英语学术论文常用句型

Beginning

1. In this paper, we focus on the need for

2. This paper proceeds as follow.

3. The structure of the paper is as follows.

4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts

5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the

Introduction

1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.

2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.

3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.

Review

1. This review is followed by an introduction.

2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.

3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.

4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...

5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.

6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.

Body

1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.

2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.

3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx

4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.

5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window

6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...

7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.

8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.

9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.

10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.

11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules

12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.

13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.

14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.

15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.

16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.

17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.

18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.

19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..

20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.

21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.

22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.

23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system

24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.

25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.

26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.

27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments... This Section

1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.

2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section

2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.

3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.

4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.

5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.

6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx

Summary

1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.

2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.

3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.

4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.

5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized

6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.

7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.

Chapter 0. Abstract

1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.

2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.

3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.

4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.

5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.

6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.

7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.

8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.

9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.

10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.

11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.

12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.

13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.

14. This paper analyses problems in

15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...

16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...

17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching

18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.

19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx

20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.

21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx

22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.

23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure

Chapter 1. Introduction

Time

1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive

2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world

3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the

4. The development of ... is explored

5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions

6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years

7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...

8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...

9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.

10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx

11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.

12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].

13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.

Objective / Goal / Purpose

1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:

2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.

3. The paper concerns the development of a xx

4. The scope of this research lies in

5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.

6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...

7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:

8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of

9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide

10. The main objective of such a ... system is to

11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.

12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:

13. In order to take advantage of their similarity

14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed

15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...

16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues

17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.

18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.

19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods

20. This illustration points out the need to specify

21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.

22. Chapter 2. Literature Review

23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx

24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade

25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.

26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning

27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.

28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.

29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.

30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.

31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of

32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.

33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.

34. The central issue in all these studies is to

35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.

36. Applied ... techniques to

37. Characterized the ... system as

38. Developed an algorithm to

39. Developed a system called ... which

40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce

41. Emphasized the need to

42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology

43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken

44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed

45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/

Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights

46. Point out that the problem of

47. A study on ...was done / developed by []

48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with

49. The approach taken by [] is

50. The system developed by [] consists

51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []

52. []'s model requires consideration of...

53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development

54. []'s model focuses on...

55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to

56. The published information that is relevant to this research...

57. This study further shows that

58. Their work is based on the principle of

59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].

60. Studies have been completed to established

61. The ...studies indicated that

62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.

Problem / Issue / Question

63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with

this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.

64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems

67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved

68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed

69. An unanswered question

70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.

71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....

72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed

73. The three prime issues can be summarized:

74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...

75. There have been many attempts to

76. It is expected to be serious barrier to

77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex

写论文，参考文献的修改很麻烦，删除一个，添加一个，就需要改一长串数字。怎么办呢。 本人推荐一种简单方法：尾注法

方法如下（以Word2003为例）：

1．光标移到要插入参考文献的地方，菜单中“插入”——“引用”-“脚注和尾注”。

2．对话框中选择“尾注”，编号方式选“自动编号”，所在位置可以选“节的结尾”或“文档结尾”。

3．如“自动编号”后不是阿拉伯数字，选右下角的“选项”，在编号格式中选中阿拉伯数字。

4．确定后在该处就插入了一个上标“1”，而光标自动跳到文章最后，前面就是一个上标“1”，这就是输入第一个参考文献的地方。

5．将文章最后的上标“1”的格式改成正常（记住是改格式，而不是将它删掉重新输入，否则参考文献以后就是移动的位置，这个序号也不会变），再在它后面输入所插入的参考文献（格式按杂志要求来慢慢输，好像没有什么办法简化）。

6．对着参考文献前面的“1”双击，光标就回到了文章内容中插入参考文献的地方，可以继续写文章了。

7．在下一个要插入参考文献的地方再次按以上方法插入尾注，就会出现一个“2”（Word已经自动为你排序了），继续输入所要插入的参考文献。

标号上的方括号如何加呢？很简单：

8用的尾注，在菜单中的“编辑”——“替换”中“查找内容”填写 ^e，替换为[^&]即可：

9用的脚注，在菜单中的“编辑”——“替换”中“查找内容”填写^f，替换为[^&]便可以了

（这里建议在一篇文章都写完后再将方括号加上会省去很多意外的麻烦）

10．所有文献都引用完后，你会发现在第一篇参考文献前面一条短横线（页面视图里才能看到），如果参考文献跨页了，在跨页的地方还有一条长横线，这些线无法选中，也无法删除。这是尾注的标志，但一般科技论文格式中都不能有这样的线，所以一定要把它们删除。

还没完，删除横线的方法

11．切换到普通视图，菜单中“视图”——“脚注”，这时最下方出现了尾注的编辑栏。

12．在尾注右边的下拉菜单中选择“尾注分隔符”，这时那条短横线出现了，选中它，删除。

13．再在下拉菜单中选择“尾注延续分隔符”，这是那条长横线出现了，选中它，删除。

14．切换回到页面视图，参考文献插入已经完成了。

这时，无论文章如何改动，参考文献都会自动地排好序了。如果删除了，后面的参考文献也会自动消失，绝不出错。 参考文献越多，这种方法的优势就越强大。

别看步骤多，操作一遍，就知道很简单了~

Skills and Attributes that Contribute to a Successful Career as a Scientist, Engineer, Scholar, or Professional

