定语从句
学习目标:掌握并熟练运用定语从句
在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,引导定语从句的关系代词有who/whom/whose/which/that/as 和关系副where/when/why/as。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担当句子成分。
关系代词:that:指代人或物,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语
which:指代物或句子,在从句中作主语或宾语
who:指代人,在从句中作主语或宾语
whom:指代人,在从句中作宾语
whose:指代人或物,在从句中只能作定语,后加名词。
as:指代句子,用于非限制性定语从句,偶尔指代人或物(主要与the same或such
连用),as在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语;
关系副词: when 指代时间,where指代地点,why指代原因,它们只能在从句中作状语。
why=for which
where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
1) This is the man___________________ helped me.
2) The doctor __________________________ you are looking for is in the next room.
3) Do you know the man ____________ name is Jack?
4) This is the scientist ______________ inventions are well-known.
5) The building ___________________stands near the garden is our school.
6) This is the dictionary ____________________I need..
7) He still lives in the room _____________ window faces to the south.
8) Can you tell me the office ____________________ he works?
9) This is the house ____________________ we once lived.
定语从句使用要点:
1、关系代词和关系副词的选用:一是找准先行词,二是看关系词代表什么(人、物或句子等),三是看关系词在定语从句中的语法功能(作主语、宾语或状语),或者说是用关系代词,还是用关系副词完全取决于从句的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。
2.关系代词 that 和which的选用:
通常只能用that的情况:
1)先行词是all, much, anything ,something ,nothing ,everything ,little ,none 等不定代词。
2)先行词被形容词最高级以及序数词, the last , any , the only ,few , much ,no ,some ,the very 等词修饰。
3)先行词既有人又有物,关系代词应该用that 。
4)that可指人或物,在从句中作表语,(指人作主语时多用who)仅用于限制性定语从句。
1)It almost seemed as if the good man were trying to teach us all ____________ he knew in this lesson .
2)The first thing ______________ we should do is work out a plan.
3)The boy and the dog ____________are in the picture are very lovely .
4)This is no longer the place ____________ it used to be .
3.whose 的用法:用来指人或物(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同the+n.+of which互换)
1)They rushed over to help the man _____________ car had broken down .
2)Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase ,_______________________(=whose price ) was very reasonable.
4.关系代词as 和which 引导的定语从句的区别
1)as和which 都可以在定语从句中作主语或宾语,代表前面整个句子。如 :He married her ,as /which was natural .
2)as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后。which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外,as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义。
3) 当先行词被such,the same 修饰时,关系词常用as 。.注意:当先行词被the same 修饰时,偶尔也用that引导定语从句,但与as 引导的定语从句意思有区别。
4)as 引导的非限定性从句的常见结构:As we all know, As is known to all, As is said above , As is already mentioned above , As is often the case , As is reported in the newspaper…
The elephant’s nose is like a snake ,as anybody can see .
1)__________ is known to all ,China is a developing country.
2) He is from the south , ______________ we can know from his accent .
3)Tom was late for school again and again , ____________ made his teacher very angry .
4) I’ve never heard such stories_________ he tells .
5) This is the same dictionary __________I lost last week.
6) She wore the same dress__________ she wore at Mary’s wedding .
她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。
7)She wore the same dress __________ her younger sister wore .
她穿着跟妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。
5.带介词的定语从句:介词+关系代词时,关系代词只能用which/whom,不能用that/who。
1)介词+which/whom。
2) the+名词+of+ which/whom =of +which /whom+ the+名词。
3)名词、代词+of +which /whom。
4)from /to +where ,这种句子较少。
1)He is a good example from ___________ we learned a lot.
2)I found a book , the cover of _____________ was new .
3)The old man has two daughters ,both of ___________ are nurses .
4)His head appeared out of the window , from where he could see the street . (from where = from out of the window)
6. 关系副词引导的定语从句:关系副词指代的先行词是时间、地点或原因的名词,在从句中作状语。关系副词when,where, why 的含义相当于“介词+which”结构,因此常常和“介词+which”结构交替使用。
1)This is the reason ________/__________ why he was late.
2) Beijing is the place _________/__________ I was born.
7. 分割式定语从句:定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后,但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分,使先行词与定语从句隔离。
1)This is the article written by him __________ I spoke to you about.
2)He was the only person in this country ____________ was invited .
8. 限制性和非限制性定语从句:
1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。
a)This is the house which we bought last month .(限制性)
b)The house ,which we bought last month ,is very nice .(非限制性)
2)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
a)He seems not to have grasped what I meant ,which greatly upsets me .
b)Liquid water changes to vapor ,which is called evaporation .
