??t?s?bl]

adj. 引人注目的, 值得注意的, 显明的

least [l??st]

n. 最少, 最小限度, 最小

adj. 最少的, 最小的

adv. 最没有, 最少

signal [sig·nal || 's?gnl]

n. 信号; 信号器; 暗号; 交通指示灯

v. 向...作信号, 用信号通知, 标志; 发信号, 打信号

problematic [prob·lem·at·ic || ?prɑbl?'m?t?k(l) /?pr?-]

adj. 问题的, 有疑问的

visual [vis·u·al || 'v????l]

adj. 看的, 形象的, 视觉的

predator ['pred?t?(r)]

n. 掠夺者, 食肉动物

pattern [pat·tern || 'p?t?(r)n]

n. 花样, 图案; 格局; 形态, 样式; 样品, 样本

v. 模仿, 以图案装饰, 仿造; 形成图案

visible [vis·i·ble || 'v?z?bl]

adj. 看得见的, 显然的, 明显的

require [re·quire || r?'kwa??(r)]

v. 需要, 要求, 命令

amphibian [am'phib·i·an || -?n]

170

adj. 两栖的; 具有双重性格的; 水陆两用的

n. 两栖动物, 水陆两用车, 水陆两用飞机

toad [t??d]

n. 蟾蜍, 讨厌的家伙, 癞蛤蟆

snake [sne?k]

n. 蛇; 蛇形浮动汇率制; 奸险的人, 卑劣的人

v. 沿...曲折前进; 拖, 拉; 曲折前进; 蛇行, 悄悄地爬行

camouflage [cam·ou·flage || 'k?m?flɑ??]

n. 伪装, 幌子, 隐瞒

v. 伪装, 掩蔽; 掩饰; 伪装起来; 隐蔽起来

chameleon [cha·me·le·on || k?'mi?lj?n]

n. 变色龙; 轻浮的人; 善变的人

readiness ['read·i·ness || 'r??d?n?s]

n. 准备就绪; 迅速, 敏捷; 愿意; 容易

mate [me?t]

n. 同伴, 伙伴; 配偶; 老兄, 老弟; 动物的配偶

v. 使成配偶; 使交配; 使配对; 成配偶, 成伙伴; 紧密配合, 啮合; 交配 reptile ['rep·tile || 'reptl /-ta?l]

n. 爬虫动物, 卑鄙的人, 爬虫

aggression [ag·gres·sion || ?'gre?n]

n. 进攻; 侵略

paradise [par·a·dise || 'p?r?da?s]

n. 天堂, 伊甸园, 乐园

limelight

n. 石灰光, 灰光灯

spectacular [spec·tac·u·lar || spek't?kj?l?(r) /-j?l-]

n. 奇观, 壮观; 豪华巨片; 展览物; 豪华电视片

adj. 壮观的; 引人注目的; 壮丽的; 惊人的

spot [spɑt /sp?t]

n. 斑点, 斑块; 污渍; 污点; 疤

v. 点缀, 认出, 玷污; 变污, 侦察敌方目标

adj. 立即的, 当场做出的; 从事现金交易的; 现付的; 现场广播的, 现场报导的 penetrate [pen·e·trate || 'pen?tre?t]

171

v. 穿透, 看穿, 渗透; 刺入, 渗透, 看穿

spotlight

n. 照明灯, 聚光灯, 车头灯

v. 聚光照明; 使突出醒目; 使公众注意

filter [fil·ter || 'f?lt?(r)]

n. 过滤器, 用于分隔过滤的东西; 从另一个程序接受输出并改变其格式的程序 (计算机用语); 允许程序存储并下载某种形式文件的文件 (计算机用语)

v. 过滤, 走漏, 渗透; 滤过; 走漏; 渗入

branch [brɑ?nt?]

n. 树枝, 支流, 支店

v. 分支, 出枝; 分割, 用枝叶装饰

ground level

n. 地平面

wavelength

n. 波长

predominate [pre'dom·i·nate || pr?'dɑm?ne?t /-'d?-]

v. 占主导地位; 占优势; 主宰, 支配; 在...中占优势, 占...中的绝大多数

maximally ['m?ks?m?l?]