Intellectual Skills

1. Honesty （诚实）

2. Curiosity （有好奇心）

3. Discrimination—ability to distinguish what is important from what is trivial（辨别事情的轻重缓急！）

4. Imagination and creativity （培养自己想象力和创造力！）

5. Common sense（对环境条件和事实的感知的理性的判断！）

6. Objectivity （客观理智的对待问题！减少主观臆断造成的损失！）

7. Intuition （判断客观事实、痛苦与快乐的直觉！）

8. Skill in observation of natural, technical, or social phenomena （对大自然、科学技术和社会生活的感受力和洞察力！）

9. Systematic problem-solving （系统、条理的处理问题的能力！）

10. A good memory （多思考减少未来可能及早到来的老年痴呆！）

11. Capacity for logical reasoning, including abstract and theoretical reasoning （培养逻辑推理能力，这不是一般人能真正学到的，总结和理性逻辑的能力很重要。）

12. Capacity to draw logical inferences from observational and experimental data （从表面现象推导本质问题的能力！无论在生活还是工作中都很重要。）

13. Ability to conceive an explanatory hypothesis and design critical tests to evaluate it（要能对产生的实际问题做出全面合理的假设，然后设计方案解决它！）

Communication Skills

1. Capacity to retrieve information from published sources（提取信息的能力！）

2. Skill in learning by interview methods （通过互相交谈进行学习的能力！这是接收信息的能力！）

3. Capacity to communicate in writing （写作中的表达能力！）

4. Capacity to communicate orally （口头相互交流的能力！）

5. Skill in use of computers and other information-processing devices

6. Skill in graphic display of information and ideas（会用图景表达自己的想法！这是最直接的和生动的表达方式，应该努力培养！）

Personality Characteristics

1. Maturity （人格、人生观和价值观的成熟！）

2. Motivation and drive （应该学会自我激励！）

3. Self-confidence （要绝对自信！）

4. Dependability （让自己值得信赖！communication can take effect!）

5. Independence (人格和思想的绝对独立性！)

6. Empathy（这个词比较难理解！1、要执着和投入；2、要站在别人的角度考虑当时的问题，不要执着于无畏的争执。）

7. Capacity to work effectively with superiors, peers, and subordinates （培养自己与老板、同学和属下的高效工作能力！这是高度协调的能力。）

8. Initiative and sense of responsibility （不要因失败而放弃，有主观能动性，勇敢的行动！责任心很重要！）

9. Capacity for objective self-criticism （不断进行客观的自我批评，别人的指责有一部分在于自己的错！）

10. Leadership and management skills （领导和管理的能力，课题由自己管理、小组成员都应该有管理这个小组的责任心，这个队伍才能不断前进！）

Habits of Work

1. Efficiency in the use of time （高效利用时间！我们还要玩儿，念研究生，20%时间玩儿，80%工作；在工作的时间里也是只有20%是最有效的时间，不要连这点时间都kill。）

2. Persistence—ability to see things through to completion （要坚持到最后，不能轻易放弃，其实一开始需要认识到结果，对工作有一个全景的假设！）

3. Capacity for sustained intellectual and physical work （劳逸结合！只学不玩儿，聪明的孩子会变傻！All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy!!这是科研中更应该注意的。）

4. Orderliness （条理，别乱！）

5. Ability to meet deadlines （经常给自己设定deadlines会是一种促进和鼓励！）

Mechanical Skills

1. Manual dexterity （动手能力！）

2. Skill in the development, selection, and use of appropriate scientific, engineering, or artistic apparatus, machines, and models

所以，念硕士博士能干什么，重点不是你可能会学会做科研。更为重要的是它对自己4方面的培养：1、思维层次和方式；2、独立思考能力；3、学习能力；4、沟通能力。做科研本身需要深层次的思考力、极高的独立性、一流的学习能力和超强的交流能力！能看到有些人博士毕业时还没有自己的正确的、独立的思考方式，甚至不能顺利表达自己的意图。这个过程你可能还会克服自己的性格缺点、会学会倾听、学会尊重他人、欣赏他人、感谢他人、关爱他人，所以，别浪费了这个高学历。

肯定，校园和社会还是不同的。走上社会我们可能还需要更多与人交往、学会生存和生活等等能力，但也能看到很多社会上的朋友也不具备的能力，很多人也会空虚、自卑、闭塞、无助，因为很多能力是需要静静地慢慢培养的，是渗入骨子里的，步入社会也许没有很好的土壤培养这些。拥有这些能力，我想走上社会时，你会以最快的速度适应社会、工作和生活。我们应该游戏人生，但游戏有规则！

所以，不能浪费了这段人生中最重要的时光。那该怎么做？很简单：用凡高般的勤奋和激情做好现在该做好的! 并保持一颗丰富的心！

I am trying on the way! So do you?