http://bailiedu.com

GMAT复习资料Prep练习计划

GMAT复习资料Prep练习计划主要教大家如何使用PREP来进行复习，prep是大家GMAT模考非常常用的资料，希望能帮助大家提高GMAT分数。

The GMAT OG is a “must have” for everyone who intend to take the GMAT, but only if you use it the right way.

The best approach for using this book:

-First:

--Go through this book at the very beginning when you first start preparing for the GMAT.

--This will give you a good understanding of what you should expect to see when you take the actual test.

Next:

--Ifyou feel you are 100% comfortable with all the concepts involved – goahead and crack every question in this book and you’ll be good to go.

--Ifyou feel you lack some if not all of the concepts involved – keep thisbook aside, go through some of the other study guides, and then at theend come back to this book and answer every question.

-Next:

--Buy the recommended books listed below.

http://bailiedu.com

--Go to mba.com and take the practice GMAT.

-Finally:

--Ifyou feel, you still need more practice, consider browsing the internetto find any free questions you can lay your hands on.

--Once again take the free practice test on mba.com before your real test.

Positives:

-Indisputably, one of the best GMAT books – if you want to know what types of questions can potentially pop up on the GMAT.

-Excellent source for practicing real test questions for all difficulty levels.

Negatives:

-No conceptual knowledge of any concept whatsoever.

-Answer explanations are fine, but not that methodical.

GMAT Books: If you are serious about getting a high score, I’d recommend doing the following:

-Buy the latest edition of OG.

-Buy Barron’s book as this is one of the best all-in-one review book (except the CD). -For Verbal Practice – Verbal OG.

-For Verbal Review – consider Kaplan/PR/Barron’s.

http://bailiedu.com

-For Math Practice – consider Kaplan/PR Math Workbook or EZ GMAT Basic and Advanced Workbooks plus the Quant OG.

-For Math Review – consider Kaplan/PR/Barron’s if you need a basic refresher or EZ GMAT review books if you want in-depth coverage.

Of course, amazon is a great place to get all these books at one place and at the best price.

Iam certain that if you follow the above steps, you’ll be well preparedfor the GMAT without the need to take any prep course or expensiveprivate tutoring. I did a lot of

struggle while preparing for the GMATand that’s why I know how painful it can be if one doesn’t have theright guidance. I took my GMAT and got a satisfactory score. I reallyhope that I was able to help at least some of you who are still tryingto figure out the best approach to prepare for the GMAT.

GMAT之Prep练习计划就讲这些。希望大家的GMAT备考过程中能够用到。Thanks for reading and good luck.

 

第二篇：GMAT PREP 08 答案

PREP 1

GWD30-Q11 to Q13:

First identified in 1969, komatiites are Earth’s oldest known volcanic rocks and contain three times as much magnesium as do most volcanic rocks. This chemical composition suggests that komatiites formed from the hottest lava known ever to have erupted: a high concentration of magnesium changes the physical properties of lava so that unusually high temperatures would be required for the lava to exist as a liquid.

Komatiites’ discovery was surprising in light of then-current geological theories about magmas, molten rock that forms in the Earth’s mantle (the layer beneath the crust) and composes volcanic lava eruptions. Prior to 1960, geologists Bowen and Hess disagreed over whether or not the very high temperatures needed to produce magmas rich in magnesium could have existed on Earth. Hess suggested that the presence of water, probably released from minerals decomposing in the Earth’s mantle, might have meant that a high-magnesium magma could have existed at a lower temperature. But Bowen showed experimentally that the high temperatures were indeed necessary. By 1960, it was generally accepted that volcanic rocks with such high levels of magnesium could not exist, and thus the discovery of komatiites changed geologists’ assumptions about the characteristics of the Earth’s mantle around the time of the formation of komatiites, between 2.5 and 4 billion years ago.

------------------------------------------------------------------

Q11:

Which of the following most accurately describes the organization of the passage?

A. Two divergent views of a scientific phenomenon are

reconciled. B. A phenomenon is described and its scientific

significance is discussed.

C. The discovery of a scientific phenomenon is traced and

its implications for further research are suggested. D. A long-standing scientific theory is examined and

recently discovered evidence is shown to support it. E. The ways in which a particular geological phenomenon

is exceptional are detailed and classified. ------------------------------------------------------------------ Q12:

Information in the passage suggests which of the following concerning the Earth’s mantle 2.5 to 4 billion years ago? A. It contained magmas that were more significantly

affected by the decomposition of minerals than are current-day magmas. B. It contained a lower proportion of water that it

contains today. C. Its characteristics were accurately described by both

Bowen and Hess. D. Its temperature was sufficiently high to produce

magmas with high magnesium content. E. Its total magnesium content then was roughly

equivalent to its magnesium content today. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Q13:

Which of the following most accurately states the main point of the passage?

