记叙文写作方法与技巧

一．概念

记叙文也称叙述文，是一种以记叙/叙述的手法来表述人物、事件的文体。常见的属于记叙文文体的作品有：故事、游记、通讯、新闻报道、历史、 人物传记、日记和回忆录等。记叙文大致可以分为两大类：以记人为主的记叙文和以叙事为主的记叙文。前者主要是对人物的经历、活动或者性格特征进行叙述；后者则是对某一事件的发生、发展过程和结果进行叙述。前者重在描述人物的活动，而后者则重在表述事件的发生发展过程。

二．六大要素

记叙文的写作要注意交待清楚六大要素，即时间(time)、地点(place)、 人物( character)、事件的原因(cause)、经过(process)和结果( effect)。

由于记叙文中所涉及的要素比其他文体相对要多、要复杂，所以整篇文章的结构安排就显得尤其重要，安排不合理就会使读者产生混乱的感觉。

记叙文的展开一般都是以时间为主线来组织所要叙述的内容，使读者对文章中的人物或事件有一个比较清晰的了解。记叙文的结构安排通常有三种形式:正叙、倒叙和插叙。正叙是英语叙述文中最常用的一种结构，即以人物出现、活动或事件开始发生的时间点作为记叙的起点，然后按照人物活动的展开、事件发生发展的自然顺序进行叙述。倒叙则是在文章的开头就交待人物活动或事件发展的结果。插叙这一结构在我们的英文写作中很少用到。

三．时态

记叙文讲述的大多是过去已经发生的活动或事件，因此用过去时态(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时)的作品比较多。但有时为了使文章显得更加真实、亲切和生动，也可以使用现在时态(一般现在时、 现在进行时、现在将来时、现在完成时)。

四．人称

记叙某个人物的经历、活动或某件事情的经过离不开叙述的主体，即 “人称”。记叙文中的人称大多采用第一人称或第三人称的形式。第一人称的叙述主观色彩较浓，可以增强文章的真实感，有利于表述细腻的情感和细节的过程；第三人称的叙述可以超越时空的限制，更加真实、客观地表述某一人物活动或事件的全过程。

无论采用第一人称，还是采用第二人称，都要保持全文叙述主体的人称的一致性。注意：句式尽量要多变，不要通篇文章的句子都以人称代词开头，否则文章会显得单调沉闷。例如: I loved the book first because of its beautiful heroine. Then I found it a romantic love story which

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greatly moved me. I now find that it is better taken as the growth story of a naive girl into a strong-willed woman. I realize that it is the essence of the book that attracts such big number of faithful readers.

这一段描述在用词、内容、逻辑上都不错，但过多地使用了以“I”开头的句子，使文章略显单调乏昧，给读者的印象大打折扣。

五．措辞与表达

在全国大学英语四级考试的各种作文体裁中，记叙文需要应试者具有更全面的语言技能与篇章组织能力。四级考试中常见的议论文和说明文分别要求语言的准确性和论证的合理性、可信性；而记叙文的语言则以生动、真实、 贴切为准则。同一个记叙文题目，不同的人会描述不同的人物经历或事件，又很少有固定的表达或句式可供参考，这时作者的综合语言水平就会表现出来，对能否取得高分起到了相当重要的作用。 这就要求考生平时要多注意语言的磨练和积累。

六．记叙文写作技巧

1. 仔细审题，明确主题，选准素材，罗列提纲。

2. 写好第一段

最好能采用一个复句并且用上几个四级水平的单词或词组。这样的文章开篇方式会使读者或阅卷人确信接下来的文章也一样精彩。

我们来看这样一段文章的开头:

The results of the college entrance examination came. I tore open the envelope. As soon as I saw the score，tears streamed down my face. I fell into my bed and did not get up the whole day. All was over. What is the meaning to live on earth? For the first time， I thought of death， of being a vagrant and of being single all my life. I was only seventeen. Wasn’t it cruel to me? My father was hurt and he could not stand it that his son was a disgrace. He was angry beyond words. My mother kept silent，and often I saw her in tears. Horror filled the house.

怎么样，你自己是否也被一种失落与绝望的气氛所笼罩，并且期待着看到作者接下来会做些什么呢?