注意:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
9. 定语从句的主谓一致:
1)关系代词在定语从句中作主语,其谓语动词与先行词保持一致。
如:The boy who is standing at the door is my son.
2)“one of the +复数名词+定语从句”结构中,复数名词是先行词,关系代词在定语从句中作主语,
其谓语动词用复数形式。
如:This is one of the best books that ___________ ever been written on the subject.(have/has)
3)在“the only one of the +复数名词+定语从句”结构中,one 是先行词,关系代词在定语从句中作主语,其谓语动词用单数。
如:This is the only one of the best books that _________ever been written on the subject. (have/has)
10. 以the way 作为先行词的限制性定语从句:这种定语从句通常由in which 或that 引导,而且通常可以省略。
如:The way ______________________he answered the questions was surprising .
I don’t like the way ____________________you speak to your parents .
11.特别提醒:
先行词是condition(条件), situation(形势,语境),case(情况), point,stage(阶段)时,定语从句常用关系副词where引导;where在从句中作地点状语。
Exercises:
1) Can you think of a situation ____________________ the word can be used?
注意:先行词是以上名词,如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语,用that /which引导。
1)I can think of many cases ____________________ you know nothing about.
2) I can think of many cases________________ students know a lot of English words and
expressions but couldn’t write a good essay.
3)We’re just trying to reach a point __________ both sides will sit down together and talk
4)There is one point _________________we must insist on.
12.区别定语从句与其它句子:
1)There are many people standing there ,and____________________ are young men.
(most of them\most of which)
2)The news that our team won the game made us happy .(that引导的____________从句,that不可换
成which)。
3)When you read the book ,you’d better make a mark where you have questions . (where 引导的是________从句,不可用at which.)
1) The school _______ he once studied in is very famous.
2) The school __________ he once studied is very famous.
3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine _________you asked for.
4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine _________ you asked.
5) We’ll go to hear the famous singer _______ we have often talked about.
6) We’ll go to hear the famous singer about ________we have often talked.
7)This is the pen _________ I write the letter with.
8)This is the pen with ______ I write the letter.
9)I said nothing, ______ made him more angry .
10 )I have the book about _______ you are talking .
11)He succeeded in the competition , ________made his parents very happy .
12)This is the hospital _________ he was born in.
13)This is the hospital in ________ he was born.
14)This is the museum _________ we visited last Sunday.
15)This is the museum __________ was completed last year.
16)This is the museum _______________an exhibition was held.
在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句
e.g. I like music
Music 是先行词,that是关系代词
He is the man
Man是先行词,who是关系代词
1. who / that 在定语从句中做主语时,
谓语动词的单复数应与先行词保持一致
I prefer shoes that are cool.
I like a pizza that is really delicious.
I love singers who are beautiful.
I have a friend who plays sports.
2. ( who 和that 引导定语从句作主语 不可省略)
The old man is a professor. He teaches chemistry in a college.
The old man is a professor who teaches chemistry in a college.
The old man is a professor that teaches chemistry In a college.
3. (which 和that 引导定语从句作宾语 可省略)
I enjoyed reading the book. You gave me the book.
I enjoyed reading the book you gave me .
4. (whose 在定语从句中作定语用)
What?s the name of the man? His sister is a doctor.
What?s the name of the man whose sister is a doctor?
Have you seen the cup? Its color is red.
Have you seen the cup whose color is red?
5. when 在定语从句中作时间状语
I?ll never forget the day . I first came to Beijing.
I?ll never forget the day when I first came to Beijing
6. where 在定语从句中作地点状语
This is the cinema. I watched Harry Potter last month in it.
This is the cinema where I watched Harry Potter last month.
注意:(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who, that, which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如:
This is the house in which we lived last year.
这是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.
请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。 例如:This is the person whom you are looking for.
这就是你要找的那个人。
a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,
只能用that,而不用which.例如:
He was the first person that passed the exam.
他是第一个通过考试的人。
b. 被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many,everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?
你在商店里有什么东西要买吗
c.先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last,little, few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.
例如:This is the same bike that I lost.
这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用which.例如:
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.例如:
Who is the girl that is crying?
正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
f. 主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.例如:
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆
(5)关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况:
a.先行词为that, those时,
What?s that which is under the desk?
b.关系代词前有介词时,例如:
This is the room in which he lives.
c.引导非限制性定语从句,例如:
Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。
限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去,非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
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