A. Komatiites provide information about rates of volcanic

eruption between 2.5 and 4 billion years ago. B. Komatiites provide information about how the physical

properties of lava in the Earth’s past compare with those of current-day lava. C. Komatiites provide evidence that undermines Bowen’s

experimental conclusions regarding the temperatures at which lava exists as a liquid. D. Komatiites provide evidence that has changed

geologists’ ideas about the characteristics of the Earth’s mantle between 2.5 and 4 billion years ago.

E. Komatiites provide evidence that water in the Earth’s

mantle may have reduced the temperature required for lava to exist as a liquid.

B

Q33-Q36: TTGWD11-Q24 to Q27:

Anole lizard species that occur together (sympatrically) on certain Caribbean islands occupy different habitats: some live only in the grass, some only on tree trunks, and some only on twigs. These species also differ morphologically: grass dwellers are slender with long tails, tree dwellers are stocky with long legs, twig dwellers are slender but stubby-legged. What is striking about these lizards is not that coexisting species differ in morphology and habitat use (such differences are common among closely related sympatric species), but that the same three types of habitat specialists occur on each of four islands: Puerto Rico, Cuba, Hispaniola, and Jamaica. Moreover, the Puerto Rican twig species closely resembles the twig species of Cuba, Hispaniola, and Jamaica in morphology, habitat use, and behavior. Likewise, the specialists for other habitats are similar across the islands. The presence of similar species on different islands could be variously explained. An ancestral species might have adapted to exploit a particular ecological niche on one island and then traveled over water to colonize other islands. Or this ancestral species might have evolved at a time when the islands were connected, which some of these islands may once have been. After the islands separated, the isolated lizard populations would have become distinct species while also retaining their ancestors’ niche adaptations. Both of these scenarios imply that specialization to each niche occurred only once. Alternatively, each specialist could have arisen independently on each of the islands. If each type of specialist evolved just once, then similar specialists on different islands would be closely related. Conversely, if the specialists evolved independently on each island, then a specialist on one island would be more closely related to other types of anoles on the same island—regardless of their ecological niches— than it would be to a similar specialist on a different island. Biologists can infer how species are related evolutionarily by comparing DNA sequences for the same genes in different species. Species with similar DNA sequences for these genes are generally more closely related to each other than to species with less-similar DNA sequences. DNA evidence concerning the anoles led researchers to conclude that habitat specialists on one island are not closely related to the same habitat specialists elsewhere, indicating that specialists evolved independently on each island.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

33. The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. describe some unusual features of anole lizard species B. account for a particular type of behavior found among

anole lizard species C. contrast two types of evidence that have been used to

support a particular hypothesis concerning anole lizard species D. explain how researchers resolved a particular scientific

question concerning anole lizard species E. examine different explanations for a particular trait

common to certain anole lizard species ------------------------------------------------------------- 34. Which of the following best describes the purpose of the sentence in lines 13-23 (“What is … Jamaica”)? A. It raises a question about why coexisting anole lizard

species occupy the different types of habitats mentioned in the first sentence. B. It introduces a fact about anole lizard species that the

passage will go on to explore. C. It identifies a particular aspect of anole lizard behavior

that distinguishes anoles from other lizard species. D. It explains why one aspect of anole lizard species’

habitat use has been difficult to account for. E. It points out a surprising relationship between

morphology and habitat use that is explained in the concluding paragraph. -------------------------------------------------------------------- 35. It can be inferred form the passage that which of the following is true of the Cuban tree-dwelling anole lizard and the Jamaican tree-dwelling anole lizard? A. They share a morphology characterized by stocky

bodies and long legs. B. They have bodies that are relatively slender compared

to their stubby legs. C. They differ significantly form one another in size. D. They differ significantly from one another in behavior

and habitat use. E. They are genetically closely related to one another. --------------------------------------------------------------------

36. The passage suggests that if a grass-dwelling anole lizard species evolved on one island and then traveled over water to colonize a second island, the grass-dwelling anoles on the two islands would eventually

A. develop very different DNA sequences

B. develop into different species that are more distantly

related to each other than to tree- and twig-dwelling anoles on their own islands

C. come to differ significantly from one another in habitat

use

D. develop into different, but closely related, species E. evolve significant morphological differences

Q 19

A

Q20

C

GWD-12-Q35 to Q37:

Many economists believe that a high rate of business savings in the United States is a necessary precursor to investment, because business savings, as opposed to personal savings, comprise almost three-quarters of the national savings rate, and the national savings rate heavily influences the overall rate of business investment. These economists further postulate that real interest rates—the difference between the rates charged by lenders and the inflation rates—will be low when national savings exceed business investment (creating a savings surplus), and high when national savings fall below the level of business investment (creating a savings deficit ). However, during the 1960’s real interest rates were often higher when the national savings surplus was large. Counter-intuitive behavior also occurred when real interest rates skyrocketed from 2 percent in 1980 to 7 percent in 1982, even though national savings and investments were roughly equal throughout the period. Clearly, real interest rates respond to influences other than the savings/investment nexus. Indeed, real interest rates may themselves influence swings in the savings and investment rates. As real interest rates shot up after 1979, foreign investors poured capital into the United States, the price of domestic goods increased prohibitively abroad, and the price of foreign-made goods became lower in the United States. As a result, domestic economic activity and the ability of businesses to save and invest were restrained.

-------------------------------------------------------------------

Q35:

The passage is primarily concerned with

A. contrasting trends in two historical periods B. presenting evidence that calls into question certain

beliefs C. explaining the reasons for a common phenomenon D. criticizing evidence offered in support of a

well-respected belief E. comparing conflicting interpretations of a theory

-------------------------------------------------------------------- Q36:

According to the passage, which of the following resulted from foreign investment in the United States after 1979?

A. An increase in real interest rates

B. A decrease in the savings rate of certain other nations C. An increase in American investment abroad D. An increase in the price of American goods abroad E. A decrease in the price of domestic goods sold at home ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Q37:

The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding the economists mentioned in line 1?

A. Their beliefs are contradicted by certain economic

phenomena that occurred in the United States during the 1960’s and the 1980’s. B. Their theory fails to predict under what circumstances

the prices of foreign and domestic goods are likely to increase. C. They incorrectly identify the factors other than savings

and investment rates that affect real interest rates. D. Their belief is valid only for the United States economy

and not necessarily for other national economies. E. They overestimate the impact of the real interest rate

on the national savings and investment rates.

Q 3 B

T-9-Q35-Q37

For many years, historians thought that the development of capitalism had not faced serious challenges in the United States. Writing in the early twentieth century, Progressive historians sympathized with the battles waged by farmers and small producers against large capitalists in the late nineteenth century, but they did not question the widespread acceptance of laissez-faire (unregulated) capitalism throughout American history. Similarly, Louis Hartz, who sometimes disagreed with the Progressives, argued that Americans accepted laissez-faire capitalism without challenge because they lacked a feudal, precaptialist past. Recently, however, some scholars have argued that even though laissez-faire became the prevailing ethos in nineteen-century America, it was not accepted without struggle. Laissez-faire capitalism, they suggest, clashed with existing religious and communitarian norms that imposed moral constraints on acquisitiveness to protect the weak from the predatory, the strong from corruption, and the entire culture from materialist excess. Buttressed by mercantilist notions that government should be both regulator and promoter of economic activity, these norms persisted long after the American Revolution helped unleash the economic forces that produced capitalism. These scholars argue that even in the late nineteenth century, with the government’s role in the economy considerably diminished, laissez-faire had not triumphed completely. Hard times continued to revive popular demands for regulating business and softening the harsh edges of laissez-faire capitalism.

T-9-Q35

The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. reveal the underlying similarities of certain arguments

regarding the development of capitalism in the United States B. synthesize two competing arguments regarding the

development of capitalism in the United States C. defend an established argument regarding the

development of capitalism in the United States D. summarize a scholarly refutation of an argument

regarding the development of capitalism in the United States E. discuss a new methodology for the study of the

development of capitalism in the United States

T-9-Q36

According to the passage, the Progressive historians mentioned in line 5 and the scholars mentioned in line 17 disagree with regard to which of the following?

A. Whether laissez-faire became the predominant ethos

in the nineteenth-century United States B. Whether moral restraints on acquisitiveness were

necessary in the nineteen-century United States C. The economic utility of mercantilist notions of

government D. The nature of the historical conditions necessary for

the development of laissez-faire capitalism in the nineteen-century United States E. The existence of significant opposition to the

development of laissez-faire capitalism in the nineteen-century United States

T-9-Q37

The passage suggests that the scholars mentioned in line 17 would agree with which of the following statements regarding the “norms” mentioned in line 23?

A. They provided a primary source of opposition to the

development of laissez-faire capitalism in the United States in the nineteenth century. B. Their appeal was undermined by difficult economic

times in the United States at the end of the nineteenth century. C. They disappeared in the United States in the late

nineteenth century because of the triumph of laissez-faire capitalism.

