长城导游词 题二：居庸关、八达岭长城

题二：居庸关、八达岭长城

讲解顺序：

1：开场白

2：北京境内的长城

3：八达岭

4：关沟

5：居庸关

6：京张铁路与詹天佑

7：结束语

（共2244字）

开场白（略）

长城是我国古代一项伟大的防御工程，它是中华文明的见证，也是中华民族精神的体现。

经历了秦、汉、明，三次修筑的高峰。长城在中国有很多段。比如，有山海关长城、嘉峪关长城。北京段的长城有司马台、慕田峪、金山岭长城等，那我今天主要介绍的是北京段八达岭长城。

八达岭长城位于北京的延庆县，地处关沟的最北端。从这里往北可到延庆、赤诚；往南可到昌平、北京城；往西到大同、张家口；往东到永宁、密云，四通八达，所以叫八达岭。

八达岭长城由关城、墙体、敌台、烽火台、排洪沟等一系列的建筑设施构成。

八达岭的关城建于明朝中期，呈不规则四方形。因地势而建，所以并不是正南正北的。东西各开一座城门，四周围以城墙，形成了一个瓮城的形制。面积有5000平方米，东西城门间距是约64米。东边城门上写“居庸外镇”；西边城门上写“北门锁钥”。关城内墩台高大，关城入口处南侧有一门明崇祯年间铸造的大炮“神威大将军”。

关城与长城墙体相连，墙体平均高7.8米。横切面成梯字形，下宽上窄。墙基处平均宽

6.5米，墙顶处平均宽5.8米。可容10人并进5马并骑。墙体内是黄土夯筑，外面包砌的花岗岩条石城砖。墙体内侧每隔不远处，修建有一个登城用的券门。用石质台阶与墙顶相连，当时戍边的战士就是从这里上下长城的。墙顶两侧砌有高低不同城墙，内侧较低，高约1米左右，叫宇墙或者称作女儿墙。外侧是齿轮状的垛墙或者叫雉堞，高约2米，上有望孔，下有射孔。墙顶上还设有排水沟和吐水嘴。吐水嘴做成长长的石槽伸出墙外，以防止雨水冲刷墙体。从这个细微之处，就可以看出古代工匠建筑工程品质之细；墙面严丝合缝，杂草难生，说明建筑工艺水平之高。

与墙体相连，高出墙体的是敌台。这里要说明一个误区，很多人认为长城上一个一个相连的小房子状的城楼是烽火台。其实不是，它们是敌台。敌台四面开有望孔和箭窗，远处望

去就像是一个碉堡。里面隔成回字形、工字型、日字型不同的隔断，用券室相连。分别用于士兵居住，粮草存放，武器弹药等战略物资的贮备，以便打仗之用。

烽火台是在长城墙体外侧，独立建筑在山顶处或在长城的拐角处的攻防设施。古时用于传递信号，白天点烟叫烽，夜晚点火叫燧。

古代打仗时，长城沿线驻扎着士兵。兵力分配是每一个敌台设1个台长，管60名士兵。60名士兵分成两队，30人守台；30人守长城的垛口。每5个人一组，每个组还设有1个小组长。根据地势的陡缓，按照城垛的排列，一般缓坡处的城垛配置4至5名士兵，较陡处配2至3名士兵，最陡处配1名士兵。

长城上还得配有士兵1个月的口粮，武器，淡水等战略物资。古代打仗的武器，现在看来比较落后。可在当时还算比较先进，如佛郎机火炮、铁铳（炮管状的射击火器）、弓箭、礌石（大块石头）、火药、木棒、号旗、锣鼓等。根据战况和士兵人数的不同，战略物资配备相应增减。

八达岭修筑在一条长长的沟壑的最北端，两山加一沟，如此重要的交通要道，向来是古代兵家必争之地。那在古代战争中八达岭的重要性，就无需在赘述了。

这条沟壑有四道关，南口、居庸关、上关和八达岭。全长约20千米，古时叫关沟，现在已经修成八达岭高速公路了。

关沟两侧有七十二景，如仙人枕、点将台、拴马桩、五郎像、望京台、白凤冢等。但最有名的是列入燕京八景名录里的“居庸叠翠”。

居庸关一带峰峦叠嶂、林木葱郁、山花烂漫，乾隆皇帝曾御笔提写“居庸叠翠”，刻成碑立于关城东南侧。

那居庸关被现在人称为“天下第一雄关”。“一夫当关，万夫莫开”。《吕氏春秋》中记载“天下九塞，居庸其一”。距今至少有2500年的历史。可见秦始皇统一六国时，“居庸要塞”就已经存在，归燕国管理。到了明朝，明长城北京段又有“内三关”，紫荆关、倒马关和居庸关。居庸关又是其中之一。被称为“绝险”。