adv. 最大地; 最高地

visible [vis·i·ble || 'v?z?bl]

adj. 看得见的, 显然的, 明显的

contrast [con·trast || 'k?ntrɑ?st]

n. 对比; 差异; 对照, 相反, 变化; 清晰度, 暗亮像素之间的差异 (计算机用语) v. 使对比, 使对照; 形成对照

signaling

n. 打信号; 发信号

scrubland

n. 灌木丛林地

In the green-to-yellow lighting conditions of the lowest levels of the forest, yellow and green would be the brightest colors, but when an animal is signaling, these colors would not be very visible if the animal was sitting in an area with a yellowish or greenish background

Although green and yellow would be the brightest colors near the forest floor, these colors would make poor signals whenever the forest background was also in the green- to yellow range. Symbiotic Relationships(TPO18)

symbiotic [,sym·bi'ot·ic || ?s?mba?'ɑt?k /-b?'?t-]

adj. 共栖的, 共生的

172

parasitism [par·a·sit·ism || 'p?r?sa?t?zm]

n. 寄生状态; 寄生虫病; 寄生虫的生活

interaction [,in·ter'ac·tion || ??nt?(r)?r'?k?n]

n. 交互作用; 交感; 交流 (计算机用语)

species [spe·cies || 'sp?????z ,-s-]

n. 种类; 形式; 种; 人类

biological [bi·o'log·i·cal || -kl]

adj. 生物学的

organism [or·gan·ism || '?rg?n?zm /'??g-]

n. 生物, 社会组织, 有机体

community [com·mu·ni·ty || k?'mju?n?t?]

n. 社区, 共同社会; 社会, 公众; 共同体; 共有

disruptive [dis'rup·tive || -t?v]

adj. 分裂性的, 破裂的

potentially [p?'ten?l?]

adv. 潜在地; 强有力地; 可能地; 权威地

parasitism [par·a·sit·ism || 'p?r?sa?t?zm]

n. 寄生状态; 寄生虫病; 寄生虫的生活

parasite [par·a·site || 'p?r?sa?t]

n. 寄生虫, 食客

commensalism (k?-měns?-l?z?m)n.

A symbiotic relationship between two organisms of different species in which one derives some benefit while the other is unaffected.

mutualism ['mju?tj??l?zm]

n. 互助论; 互利共生

derive [de·rive || d?'ra?v] =obtain

v. 得自; 起源

obtain [ob·tain || ?b'te?n]

得到, 获得; 得到公认; 流行; 通用; 存在

devastate [dev·as·tate || 'dev?ste?t]=destroy

173

v. 毁坏

destroy [de·stroy || d?'str??]

v. 破坏; 消灭; 毁坏

overrun [,o·ver'run || ???v??r?n]

n. 超越误差

v. 蹂躏, 泛滥, 超过; 泛滥, 蔓延

expanse [ex'panse || -ns]

n. 宽阔的区域, 宽阔

virus [vi·rus || 'va??r?s]

n. 病毒, 传染病的微生物; 为暗中在计算机之间扩散可导致损坏而设计的计算机程序 (计算机用语)

deliberately

adv. 慎重地; 故意地, 蓄意地; 谨慎地; 从容不迫地, 不慌不忙地

mosquito [mos·qui·to || m?'sk??t??]

n. 蚊子

inadvertently = unintentionally

adv. 不注意地

intentionally adv. 有意地; 故意地

pollinator

n. 传粉媒介, 传粉昆虫

association [as·so·ci·a·tion || ??s??s?'e??n]

n. 协会, 公会, 社团; 结合, 联合; 联盟; 交往

carbohydrate [car·bo·hy·drate || ?kɑ?b??'ha?dre?t]

n. 碳水化合物, 醣

organic [or·gan·ic || ?r'g?n?k /??'g-]

adj. 器官的, 组织的, 有机的

compound [com·pound || 'k?mpa?nd]

n. 混合物; 复合物; 化合物; 复合字, 复合句#有围墙住宅群, 大院; 用围墙围起的场地, 院子

v. 增加, 使恶化, 加重; 使化合; 使混合; 使合成; 妥协, 和解

adj. 合成的, 混合的, 复合的

enzyme [en·zyme || 'enza?m]

n. 酵素

174

leaflet [leaf·let || 'l??fl?t]

n. 小叶; 传单

herbivore [her·bi·vore || 'h?rb?v?r /'h??b?v??]

n. 草食动物

sting [st??]