D. They facilitated the successful implementation of

mercantilist notions of government in the United States in the nineteenth-century

E. They are now recognized by historians as having been an important part of the ideology of the American

Revolution.

B

GWD30-Q35 to Q37:

(The following was excerpted from material written in 1988.)

For over a decade the most common policy advice given to developing countries by international development institutions has been to copy the export-oriented path of the newly industrializing countries, the celebrated NIC’s. These economies—Brazil, Hong Kong, Mexico, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan—burst into the world manufacturing market in the late 1960’s and the 1970’s; by 1978 these six economies, along with India, enjoyed unequaled growth rates for gross national product and for exports, with exports accounting for 70 percent of the developing world’s manufactured exports. It was, therefore, not surprising that dozens of other countries attempted to follow their model, yet no countries—with the possible exceptions of Malaysia and Thailand—have even approached their success. In “No More NIC’s,” Robin Broad and John Cavanagh search for the reasons behind these failures, identifying far-reaching changes in the global economy—from synthetic substitutes for commodity exports to unsustainable levels of foreign debt—as responsible for a glut economy offering little room for new entrants. Despite these changes, the authors maintain, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund—the foremost international development institutions—have continued to promote the NIC path as the way for heavily indebted developing countries to proceed. And yet the futility of this approach should, according to the authors, be all too apparent so many years into a period of reduced growth in world markets.

-------------------------------------------------------------------

Q35:

Given the information in the passage, which of the following is a true statement about the NIC’s?

A. Their economic success among developing countries

has been exceeded only by the successes of Malaysia and Thailand. B. By 1978 they produced 70 percent of the world’s

manufactured exports. C. In the late 1970’s, their growth rates for gross national

product were among the highest in the world. D. In recent years their development has been heavily

subsidized by major international development institutions. E. They received conflicting policy advice from

international development institutions in the late 1960’s and the 1970’s. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Q36:

The author of the passage most clearly implies that Broad and Cavanagh disagree with the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund about which of the following? A. The ways in which the global economy has changed in

recent years B. The causes of the unsustainable levels of foreign debt

that the developing countries have incurred in recent years C. The level of foreign debt that should be maintained by

developing countries D. The degree to which international development

institutions should monitor the growth of developing countries E. The degree to which heavily indebted developing

countries should emphasize exports in their overall economic strategy ---------------------------------------------------------------- Q37:

The author mentions Malaysia and Thailand in order to A. acknowledge the appearance of implausibility in a

broad claim B. concede the possible existence of counter-examples to

a generalization C. offer additional evidence in support of a disputed

conclusion D. illustrate the broad applicability of a hypothesis E. admit the limited scope of a standard analysis

Q47

A.

GWD 26-Q7 to Q9

There is no consensus among researchers regarding what qualifies a substance as a pheromone. While most agree on a basic definition of pheromones as chemicals released by one individual of a species which, when detected by another individual of the same species, elicit a specific behavioral or physiological response, some researchers also specify that the response to pheromones must be unconscious. In addition, the distinction between pheromones and odorants— chemicals that are consciously detected as odors---can be blurry, and some researchers classify pheromones as a type of odorant. Evidence that pheromone responses may not involve conscious odor perception comes from the finding that in many species, pheromones are processed by the vomeronasal (or accessory olfactory) system, which uses a special structure in the nose, the vomeronasal organ (VNO), to receive chemical signals. The neural connections between the VNO and the brain are separate from those of the main olfactory system, whose processing of odorants triggers sensations of smell. But while the VNO does process many animal pheromone signals, not all animal pheromones work through the VNO. Conversely, not all chemical signals transmitted via the VNO quality as pheromones. For example, garter snakes detect a chemical signal from earthworms—one of their favorite foods—via the VNO, and they use this signal to track their prey.

------------------------------------------------------------------

Q7

It can be inferred from the passage that in classifying pheromones as a type of odorant, the researchers referred to in line 15 posit that A. pheromones are perceived consciously B. most pheromones are processed by the VNO C. most chemical signals processed by the VNO are pheromones

D. pheromone perception does not occur exclusively between members of the same species.

E. pheromones do not always elicit a specific behavioral or physiological response

Q8

According to the passage, the fact that pheromones are processed by the VNO in many animal species has been taken as evidence of which of the following?

A. The accessory and main olfacstory systems are not

separate B. Odorants and pheromones are not distinct types of

chemicals. C. Odorants and pheromones both elicit a specific

behavioral response. D. Pheromones do not trigger conscious sensations of

smell. E. Pheromones aid animals in tracking prey.