居庸关长城是后修的。可在这里有一座云台，是元代遗物。云台用汉白玉砌筑，下大上小，台顶面积310平方米。台上原有三座覆钵式藏传佛塔，但后来毁于战火。云台上的雕饰是藏传佛教的图案与文字。藏传佛教图像有券门四角雕的金刚杵，券门面雕刻的6种动物形象组成的法相装饰。券洞顶部正中平面雕刻5个曼荼罗，券洞顶部斜面两侧雕十方佛，十方佛之间雕千佛，券洞四边雕四大天王，共有佛教造像2215尊。这些雕刻全部都是元代艺术精品。雕刻的文字分布在券门两侧墙壁上, 内容分别是用梵文、藏文、八思巴蒙文、西夏文、维吾尔文和汉文6种文字镌刻的陀罗尼心经、十字密言和造塔功德记等。这6种文字是研究我国古代文字的重要资料。因此云台具有极高的文物价值。

与关沟平行的还有一条铁路，叫京张铁路，是由清末爱国主义工程师詹天佑主持修建的。我们中国人自己设计建造的第一条铁路。19xx年开工，19xx年建成，同年10月通车，全长

200多千米。八达岭地区地势复杂，技术难点多，詹天佑设计了人字型铁路，成功解决了火车转弯的难题，并且还打通了一条长达1091米的隧道。这在当时的外国人眼中堪称奇迹。现在在青龙桥火车站树立的铜像就是詹天佑，而且还立有纪念碑，建造了詹天佑纪念馆。

长城是中国悠久历史的见证。工程之巨大，耗时之长，动用工匠之多，在世界史上都堪称奇迹。在那个没有机械和现代起重设备的年代，中国人能自己修筑这样一条绵延万里的长征，真可称得上是劳动人民智慧的结晶，在中国建筑史上留下了璀璨的一页。

长城在历史上一直被称作是防御性能的墙，我看不然。长城真正起到的作用应该是把农业和畜牧业彻底分开，促进了经济的发展，增加了民族与民族间的贸易、文化等诸多方面的交流。是民族融合的纽带。同时保护了亚欧大陆桥，尤其是丝绸之路，让东西方的古老文明能够很好的连接在了一起。

那今天的长城是世界文化遗产，中外游客到北京的必游之地。长城就给您介绍到这里，谢谢。

结束语（略

 

第二篇：长城的历史及居庸关、八达岭长城。

导游词：长城英文(仅供参考)

题一：长城的历史及居庸关、八达岭长城。

The great wall is one of the most famous ancient construction wonders in the world. For many centuries, the great wall kept out the invading troops of the northern nomadic tribes.

The construction of the great wall first began in the 7th century BC. After that it was spring and autumn period. The first section of the wall was built by kingdom qi and kingdom chu. Starting from the spring and autumn period, the frequent wars intensified until the warring state period. After series of annexations, seven states became the most power states, called “seven powers in the warring state period”. In order to defend themselves against the infringing enemy from the neighboring states , all the kingdoms had high walls around their own territories for self-protection . The there states of Qin ,Zhao , Yan had the high walls and fortresses built along their northern frontiers as defensive projects . These high walls were the primitive type of the present day great wall.

In Chinese history, large -scale construction of the great wall were carried out in 3 dynasties; they were qin, han and ming dynasties. The wall began to be called the great wall in the time of qin shihuang, the first emperor of the qin dynasty. In 221BC, qin shihuang established the first centralized feudal country, and he gave himself the title: the first emperor of the qin dynasty.

Because he paid more attention to military affairs, he decided to link up all the separate sections of high wall into the great wall to ward off the harassment by the Huns. The linking work took 10 years to finish. About 300,000 solders and one million people were involved in the project. When it was finished, the total length of the great wall was over 5000 kilometers long, so in Chinese we

call it: ten thousand li long wall. (The qin great wall stared from lintao to liaodong, from west to east.)