3. 结构要清晰

下笔之前一定要对整篇文章的结构有一个完整的构想，作文的框架、主题和脉络是最

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重要的采分点。要清楚每一段要陈述哪些内容，这样不仅可以增强文章的逻辑性和可接受性，还可以使整篇作文的行文水到渠成，不会有凑字数的烦恼。

4. 尽量多使用表示转折、顺接、因果和时间的连接词

如first、second、moreover、for one thing…for another、on the one hand…on the other hand等。这样既可以显示语言功底，又增强了记叙内容的连贯性和生动性。

5. 文章不要写得太长

有的考生遇到触动自己内心情感的记叙文题目时就“一发不可收拾”，但由于时间有限，结果草草收尾，甚至没有结尾。四级作文毕竟是应试作文， 只要充分发挥出自己的英语语言水平，表述出所规定的内容就可以了。

6. 要多用四级词汇，要使句式多样化

没有语言错误并不是高分作文的保障（基本没有语言错误只是8分的基本要求) ；作文想达到11分以上，四级词汇和句型必须达到一定的比例。如，表示“重视”的词汇有stress，emphasize等，但选用短语attach importance to更能吸引阅卷人的注意；disagree和frown on sth. 都表示反对或不赞成，前者就平淡，后者表达意思很生动，更能引起阅卷老师的注意。

简单句和复合句合理搭配，长短句交替使用，会增强文章的节奏感，使描写更生动，给阅卷老师留下深刻印象。如：

(1) 名词化手段：用名词或名词词组替换一个句子或句子的主要部分，然后使这个名词或名词短语成为另外一个句子的组成部分，以达到合并句子的目的。如：

We were very much surprised．

Mary refused the invitation．

We were very much surprised at／by Mary’s refusal of the invitation．

(2) 定语化手段：根据语义关系，可以把其中一句转换成形容词或形容词性成分、分词短语、定语从句等，如：

The winnerwas in no mood for speeches．

The winner was hot and tired．

Thewinner，hot and tired，was in no mood for speeches．(转换成形容词短语)

7. 字迹清楚，卷面整洁。尽量不涂抹。

8. 最后的2—3分钟，进行修改检查。

检查的内容不是“大处着眼”，而是“小处着手”；不是考虑作文的框架结构，而是留心细枝末节。即检查：

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(1) 动词时态是否正确(还包括主句与从句中的谓语动词时态)；

(2) 主谓语是否一致；

(3) 代词的指代关系是否清楚； ’

(4) 动宾搭配是否合适；

(5) 用词是否错误；

(6) 冠词；

(7) 大小写、标点符号；

(8) 漏写、误写和拼写错误。

七．范文分析

Directions: Now you are allowed thirty minutes to write a passage on the title My Best Friend. You should write at least 100-120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:

1.简要介绍你最好的朋友。

2.你们之间的故事。

3.你对朋友的理解。

范文：

My Best Friend

Upon the words “best friend”, a figure Jumps into my mind (jump这个词使一个人物形象活灵活现地展现在读者眼前) —Zhang Ye—my schoolmate in senior high school and also my best friend. During the three years in high school, we shared countless moments of laughter and tears, joy and sorrow. (排比句式能使表达更有力度，而且将与朋友的共同经历描绘得丰富多彩)

She is of medium height and slim figure. Though not strong, she is really a girl with amazing stamina(毅力). Despite the similarities in our outlook on life and living, it is always she, the physically weaker one, who encouraged and urged me to finish some tasks when I attempted to give up. When we were preparing for the National Entrance Exam, she cheered me up emotionally and would give me a hand whenever I was in trouble. But for everything she did for me, I couldn’t

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have had this opportunity to give a decent job with a decent pay. After the exam, she got enrolled by Tsinghua University in Beijing while I went to a college in south China. (对3年中两人共同勉励、共同奋斗经历的叙述为读者展示了一段难忘的人生时光，确实不愧为best friend)

For the past several years, we have been in touch and share everything we are experiencing, sad or happy, dull or exciting.

True friendship lasts life long. Friendship is a magic. It can melt the ice in one’s heart and blow away the mist on one’s mind. It can inspire others and outdo the self. (再次应用排比句式表达了对友谊真谛的理解，感人至深) I believe the friendship between Zhang Ye and me will be the life-time beacon for both of us.