------------------------------------------------------------------ Q9: The primary purpose of the passage is to A. compare and contrast the ways in which the

vomeronasal organ and the main olfactory systern process chemicals. B. summarize the debate over the role the vomeronasal

organ plays in odor perception C. present some of the issues involved in the debate over

what constitutes a pheromone D. propose a new definition of pheromones based on

recent research E. argue that pheromones should be classified as a type

of odorant

-----------------------------------------------------------------

Since the 1850s researchers have tried to show that variations in seasonal weather are connected in some ways with sunspots , the outward sign of an increase in the Sun's activity. However, sciences lacked evidence supporting such a link until the mid-1980s, when van Loon and Labitzke compiled statistical evidence suggesting that a link exists and that it involves winds in the upper atmosphere above the equator which reverse their direction from east to west or west to east, every twelve to fifteen months. This phenomenon is called the quasi-biennial oscillation(QBO),and although meteorologists have known about the QBO since the 1950s,until the 1980s no one recognized a subtle but statistically significant link between the QBO and certain pattern of weather. When the west to east direction of winds in the upper atmosphere coincides with periods of high solar activity that occur approximately every eleven years, winters in the eastern and central United States are very cold.

On this basis, some meteorologists predicted that the winter of 1988-1989 in the United States would be severe. However, the winter was a mild one overall, and the meteorologists' attempt to make the connection between the Sun and weather on the Earth appeared unsuccessful, until Barston and Liverzey proposed a hypothesis explaining why the prediction had failed. They argued that the prediction had not taken into account another important element in the climate: the more or less regular pattern of fluctuations in the temperature of the surface waters of the tropical Pacific Ocean.

Barston and Livezey noted that when the water temperature is abnormally high-the phenomenon called EL Nino—the changes of cold winter weather over North American increase. The opposite situation, when surface temperatures are well below normal—La Nina—is far less common. In fact, until late 1988 no one had seen the combination of La Nina, westerly winds in the upper atmosphere, and high solar activity.

Thus, according to Barston and Livezey, La Nina cancelled out the effect of the other two climatic factors and caused the mild winter of 1988-1989.Although this hypothesis is plausible, much research remains to be done before meteorologists can establish and explain the effects of increased solar activity on seasonal weather changes.

Q 41 ：Which of the following most accurately describes the organization of the passage?

A. A hypothesis is presented, a theory is constructed on the basis of the hypothesis, and then further research to expand the scope of the theory is proposed.

B.A hypothesis is presented, an example that contradicts it is described, and then a hypothesis accounting for the apparent contradiction is proposed.

C. Two opposing hypotheses are stated, and evidence confirming one of the hypotheses is considered.

D. A phenomenon is described, a prediction about that phenomenon is made, and evidence confirming the accuracy of the prediction is presented.

E. A prediction about a phenomenon is detailed and evaluated, and evidence demonstrating the inaccuracy of the prediction is presented.

------------------------------------------------------------------

Q 40 .The passage provides information to support which of the following statement about La Nina?

A. Its occurrences is more likely to coincide with the periods of high solar activity rather than low solar activity. B. It is more likely to occur when the winds in the upper atmosphere above the equator are blowing from the west rather than from the east.

C. It occurs more frequently than do shifts in the winds in the upper atmosphere above the equator.

D. It occurs less frequently than does increased solar activity.

E．It occurs less frequently than does EL Nino. ------------------------------------------------------------------

Q 39 The author of the passage would most likely agree with which of the following statements about the link between increased solar activity and certain seasonal weather changes on the Earth?

A. Because the evidence supporting such a link is questionable, future research in this particular area does not looking promising.

B. Because it is unlikely that such a link can be definitely established, scientists should concentrate their efforts on investigating the role La Nina and other climatic factors play in influencing global weather patterns.

C. Although some circumstantial evidence suggests that such a link exists, it is unlikely that future research will be able to confirm the existence of this link.

D. There is evidence supporting the existence of such a link, but without further scientific investigation that evidence cannot be considered proof that such a link exists. E Since the evidence clearly supports the existence of such a link, further research should focus on determining the implications of this link for the accurate prediction of

changes in global weather patterns.

------------------------------------------------------------------

Q 42 The passage provides information to support which of the following statements about the occurrence of very cold winters in the eastern and central United States. A. Such winter are most likely to occur if the winds in the winds in the upper atmosphere over the equator blow from the east rather than from the west.

B. Such winters are most likely to occur if increased activity of the Sun coincides with the appearance of La Nina.

C. Such winters are less likely to occur if increased activity of the Sun coincides with the appearance of El Nino.

D. Such winters are less likely to occur if there is an increase in the number of sunspots on the surface of the Sun.

E. Such winters are less likely to occur if there is a drop in the temperature of the surface waters of the tropical Pacific Ocean.