The Large-scale construction of the great wall was continuously built during the reign of the emperor WU DI in the han dynasty. Apart from maintaining and utilizing the qin great wall, they built an outer great wall and extended the great wall for another 5000 kilometers. The han great wall was altogether (started from the liaodong peninsula to xinjiang with a total length of) 10,000 kilometers.

The last large-scale project on the great wall was carried out in the ming dynasty. The whole project of the ming great wall took almost 200years to complete, and there were 18 large-scale constructions of the great wall in the ming dynasty. After that, the total length of the ming great wall was more than 7000 kilometers (from Yalu river in liaoning province to Jiayuguan pass in Gansu province.)

As we all know one of the most famous sections of the great wall is badaling great wall, next, let me give you an introduction of the badaling great wall.

The badaling great wall is about 75 kilometers northweat of Beijing, and it is the best

preserved part of great wall. Bada means: convenient transportation to all directions. From here, people can go to all directions, hence the name of badaling.

The great wall at badaling averages 7.8 meters high, 6.5 meters wide at its base, and 5.8 meters on the top, wide enough for five horses or ten soldiers walking abreast on the wall. The badaling section has one side with battlements and the parapet is on the other side. The side with the battlements is about 2 meters high, and the parapet is 1 meter high. The battlement is the outer side of the great wall with a square sized hole below for shooting arrows and also for keeping

watching over the enemy. The parapet is on the inner side.

There are four characters inscribed on the eastern pass of badaling: juyongwaizhen. It means there was another strategic town outside the juyong pass. And there is another inscription on the western pass: beimensuoyue. It means a key to the north gate.

Mentioning juyongwaizhen, we have to talk about juyongguan pass. Juyongguan pass is located 50 kilometers northwest Beijing. There was a 20 kilometers long valley called “guangou valley” from south to north, there were 4 passes along the valley Juyongguan pass was one of the important passes along the valley, and also one of the most famous passes of the great wall. it was built in a gap between two mountain peaks with only one road leading to Beijing. This determined its military significance in ancient times through many dynasties.(The name juyong in Chinese means: a place of labor. According to historical records, emperor qin shihuang forced many conscripts to build this part of the great wall.)

Inside juyong pass, there is an ancient marble platform known as cloud terrace. it was built during the yuan dynasty. The cloud terrace’s artistic value was embodied in the marvelous

carvings in relief In the middle edge of the archway, there is a carving of a “golden winged bird” arranged in a symmetrical pattern. Inside the arched passage of the cloud terrace, there are

Buddhist images carved in relief. There are also Buddhist scriptures inscribed on the stone wall in Sanskrit, Tibetan, basiba, xixia, Uygyr and han languages.

Today on the way to badaling great wall, we can see a railway running by the badaling expressway. It is the famous railway Beijing-zhangjiakou railway.

The railway is very famous in china because it was the first railway designed and constructed by Chinese itself. Its chief designer was zhantianyou , a famous railway engineer in china.

Zhantianyou was born in Guangdong province during the qing dynasty. At the age of 12, after he completed the qualifying examination, the government sent him with other 29 children of his age to America. Then he entered Yale university in the civil engineering department, he majored in civil and railway engineering.

In 1905, the qing government appointed him as the chief engineer for designing and building the Beijing-zhangjiakou railway. After repeatedly prospecting, finally he succeeded in overcoming the gradient problems by switching the rail line back and forth, and then he designed an ideal route.

He used two engines on the train. One locomotive was used for pulling the train at the head, and another one was used for pushing the train at the back. At the same time, he designed a railway of zigzag-shaped turns in order to make it easier to change direction. In this way, zhantianyou succeeded in making the train climb up the steep slope at badaling, and reach the peak easily.

The railway was completed in 1909, two years ahead of time. It added a brilliant page of the Chinese Railway Construction in the history.

After my introduction, I am sure you will have a better understanding about the Great Wall. I hope you will enjoy your process of climbing the Great Wall. Thank you.

(on the front site of the edge around the archway and the stone walls inside the arched gate.) (with the carvings of elephants, dragons, snakes and plants with curved leaves)

(The images of the four heavenly kings, the Buddha of ten directions and 1000 buddha statues were all carved on the wall.)(The stone inscriptions of Buddhist sutra, and a record in eulogy of the merits for building the pagoda, were done in the building of the pagodas).