评析：

这是一篇典型的人物记叙文。大多数人物记叙文都遵循一个比较固定的写作套路，即:

第一段叙述文中人物与作者的关系，并对人物进行综合评价; 第二段叙述文中人物其个人或与作者共同的某段经历、活动;第三段进行综合叙述。

本文的第一段总体叙述了两个人相识相知的经历并用一个排比结构总括了两人共同经历的苦与乐、欢笑与泪水( laughter and tears，joy and sorrow)。第二段通过对具体事例的叙述将人物的性格特点表现得淋漓尽致，也丰富了best friend这个称谓的具体内涵。最后一段作者陈述了自己对友谊真谛的感悟，使文章的主题得到升华。而其中所使用的句式和词汇(melt the ice in one’s heart; blow away the mist on one’s mind; inspire others and outdo the self)也展示了作者深厚的语言功底。

八．参考模版

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例文1：

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题目: An Eye-witness Account of a Traffic Accident

Directions: for this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic An Eye-witness Account of a Traffic Accident. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline given below: 1) 车祸发生的时间及地点 2) 你所见到的车祸情况 3) 你对车祸原因的分析

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例文2

A Special Social Practice Everyone has an unforgettable memory and cannot remove it. 2. To me, it happened

4. It was a sunny day and things were awfully ⑧talking happily about a great success of a project. 7. It did not last very long, but it impressed me so deeply that I would

8.Whenever I look back on what happened that day, I think it is right to First of all, no one can deny its us to

九．写作训练

写作训练一

Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic of An Eyewitness’ Account of a Fire．You should write at least 120 words, and base your

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composition on the outline given below in Chinese：

假设你在某日某时某地目击一起火灾，就此写一份见证书。见证书必须包括以下几点：

1． 火灾发生的地点。

2． 你所见到的火灾场面。

3． 对火灾原因的分析。

写作训练二

Directions：For this part，you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic of The First Class I Took at College．You should write at least 120 words, base your

composition on the outline given below in Chinese：

1．大学第一节课的时间和地点。

2．大学第一节课的情景。

3．对这第一节课的感受以及其对自己的影响。

写作训练三

Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic of

A Boy Lost in the Street．You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline given below in Chinese：

一个小孩在街头迷路了，两个学生见状帮助他找回了家。请你记述此事的经过，包括：

1．小孩迷路的情景。

2．两个学生帮助小孩的过程。

3．两个学生送小孩到家的情景。

十．常用句式及常用表达

1. 表示时间

after, after a short (long ) time (period), afterwards, as soon as, at last, finally, from that time on, immediately, lately, nowadays, recently, shortly, since, since then, then, when, while

2. 表示因果

accordingly, as a result (consequence), consequently, hence, so, therefore, thus

3. 平行结构（排比结构）

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这种结构的使用可以使行文生动、简洁、紧凑，富有节奏感。

(1) 有些排比结构是通过连词来实现的。

and， but， or， neither... nor， either... or， not only... but also， both.. .and. . .

as well as

(2) 但更多的情况下这种结构是通过词性(均为名词、动词、形容词等)、词形 (均为分词形式等) 和词组结构 (均为不定式、从句、介词词组 等) 的一致与对应实现的。 以下是5个排比结构：

1) My mother’s role in my family is washing, cleaning and taking care of her children.

2) Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.

学习足以怡情、足以博采、足以长才。

3) The American girl impressed is as sweet, kind and generous.

4) Jeff has experienced a period of anxiety for isolation from parents when he first went to the

kindergarten, when he first attended a lodging school and when he first went to college in another city.

杰夫第一次去幼儿园、第一次住校读书、第一次到另外一个城市去读大学时，都经历了与父母分离而产生的焦虑时期。

5) Never had Brent seen such chaos as during the earthquake: windows of storefronts were

shattering, streets were splitting open, bricks and boulders were crashing down from tall buildings on the people below.

布伦特从未见过像这次地震中这样混乱的场面:商店橱窗的玻璃被震得粉碎；街道路面崩裂了；高楼上还有砖头瓦块坠落，砸向下面的人们。

十一. 记叙文中常用谚语、格言(以字母为序)

1. A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody.

人人是朋友，没有真朋友。

2. A good book is a best friend who never turns his back upon you.

好书如挚友，永远不相负。

3. A good example is the best sermon.

身教重于言教。

4. A good fame is better than a good name.

美名胜于美貌。

5. All roads lead to Rome.

条条大陆通罗马。

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6. All time is no time when it is past.