PREP 2

GWD17-Q35 to Q37:

(This 1996.)passage was excerpted from material published in

When a large body strikes a planet or moon, material is ejected, thereby creating a hole in the planet and a local deficit of mass. This deficit shows up as a gravity anomaly: the removal of the material that has been ejected to make the hole results in an area of slightly lower gravity than surrounding areas. One would therefore expect that all of the large multi-ring impact basins on the surface of Earth’s Moon would show such negative gravity anomalies, since they are, essentially, large holes in the lunar surface. Yet data collected in 1994 by the Clementine spacecraft show that many of these lunar basins have no anomalously low gravity and some even have anomalously high gravity. Scientists speculate that early in lunar history, when large impactors struck the Moon’s surface, causing millions of cubic kilometers of crustal debris to be ejected, denser material from the Moon’s mantle rose up beneath the impactors almost immediately, compensating for the ejected material and thus leaving no low gravity anomaly in the resulting basin. Later, however, as the Moon grew cooler and less elastic, rebound from large impactors would have been only partial and incomplete. Thus today such gravitational compensation probably would not occur: the outer layer of the Moon is too cold and stiff.

-------------------------------------------------------------------

35. Q35:

According to the passage, the gravitational compensation referred to in line 33 is caused by which of the following? A. A deficit of mass resulting from the creation of a hole

in the lunar surface B. The presence of material from the impactor in the

debris created by its impact C. The gradual cooling and stiffening of the Moon’s outer

layer D. The ejection of massive amounts of debris from the

Moon’s crust E. The rapid upwelling of material from the lunar mantle -------------------------------------------------------------------- 36. Q36:

The passage suggests that if the scientists mentioned in line 19 are correct in their speculations, the large multi-ring impact basins on the Moon with the most significant negative gravity anomalies probably

A. were not formed early in the Moon’s history B. were not formed by the massive ejection of crustal

debris C. are closely surrounded by other impact basins with

anomalously low gravity D. were created by the impact of multiple large impactors E. were formed when the Moon was relatively elastic --------------------------------------------------------------------- 37. Q37:

Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

A. An anomalous finding is cited, the data used to

support that finding are analyzed, and the finding is modified. B. A theory about a phenomenon is introduced, data

seeming to disprove that theory are analyzed, and the theory is rejected. C. A phenomenon is described, a finding relating to the

phenomenon is discussed, and a possible explanation for that finding is offered. D. A debate among scientists regarding the explanation

for a particular phenomenon is outlined, and one position in that debate is shown to be more persuasive. E. The observation of an astronomical event is described,

and two schools of thought about the explanation for that event are discussed. ------------------------------------------------------------------

Q2 C

GWD5-Q35 to Q37:

Even more than mountainside slides of mud or snow, naturally occurring forest fires promote the survival (5) of aspen trees. Aspens’ need for fire may seem illogical since aspens are particularly vulnerable to fires; whereas the bark of most trees consists of dead cells, the aspen’s bark is a living, functioning tissue that—along with the rest of the tree—succumbs quickly (10) to fire.

The explanation is that each aspen, while appearing to exist separately as a single tree, is in fact only the stem or shoot of a far larger organism. A group of thousands of aspens can actually constitute a single organism, called a clone, that shares an interconnected root system and a unique set of genes. Thus, when one aspen—a single stem—dies, the entire clone is affected. While alive, a stem sends hormones into the root system to suppress formation of further stems. But when the stem dies, its hormone signal also ceases. If a clone (25) loses many stems simultaneously, the resulting hormonal imbalance triggers a huge increase in new, rapidly growing shoots that can outnumber the ones destroyed. An aspen grove needs to (30) experience fire or some other disturbance regularly, or it will fail to regenerate and spread. Instead, coniferous trees will invade the aspen grove’s borders and increasingly block out sunlight needed by the aspens.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD5-Q35:

The primary purpose of the passage is to explain the

A. qualities that make a particular organism unique B. evolutionary change undergone by a particular

organism C. reasons that a phenomenon benefits a particular

organism D. way in which two particular organisms compete for a

resource E. means by which a particular organism has been able to

survive in a barren region ---------------------------------------------------------------------GWD5-Q36:

It can be inferred from the passage that when aspen groves experience a “disturbance” (line 30), such a disturbance

A. leads to a hormonal imbalance within an aspen clone B. provides soil conditions that are favorable for new

shoots C. thins out aspen groves that have become overly dense D. suppresses the formation of too many new aspen

stems E. protects aspen groves by primarily destroying

coniferous trees rather than aspens --------------------------------------------------------------------- GWD5-Q37:

The author of the passage refers to “the bark of most trees” (line 6) most likely in order to emphasize the

A. vulnerability of aspens to damage from fire when

compared to other trees B. rapidity with which trees other than aspens succumb

to destruction by fire C. relatively great degree of difficulty with which aspens

catch on fire when compared to other trees D. difference in appearance between the bark of aspens

and that of other trees E. benefits of fire to the survival of various types of trees

Q 28 D

GWD-10-Q4-Q6 N-2-Q10-Q12 G-10-Q4-Q6

Prior to 1965 geologists assumed that the two giant rock plates meeting at the San Andreas Fault generate heat through friction as they grind past each other, but in 1965 Henry found that temperatures in drill holes near the fault were not as elevated as had been expected. Some geologists wondered whether the absence of friction-generated heat could be explained by the kinds of rock composing the fault. Geologists’ pre-1965 assumptions concerning heat generated in the fault were based on calculations about common varieties of rocks, such as limestone and granite; but “weaker” materials, such as clays, had already been identified in samples retrieved from the fault zone. Under normal conditions, rocks composed of clay produce far less friction than do other rock types. In 1992 Byerlee tested whether these materials would produce friction 10 to 15 kilometers below the Earth’s surface. Byerlee found that when clay samples were subjected to the thousands of atmospheres of pressure they would encounter deep inside the Earth, they produced as much friction as was produced by other rock types. The harder rocks push against each other, the hotter they become; in other words, pressure itself, not only the rocks’ properties, affects frictional heating. Geologists therefore wondered whether the friction between the plates was being reduced by pockets of pressurized water within the fault that push the plates away from each other.

-------------------------------------------------------------------- GWD-10-Q4 N-2-Q10 G-10-Q4 The passage suggests which of the following regarding Henry’s findings about temperature in the San Andreas Fault? A. Scientists have yet to formulate a definitive explanation for Henry’s findings. B. Recent research suggests that Henry’s explanation for the findings should be modified. C. Henry’s findings had to be recalculated in light of Byerlee’s 1992 experiment. D. Henry’s findings provided support for an assumption long held by geologists. E. Scientists have been unable to duplicate Henry’s findings using more recent experimental methods. ------------------------------------------------------------------- GWD-10-Q5 N-2-Q11 G-10-Q5 The passage is primarily concerned with A. evaluating a method used to test a particular scientific hypothesis B. discussing explanation for an unexpected scientific finding C. examining the assumptions underlying a particular experiment D. questioning the validity of a scientific finding

E. presenting evidence to support a recent scientific

hypothesis

------------------------------------------------------------------- GWD-10-Q6 N-2-Q12 G-10-Q6

The passage mostly agree that Henry’s findings about temperature in the San Andreas Fault made the greatest contribution in that they

A. revealed an error in previous measurements of

temperature in the San Andreas Fault zone

B. indicated the types of clay present in the rocks that

form the San Andreas Fault

C. established the superiority of a particular technique for evaluating data concerning friction in the San

Andreas Fault D. suggested that geologists had inaccurately assumed

that giant rock plates that meet at the San Andreas Fault generate heat through friction

E. confirmed geologists’ assumptions about the amount of friction generated by common varieties of rocks,

such as limestone and granite

Q 30

D

GWD-24 Q10 TO 12

GWD-24-10 The passage suggests that the high inflation in the United Is it possible to decrease inflation without causing a States and many European countries in the 1980’s differed recession and its concomitant increase line in from inflation elsewhere in which of the following ways? unemployment? The orthodox answer is “no.” whether they support the “inertia” theory of inflation (that today’s inflation rate is caused by yesterday’s inflation, the state of A. It fit the rational expectations theory of inflation but the economic cycle, and external influences such as import not the inertia theory of inflation. prices) or the “rational expectations” theory (that inflation B. It was possible to control without causing a recession. is caused by workers’ and employers’ expectations,

coupled with a lack of credible monetary and fiscal C. It was easier to control in those countries by applying policies), most economists agree that tight monetary and tight monetary and fiscal policies than it would have fiscal policies, which cause recessions, are necessary to been elsewhere. decelerate inflation. They point out that in the 1980’s,

many European countries and the United States conquered D. It was not caused by workers’ and employers’

expectations. high (by these countries’ standards) inflation, but only by

applying tight monetary and fiscal policies that sharply E. It would not necessarily be considered high increased unemployment. Nevertheless, some elsewhere. governments’ policymakers insist that direct controls on

wages and prices, without tight monetary and fiscal -------------------------------------------------------------------- policies, can succeed in decreasing inflation. Unfortunately, GWD-24-11 because this approach fails to deal with the underlying causes of inflation, wage and price controls eventually Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the collapse, the hitherto-repressed inflation resurfaces, and in author’s conclusion about the use of wage and price the meantime, though the policy-makers succeed in controls? avoiding a recession, a frozen structure of relative prices A. Countries that repeatedly use wage and price controls imposes distortions that do damage to the economy’s tend to have lower long-term economic growth rates prospects for longterm growth. than do other countries.