n. 刺, 针刺, 刺痛

v. 刺, 刺激, 刺痛; 刺, 叮; 被刺痛, 感到灼痛

highlight = emphasize

n. 加亮区; 最显著部分; 精彩场面

v. 加亮; 以强光照射; 使显著

emphasize ['em·pha·size || 'emf?sa?z]

v. 强调, 着重, 加强语气

interplay

n. 互相作用, 作用和反作用

v. 互相作用

diverse [di·verse || da?'v??s]

adj. 不同的; 变化多的

In the second case, pollinators (insects, birds) obtain food from the flowering plant, and the plant has its pollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would be if they were carried by the wind only.

The relationship between flowering plants and pollinatorr provedes pollinators with food and flowers with efficient reproduction.

The mystery of yawning(TPO18)

yawning

yawning n. 打呵欠adj. 张着大嘴的, 打哈欠的

According to conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy and serves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeper breathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallow breathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom.

The conventional theory is that people yawn when bored or sleepy because yawning raises blood oxygen levels, which in turn raises alterness

conventional [k?n?ven??n?l]

a.普通的，常规的；符合习俗的，因循守旧的

oxygen [??ksid??n]

n.氧，氧气

serve [s?:v]

175

v.服务(役)，任(职)；接待；适合；发球 flaw [fl?:] = fault

n.缺点，瑕疵，缺陷

fault [f?:lt]

n.缺点；错误，过错；故障 vt.挑剔，指责 physiological [?fizi??l?d?ik?l]

a.生理的，生理学的

conductance

conductance n. [电工]电导, 导率, 电导系数 trigger [?trig?]

n.扳机；引起反应的行动 vt.触发，引起 cause [k?:z]

n.原因；事业 vt.引起；使遭受，给…带来 periodically = regularly

ad.偶然地，定期地

regularly [?regjul?li]

ad.有规律地；经常地

blockage ['bl?kid?]

n. 封锁, 妨碍

congenital [k?n?d?enitl]

a.天生的

amniotic fluid

羊水

deformed

deformed adj. 不成形的, 丑陋的, 残废的 empirical [im?pirik?l] = based on observation a.以经验(或观察)为依据的，经验(主义)的 observation [??bz??vei??n]

n.观察；评论[ pl.]观察资料；观察力 volunteer [?v?l?n?ti?]

n.志愿者(兵) vt.自愿(做；提供) vi.自愿 precede [pri?si:d]

vt.在…之前，先于

176

associate with

associate [?'s?u?ieit]

vt.联想, 联合

n.伙伴, 同事, 同伴

adj.副的, 共事的, 有联系的

n.准学士学位获得者

vi.交往

constant [?k?nst?nt]

a.始终如一的；不断的；忠实的 n.常数，恒量 vigorous [?vig?r?s]

a.有力的，用力的；精力充沛的

implication [?impli?kei??n]

n.含意，暗示，暗指；卷入，牵连

anecdotal [.?nek'd?utl]

adj.轶事的, 趣闻的

impending [im'pendi?]

adj.即将发生的, 迫在眉睫的

动词impend的现在分词

incongruous [in?k??gru?s]

a.不调和的，不相称的

combat [?k?mb?t]

n.战斗，斗争，格斗 vt.与…斗争，与…战斗 compete [k?m?pi:t]

vi.竞争，比赛

Lightning(TPO18)

charged particles

带电粒子

brilliant [?brili?nt]

a.光辉的，灿烂的；卓越的，杰出的 discharge [dis?t?ɑ:d?]

vt.释放；排出 vi.排出，放电 n.释放；排出 neutralize [?nju:tr?laiz]

177

tpo118阅读重点词汇

a.看得见的，可见的，有形的 flagpole ['fl?gp?ul] n. 旗竿

=flagstaff

subsequent [?s?bsikw?nt] a.随后的，后来的

infer [in?f?:] vt.推论，推断

stream [stri:m]

n.小河，溪流；流， v.涌流(出) surge [s?:d?]

vi./ n.蜂拥而出；洋溢；汹涌；猛增 electron [i?lektr?n]

n.电子

consist [k?n?sist]

vi.(of)组成，构成；(in)在于，存在于fork [f?:k]

n.叉，餐叉；耙；分叉，岔口 intersect [?int??sekt]

vi.交叉

179

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