时间一去不复返。

7. All things are difficult before they are easy.

万事开头难。

8. Actions speak louder than word.

事实胜于雄辩。

9. A young idler, an old beggar.

少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

10. Caution is the parent of safety.

小心驶得万年船。

11. Fine feature makes fine birds.

人靠衣装，马靠鞍装。

12. Friendship is both a source of pleasure and a component of good health.

友谊既是快乐的源泉，又是健康的源泉。

13. Good company on the road is the shortest cut.

行路有良伴就是捷径。

14. Good advice is beyond all price.

忠告是无价之宝。

15. Love me little, love me long.

爱不贵深，而贵久。

16. Many hands make light work.

人多力量大。

17. Never do things by halves.

不要半途而废。

18. Nothing is impossible for a willing person.

苍天不负有心人。

19. No cross, no crown.

不经历风雨，不能见彩虹。

20. One lie makes many.

一次说谎，百次圆谎。

21. Time tries all.

路遥知马力，日久见人心。

22. Two heads are better than one.

三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。

写作步骤

要求考生写一篇记叙文，描述事件发生的时间、地点、原因、人物及结果，最后对事件进行简单分析，如：20xx年6月四级作文、20xx年9月四级作文、20xx年6月六级作文。对这类题型，通常分为三个步骤来写：

第一段、总结描述

交代清楚故事涉及的人物、时间、地点：

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主题句

第二段、具体描述

具体描述事件发生的原因、经过和结果

起因+经过+结果

第三段、对事件的分析

分析句1+分析句2+分析3

第二部分、记叙文题型作文diy写作范文练习

[实战演练]

directions：

for this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topicthe day my classmate fell ill.

1、简单描述一下这位同学生病的情况;

2、同学、老师和我是如何帮助他的;

3、人和人之间的这种相互关爱给我的感受是....

[diy写作模板：架构阶段]

第一段：

开篇句：about _____ o'clock one evening in _______, _____.

扩展句：________. (展开描述一下事件)

第二段：

主题句：without hesitation, _____. it wasn't long before _____.

扩展句：1、one ______.

2、another _______.

3、our teacher _______.

第三段：

结尾句：is _______? who can tell ? but ______.

扩展句：1、when ____ , people showed _____ spirit regardless of ____. 2this kind of care between persons is the very kind giving, unselfish and pricelessdevotion or sacrifice.

3,and it is just because of this care that we can have warm families, a happy life and abeautiful world.

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记叙文是以叙述人物的经历和事物的发展变化过程为主要表现形式的一种

文体。记叙文既可以以写人为主，又可以以写事为主。写记叙文要注意记叙文的“六大要素”即：

时间（When）—— 何时发生，有没有具体时间？

地点（Where）—— 何地发生，有没有地点变化？

人物（Who）—— 何人参与，谁是主角？

事件（What）—— 发生了什么，有何特点？

原因（Why）—— 事件的起因？

结果（How）—— 事件的经过及结局？

一般说来，在一篇记叙文中这六大要素是缺一不可的。

记叙文的思路就围绕这六大要素充分展开。

【例】四级考试中，只出现过一次专门的记叙文体裁的写作，即“An Early Morning

Walk”（1988.6.），20xx年6月出现过包含记叙文的作文，即“An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident”。

对于“An Early Morning Walk”，知道命题要求后，我们就要开始构思了。 When：题目已规定了是“清晨”，在这个时候，“我”去散步。

Where：到哪儿散步？去公园？在校园里？在街上（街上空气不好，还是不去！）。 Who：在公园里看到晨练的人：中老年人、年轻人、小孩子；在校园里看到读

书背单词的学生。

What：人们热火朝天地做操，随音乐跳舞，打球，等等。

Why：清晨空气清新，适合锻炼；一日之际在于晨，背背书，读读单词。 当然，由这个题目可以令人想到很多东西，因篇幅所限，我们做了删减。

参考范文

An Early Morning Walk

One morning I got up very early, and everything around was very quiet. The sun had

just risen, shining brilliantly and everything seemed to be covered with a layer of

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golden silk. There were only some birds singing occasionally in the tall trees. I

strolled along the street toward the park, breathing the fresh air and feeling extremely happy.

When I arrived at the park, I found, to my surprise, that there were so many people

there. Men and women, boys and girls, all were enjoying themselves in their various activities. Some were doing morning exercises, some were playing badminton and some old people were having their tea while talking to each other cheerfully.

I wandered around the park. To my delight, I found a few middle-school students

talking to each other in English in one corner of the park. I went up and spoke to them in English. We soon became friends. I was very glad to find another opportunity to practice my spoken English. On the way home, I realized that an early morning walk really was good and healthful. Taking early morning walks makes one healthy and wise.

【点评】文章按照时间顺序（in chronological order），第一句话点明时间(One

morning)、人物(第一人称“I”)，并简要描述了早晨的特点（What was the setting），接着第二段第一句话交代地点（in the park），然后介绍公园里人们及作者的活动（What was happening），最后在文章结尾点题，即，归纳中心思想——Taking early morning walks makes one healthy and wise. 仅仅189个单词既满足了记叙文的“六大要素”，又有明确的中心思想和生动的细节，行文方式符合要求。

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