------------------------------------------------------------------ B. Countries that have extremely high inflation frequently place very stringent controls on wages and prices in an attempt to decrease the inflation.

C. Some countries have found that the use of wage and

price controls succeeds in decreasing inflation but also

causes a recession.

D. Policymakers who advocate the use of wage and price

controls believe that these controls will deal with the underlying causes of inflation.

E. Policymakers who advocate the use o wage and price controls are usually more concerned about long-term

economic goals than about short-term economic goals.

-----------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-24-12 The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. apply two conventional theories.

B. examine a generally accepted position

C. support a controversial policy

D. explain the underlying causes of a phenomenon

E. propose an innovative solution

-----------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-8-Q7-Q10

The system of patent-granting, which confers temporary monopolies for the exploitation of new technologies, was originally established as an incentive to the pursuit of risky new ideas. Yet studies of the most patent-conscious business of all—the semiconductor industry—suggest that firms do not necessarily become more innovative as they increase their patenting activity. Ziedonis and Hall, for example, found that investment in research and development (a reasonable proxy for innovation) did not substantially increase between 1982 and 1992, the industry’s most feverish period of patenting. Instead, semiconductor firms simply squeezed more patents out of existing research and development expenditures. Moreover, Ziedonis and Hall found that as patenting activity at semiconductor firms increased in the 1980’s, the consensus among industry employees was that the average quality of their firms’ patents declined. Though patent quality is a difficult notion to measure, the number of times a patent is cited in the technical literature is a reasonable yardstick, and citations per semiconductor patent did decline during the 1980’s. This decline in quality may be related to changes in the way semiconductor firms managed their patenting process: rather than patenting to win exclusive rights to a valuable new technology, patents were filed more for strategic purposes, to be used as bargaining chips to ward off infringement suites or as a means to block competitors’ products.

------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-8-Q7 :

The passage is primarily concerned with discussing A. a study suggesting that the semiconductor industry’s

approach to patenting during the period from 1982 to 1992 yielded unanticipated results B. a study of the semiconductor industry during the

period from 1982 to 1992 that advocates certain changes in the industry’s management of the patenting process C. the connection between patenting and innovation in

the semiconductor industry during the period from 1982 to 1992 D. reasons that investment in research and development

in the semiconductor industry did not increase significantly during the period from 1982 to 1992 E. certain factors that made the period from 1982 to

1992 a time of intense patenting activity in the semiconductor industry -------------------------------------------------------------------- GWD-8-Q8 :

The passage suggests which of the following about patenting in the semiconductor industry during the period from 1982 to 1992 ?

A. The declining number of citations per semiconductor

patent in the technical literature undermines the notion that patenting activity increased during this period. B. A decline in patent quality forced firms to change the

way they managed the patenting process. C. Increased efficiencies allowed firms to derive more

patents from existing research and development expenditures. D. Firms’ emphasis on filing patents for strategic

purposes may have contributed to a decline in patent quality. E. Firms’ attempts to derive more patents from existing

research and development expenditures may have contributed to a decline in infringement suites. -------------------------------------------------------------------- GWD-8-Q9 :

The passage makes which of the following claims about patent quality in the semiconductor industry?

A. It was higher in the early 1980’s than it was a decade

later.

B. It is largely independent of the number of patents

granted.

C. It changed between 1982 and 1992 in ways that were

linked to changes in research and development expenditures.

D. It is not adequately discussed in the industry’s technical literature.

E. It was measured by inappropriate means during the

period from 1982 to 1992.

----------------------------------------------------------------- GWD-8-Q10:

Which of the following, if true, would most clearly serve to weaken the author’s claim about what constitutes a reasonable yardstick for measuring patent quality?

A. It is more difficult to have an article accepted for

publication in the technical literature of the semiconductor industry than it is in the technical literature of most other industries

B. Many of the highest-quality semiconductor patents are cited numerous times in the technical

literature

C. It is difficult for someone not familiar with the

technical literature to recognize what constitutes an innovative semiconductor patent

D. There were more citations made per

semiconductor patent in the technical literature in the 1970’s than in the 1980’s E.

Low-quality patents tend to be discussed in the technical literature as frequently as high-quality

patents.

C